'Women and children first!' Anti-immigration parties and gender in Norway and the Netherlands

Patterns of Prejudice

Volumn 41, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 197-214

  Akkerman, Tjitske ^a   Hagelund, Anniken ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^b INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH   (Norway)

Author keywords

Fremskrittspartiet; Gender; Immigration politics; Lijst Pim Fortuyn; Multiculturalism; Netherlands; Norway; Progress party; Radical right; Women's rights

Indexed keywords

EID: 34047141260     PISSN: 0031322X     EISSN: 14617331     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00313220701265569     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Christian Joppke and Ewa Morawska (eds), Toward Assimilation and Citizenship: Immigrants in Liberal Nation-States (Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2003).
2. Patrick R. Ireland, Becoming Europe. Immigration, Integration and the Welfare State (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press 2004), 126.
3. Rogers Brubaker, Ethnicity without Groups (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press 2004), 116-31.
4. Huib Pellikaan, Tom van der Meer and Sarah de Lange, 'The road from a depoliticized to a centrifugal democracy', Acta Politica, vol. 38, no. 1, 2003, 23-50.
5. Jan Rath, Rinus Penninx, Kees Groenendijk and Astrid Meyer, Western Europe and Its Islam (Leiden: Brill 2001).
6. See, for example, Ayelet Shachar, 'Should church and state be joined at the altar? Women's rights and the multicultural dilemma', in Will Kymlicka and Wayne Norman (eds), Citizenship in Diverse Societies (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2000),
7. and Susan Moller Okin, 'Is multiculturalism bad for women?', in Joshua Cohen, Matthew Howard and Martha C. Nussbaum (eds), Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women. Susan Mollar Okin with Respondents (Princeton: Princeton University Press 1999).
8. Unni Wikan, Generous Betrayal. Politics of Culture in the New Europe (Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2002), 69.
9. T. M. Savage, 'Europe and Islam: crescent waxing, cultures clashing', Washington Quarterly, vol. 27, no. 3, 2004, 25-50.
10. W. S. P. Fortuyn, De verweesde samenleving in het informatietijdperk. De grote Pim Fortuyn omnibus (Uithoorn: karakter Uitgevers 2001).
11. Hans Anker and Erik V. Oppenhuis, Dutch Parliamentary Election Study, 1994 (Amsterdam: Steinmetz Archive/SWIDOC 1995).
12. Pellikaan, van der Meer and de Lange, 'The road from a depoliticized to a centrifugal democracy'.
13. Bernt Aardal (ed.), Velgere i villrede ...En analyse av stortingsvalget 2001 (Oslo: DAMM 2003);
14. Sven Olav Wold, 'Folk mot elite. Dansk Folkepartis og det norske Fremskrittspartiets populistiske diskurs', MA dissertation, Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, June 2005.
15. See the FrP's election manifesto, Prinsipp- og handlingsprogram 2005-2009 (Oslo 2005), 6, available on the FrP website at www.frp.no/filestore/Program_FrP.pdf (viewed 31 November 2006). All English translations from the Dutch and Norwegian are by the authors unless otherwise stated.
16. The Dutch VVD also endorsed personal responsibility for paying for language courses, and extended obligatory participation to 'old-comers'. The party also competed with the LPF in emphasizing national values.
17. Hélène Butijn, 'Beleid Justitie is "willekeurig": Zelfstandig verblijfrecht', Trouw, 25 November 1999;
18. 'Geef recht op verblijf aan mishandelde buitenlandsen', De Volkskrant, 16 June 2000.
19. 'Menselijk verslag van vrouwenbesnijdenis', Algemeen Dagblad, 4 April 1992;
20. 'Het kabinet acht iedere vorm van vrouwenbesnijdenis in Nederland onaanvaardbaar', NRC Handelsblad, 6 February 1993.
21. For the government's original proposal, see Ot.prp.nr.50 (1994-1995); for the version recommended to parliament, see Innst.O.nr.9 (1995-1996), available on the website of the Norwegian parliament at www.stortinget.no/inno/1995/inno- 199596-009.html (viewed 5 February 2007).
22. Dok.8.nr.93 (2003-2004), 1, available on the website of the Norwegian parliament at www.stortinget.no/dok8/2003/dok8-200304-093.html (viewed 5 February 2007).
23. Rally Rijkschroeff, Jan Willem Duyvendak and Trees Pels, Bronnenonderzoek integratiebeleid (The Hague: SDU 2004).
24. René Moerland and Froukje Santing, 'In het integratiedebat zijn links en rechts omgedraaid', NRC Handelsblad, 6 April 2004.
25. Elaine de Boer, 'Rieht niet alle pijlen op de Islam', De Volkskrant, 4 December 2002.
26. Prinsipp- og handlingsprogram 2005-2009, 12.
27. Ibid., 62;
28. for the LPF, see its election manifesto, 'Verkiezingsprogramma 2003-2007', available on the LPF website at www.lijst-pimfortuyn.nl/article.php? id=309 (viewed 5 February 2007).
29. Martin van Meurs, 'Nawijn houdt vast aan plan uitzetting criminele allochtoon', De Telegraaf, 6 September 2002.
30. See Innst.S.nr.185 (2004-2005), 19, and Dok.S.nr.50 (2001-2002), 1, available on the website of the Norwegian parliament at www.stortinget.no/inns/ 2004/inns-200405-185.html and www.stortinget.no/dok8/2001/dok8-200102-050.html, respectively (viewed 5 February 2007).
31. In practice this means that, at the very least, the Norwegian-based partner must have spent his/her life entirely in Norway. If, for example, the Norwegian partner lived in Pakistan during childhood and then applied for family reunification with a Pakistani spouse, the affiliation requirement would deem their strongest attachment to be to Pakistan, where they both had lived; accordingly, family reunification would be denied. A similar requirement has had bizarre consequences in Denmark, where Danish citizens after years of studying or working in the United States, for example, have been denied family reunification with their American partners on the grounds that the couple's primary attachment was to the States. This later prompted the abolishment of the affiliation requirement for those who had citizenship or lived in Denmark for more than twenty-eight years.
32. Innst.S.nr.185 (2004-2005), 13.
33. Dok.8.nr.93 (2003-2004), 2.
34. Dok.8.nr.25 (2003-2004), available on the website of the Norwegian parliament at www.stortinget.no/dok8/2003/dok8-200304-025.html (viewed 5 February 2007).
35. Jet Bussemaker and Sharon Dijksma, 'PvdA bestrijdt uirwassen, niet het geloof zelf', De Volkskrant, 4 February 2005, 13.
36. Interpellatie Hirsi Ali over het achterlaten van vrouwen en kinderen in Marokko, Handelingen 2003-2004, 2e kamer, 14-09-2004, nr. 95.
37. Bussemaker and Dijksma, 'PvdA bestrijdt uitwassen'.
38. See 'Årets Europeiske Bjelleku', available on the HRS website at www.rights.no/om_hrs/hrs_10.00_031125_107.htm (viewed 13 December 2006).
39. Anja Bredal, 'Tackling forced marriages in the Nordic countries: between women's rights and immigration control', in Lynn Welchman and Sara Hossain (eds), 'Honour'-Crimes, Paradigms and Violence against Women (London: Zed Books 2005).
40. Karen Jespersen, Karen. En personlig historie (Copenhagen: Gyldendal 2004).
41. Karen Jespersen, Til støtte for Fatima. Indvandrernes omstilling til Danmark (Copenhagen: People's Press 2003), 35.
42. Ibid., 184.