The state and the Islamic movement in Jordan

Journal of Church and State

Volumn 47, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 109-130

  Sahliyeh, Emile F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34047183943     PISSN: 0021969X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jcs/47.1.109     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Marion Boulby, The Muslim Brotherhood and the Kings of Jordan 1945-1993 (Rovvman & Littlefield, 1999);
2. Quintan Wiktorowicz, "Islamists, the State, and Cooperation in Jordan," Arab Studies Quarterly 21 (Fall 1999): 1-17;
3. Glenn E. Robinson, "Can Islamists Be Democrats? The Case of Jordan," Middle East Journal 51 (Summer 1997): 373-88;
4. and Sabali el-Said, "Between Pragmatism and Ideology" (The Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan), Policy Paper Number 39 (Washington, D.C.: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1995).
5. For the single country studies, see David Arter, "Black Faces in the Blond Crowd: Populist Racialism in Scandinavia," Parliamentary Affairs 45 (1992): 357-72;
6. Martin Durham, "The Conservative Party, the British Extreme Right and the Problem of Space " in The Failure of British Fascism: The Far Right and the Fight for Political Recognition', ed. Mike Cronin (London: Macmillan Press, 1996);
7. Pater Fysh, Pater and Jim Wolfreys,'"Le Pen, the National Front and the Extreme Right in France," Parliamentary Affairs 45 (1992): 309-26;
8. Paul Furlong, "The Extreme Right in Italy: Old Orders and Dangerous Novelties " Parliamentanj Affairs 45 (1992): 345-56;
9. John Fitzmaurice, "The Extreme-Right in Belgium: Recent Developments," Parliamentany Affairs 45 (1992): 300-08.
10. For the comparative literature, see Hans-George Betz, "The New Politics of Resentment: Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe," Comparative Studies 25 (1993): 413-27;
11. Roger Eatwell, "Approaches to the Right," in The Nature of the Right: European and American Politics and Political Thought Since 1789, eds. Roger Eatwell and Noel O'Sullivan (London: Printer, 19S9), 3-37;
12. Anderson' G. Esping, "Postindustrial Cleavage Structures: A Comparison of Evolving Patterns of Social Strategification in Germany, Sweden, and the United States," in Labor Parties in Postindustrial Societies, ed. F. Fox Piven (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992);
13. Christopher Husbands, "The Other Face of 1992: The Extreme-Right Explosion in Western Europe," Parliamentary Affairs 45 (1992): 267-84;
14. P. Ignazi, "The Silent Counterrevolution: Hypotheses on the Emergence of Extreme Right-wing Parties in Europe," European Journal of Political Research 22 (1992): 1:3-34;
15. Michael Laver and W. Ben Hunt, Policy and Party Competition (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1992);
16. Leonard Weinber, "Introduction," in Encounters with the Contemporary Radical Right, eds. Peter II Merkl and Leonard Weinberg (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993).
17. Hagtvet Bernt, "Right-Wing Extremism in Europe," Journal of Peace Research 31 (1994): 241-46.
18. Russell J. Dalton, Citizen Politics, 2nd.ed. (Chatham, N. J.: Chatham House Publishers, Inc, 1996), 11. See also Bernt, "Right-Wing Extremism in Europe."
19. Betz, Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe, 141.
20. See also Herbert Kitschelt, The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis (Ann Arbor, Mich.: The University of Michigan Press, 1995), 53;
21. and P. Ignazi and C. Ysmal, "Extreme Right-Wing Parties in Europe: Introduction," European Journal of Political Research 22 (Winter 1992): 1-2.
22. Awni Obaidi, The Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan and Palestine 1945-1970 (Jordan: Dar alNashr, 1991), 41.
23. See also Nazih Ayubi, Political Islam (Religion and Politics in the Arab World) (London: Routledge, 1991), 95.
24. Timothy Sisk, Islam and Democracy (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 1992), 47-48.
25. For a useful analysis of these factors, see Leonard Robinson, "The State, the Islamists, and Political Dberalization in Jordan," Qira'at Siyasiya Journal 4 (1994): 33-43.
26. The Islamic parliamentarians are Abdallah Akayilah, Adnan Jaljouli, Majed al-Ialifa, Yusuf al-Aim, Ibrahim al-Kilani, Jamal Saraireh, and Muliammad al-Aiawinali. The first five belong to the Muslim Brotherhood while the last two are independent.
27. Arab Press Service Organization (APS), Arab-Israel Section, 41:18 (26 October 1994);
28. see also John Lancaster and Barton Gellman, "Arabs Offer Israel Acceptance, but Withhold Friendship," International Herald Tribune, 1 March 1996.
29. The British Broadcasting Corporation, (BBC), Summary of World Broadcasts, Middle East (31 July 1995).
30. Available online at: http://www.jordanembassyus.org/new/aboutjordan/ nationalcharter.shtml, accessed 10 July 2003.
31. Available online at: http://www.jordanembassyus.org/new/aboutjordan/ politicalparties-law.shtml, accessed 17 July 2003.
32. A quick look at the founding of the Assembly of the Islamic Action Front sheds some light on the socioeconomic and demographic attributes of the political activists of the Brotherhood. The founding Assembly of IAF comprised 353 members; 60 percent of them came from the greater metropolitan area of Amman and al-Zarqa, while the remaining 40 percent were drawn from the rest of the country. It should be noted that only 4 percent of the members came from villages and refugee camps. The majority of the members (or 56 percent) were above 41 years of age, 31 percent were civil administrators, 26 percent were professionals, including medical doctors, engineers, pharmacists, lawyers, and journalists, 26 percent were educators, including university professors and teachers, 10 percent were businessmen, landlords, and contractors. 98.5 percent of the members were men, leaving only 1.5 percent for the representation of women. For further information, see Hani Hourani, Taleb Awad, Hamed Dabbas and Sa'eda Kilani, Islamic Action Front Party (Jordan, Amman: al-Urdun al-Jadid Research Center, 1993), 11-14.
33. Jordan Times, 30 January 1990.
34. "King Urges 'Comprehensive Change' as He Swears in New Cabinet," Compass Neivstvire (5 February 1996).
35. "Jordan's New Cabinet Formed," The Xinhua News Agency (8 January 1995).
36. Middle East Review World of Information, Country Profile Press (29 August 2001), 1.
37. Rageh Omaar, "Elections: A Tribal Affair," Middle East International 24 (October 1997), 4.
38. For additional information concerning IAF's differences with the government, see The Star (28 January, 12 February, and 27 March 1998).
39. "Islamic Unionist to Run for Parliament," Arab Press Service Organization (23 March 1996).
40. For details of the new law, see: http://www.jordanembassyus.org/new/ aboutjordan/one-manvote.shtml.
41. Horani, et al., Islamic Action Front Party, 12.
42. Thejenisalem Post, 19 July 1995, 5.
43. The Star, 30 January 1997.
44. Mona Yassin "How Will the 13th Jordanian Parliament Look After Next Tuesday's Elections, Al-Shaab, 31 October 1997.
45. "Prime Minister Receives Islamic Movement Delegation," Al-Ra'I, 27 March 2000, 1.
46. "Islamists Gain in Local Elections," Facts on File World News Digest (29 July 1999), 555;
47. see also Sana Abdallah, "Jordan's Islamists Gain in Elections," United Press International (17 July 1999).
48. Lola Keilani, "Keeping the Peace Cool," Al-Ahram Weekly, 31 August 2000.
49. Riyad Mansour, Interview with Abd al-Majid Dhunaybat the Controller-General of the Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan, Al-Rayah Qatar, 27 March 2002.
50. "Jordan's Premier Defends Temporary Laws: Democracy Still on Track," Jordan Times, 14 November 2001.
51. "Jordan Government Takes on the Anti-Normalizers and Electoral Reform," Middle East Mirror 15 (26 July 2001): 18.
52. Ibtisam Awadat, "New Law Tightens Screw on Public Gatherings," The Star, 30 August 2001.
53. Alia Shukri Hamza and Francesca Sawalha, "Analysts: New Elections Law Simplifies Polling Procedures, but Fails to Rectify Inequalities," Jordan Times, 24 July 2001;
54. see also Sa'd G. Hattar, "Islamic Action Front Decision on Taking Part in Polls to be Taken Within Weeks," Jordan Times, 27 July 2001.
55. Jordan Times, 26 June 2003.
56. "Islamic Action Front to Take Part in the Parliamentary Elections," Jordan Times, 28 January 2002.
57. Syed Saleem Shalizad, "Jordan's Islamic Front Rallies Muslims," Asia Times Online, 7 March 2003, www.atimes.com, Accessed 15 June 2003.
58. Alia Shukri Hamzeh, "Muslim Brotherhood Joins IAF in Decision to Participate in Polls," Jordan Times 29 April 2003;
59. Khalid Dalal, "29 IAF Candidates to Run in Parliamentary Elections," Jordan Times, 13 May 2003.
60. In addition to the list of authors cited in this study concerning the status of democracy in Jordan, see Rex Brynen, "Economic Crisis and Post Rentier Democratization in the Arab World: The Case of Jordan," The Canadian Journal of Political Science 25 (March 1992), 69-97;
61. Katherine Rath, The Process of Democratization in Jordan," Middle Eastern Studies (July 1994): 530-57;
62. Michael Dunn, "Islamist Parties in Democratizing States: A Look At Jordan and Yemen," Middle East Policy 2 (November 1994).
63. Alia Shukri Hamzeh, "Moderate Islamic Party Expected to Present New Line of Thought," Jordan Times, 15 July 2001.