Men from the boys: Writing on the male body

Literature and History

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 25-42

  Knights, Ben ^a  

^a TEESSIDE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 34047128038     PISSN: 03061973     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7227/lh.13.1.3     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. (Kenneth Clatterbaugh, Contemporary Perspectives on Masculinity: Men, Women, and Politics in Modern Society (Boulder, Colorado, 1997)).
2. For an early opponent, see Keith C. Morgan, 'The Rape of the Phallus', Journal of the American Medical Association (1965), 193.3.
3. See also Gary Taylor's Castration: An Abbreviated History of Western Manhood, (New York and London, 2001).
4. My argument here appears to be broadly in line with Taylor's thesis which concerns the long term shift in the social imaginary of the male body from testicles towards penis. Compare Arthur Flannigan-Saint-Aubin, 'The Male Body and Literary Metaphors of Masculinity', in Harry Brod and Michael Kaufman, Theorizing Masculinities (Thousand Oaks, 1994).
5. BMJ, 1949, II, 1458.
6. Ronald Hyam, Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience, (Manchester 1990), p. 75.
7. Douglas Gairdner, 'Fate of the Foreskin', BMJ, 1949, II, 1433 seq..
8. Kenneth Newton, 'Daniel Deronda and Circumcision', Essays in Criticism, 31:4 (1981);
9. John Sutherland, 'Is Daniel Deronda Circumcised?', in Can Jane Eyre be Happy?: More Puzzles in Classic Fiction (Oxford, 1997).
10. See, for example, Kelly Hurley, The Gothic Body: Sexuality, Materialism and Degeneration at the Fin de Siècle (Cambridge, 1996),
11. and Scott McCracken and Sally Ledger, Cultural Politics at the Fin de Siècle (Cambridge, 1994).
12. M. Breitenberg, Anxious Masculinities in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 1996).
13. Quoted by Berthold Schoene-Harwood, Writing Men: Literary Masculinities from Frankenstein to the New Man (Edinburgh, 2000) p. 102.
14. Critical Quarterly, 42:1 (Spring 2000).
15. Mary Poovey, Uneven Developments: The Ideological Work of Gender in Mid-Victorian England (Chicago, 1988);
16. Alan Sinfield, The Wilde Century: Effeminacy, Oscar Wilde and the Queer Moment (London 1994);
17. Elaine Showalter, Sexual Anarchy: Gender and Culture at the Fin de Siècle (London, 1990).
18. See for example F. B. Smith, The People's Health, 1830-1910 (London, 1979).
19. The medical profession was and perhaps remains particularly susceptible to public opinion and the influence of quacks in the whole area of sexual behaviour. See Michael Mason's account of attitudes to masturbation, The Making of Victorian Sexuality (Oxford, 1994), p. 211.
20. BMJ 1901, II, 1023
21. David Trotter, The English Novel in History 1895-1920 (London, 1993), p. 113;
22. William Greenslade, Degeneration, Culture and the Novel (Cambridge, 1994) throughout.
23. Showalter, Sexual Anarchy, 1990;
24. Hurley, Gothic Body, 1996;
25. Sheila Jeffreys (ed.), The Sexuality Debates (London, 1987);
26. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire (New York, 1985);
27. Epistemology of the Closet (Hemel Hempstead, 1991);
28. Joseph Bristow, Effeminate England: Homoerotic Writing After 1885 (Buckingham, 1995);
29. Sinfield, Wilde Century, 1994;
30. Trotter, English Novel, 1993;
31. John Springhall, in J. A. Mangan and James Walvin (eds.), Manliness and Morality: Middle Class Masculinity in Britain and America, 1800-1940 (Manchester 1987).
32. Mangan and Walvin, Manliness, p. 178.
33. John Tosh, A Man's Place: Masculinity and the Middle-Class Home in Victorian England (New Haven and London, 1999), p. 189.
34. Tosh, A Man's Place, p. 177,
35. and cf. Mangan 'Social Darwinism and Upper Class Education', in Mangan and Walvin.
36. Hyam, Empire, pp. 77-8.
37. Sigmund Freud, An Outline of Psycho-Analysis (London, 1938, 1969), p. 47.
38. Judith Butler, Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of 'Sex' (New York, 1993), p. 89.
39. Schoene-Harwood, p. 113.
40. Peter Lehman, 'In the Realm of the Senses: Desire, Power and the Representation of the Male Body', Genders, Writing Men 2 (1988), p. 108.
41. E.g., Bodies that Matter, pp. 71-2.
42. Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge, MA, 1990), for example pp. 97-8.
43. Judith Halberstam, Skin Shows: Gothic Horror and the Technology of Monsters (Durham, NC, 1995).
44. Hurley, Gothic Body, pp. 67, 77, 89-91.
45. Cf. Kristeva - the 'body must bear no trace of its debt to nature: it must be clean and proper to be properly symbolic' Powers of Horror: An Essay in Abjection (trans. Leon S. Roudiez, New York 1982), p. 102.
46. Victorian Studies, 32:4 (1989), p. 525.
47. Bristow, Effeminate England, 1995, p. 7.
48. 'I perceived that all had the same form of costume, the same soft hairless visage, and the same girlish rotundity of limb . . . . In costume, and in all the differences of texture and bearing that now mark off the sexes from each other, these people of the future were alike . . . . We see some beginnings of this even in our own time.' The Time Machine [1895], Dent Everyman, p. 26.
49. Edward Carpenter, 'The Intermediate Sex', in Selected Writings, vol. 1, (London, 1984), p. 185.
50. Forever England: Reflections on Masculinity and Empire (London 1997), for example, p. 21.
51. BMJ, 1907, I, 1412.
52. David Boothroyd, 'Labial Feminism: Body Against Body With Luce Irigaray', Parallax, 3 (1996), Luce Irigaray, trans. Catherine Porter (1985) [1977],
53. This Sex Which Is Not One (Ithaca, NY, 1985),
54. Margaret Whitford, (ed.), The Irigaray Reader (Oxford, 1991).
55. Kristeva, op. cit., pp. 99-100.
56. Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (London, 1966), p. 4.
57. Michael Anton Budd, The Sculpture Machine: Physical Culture and Body Politics in the Age of Empire (Basingstoke, 1997), p. 51.
58. 'Hines had wanted him circumcised at birth but allowed himself to be dissuaded by a variety of agencies. Why had he wanted it in the first place. He wanted him to be different. He wanted him to think of things. And it could have been a good reminder. Every time he went to the toilet he might have been remembering what was what from his auld man's teachings. Too late now.' (James Kelman, The Busconductor Hines, (London, 1984), 1984, pp. 102-3).
59. Steven Marcus, The Other Victorians: A Study of Sexuality and Pornography in Mid-nineteenth-century England (London, 1966), p. 15,
60. and see Peter Gay, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, vol. 1, The Education of the Senses (New York, 1984), pp. 298-312.
61. Mason op. cit.,
62. Poovey, op cit,
63. Sally Shuttleworth, Charlotte Bronte and Victorian Psychology (Cambridge, 1996),
64. Jeffreys, Sexuality Debates,
65. Michel Foucault, History of Sexuality, vol. 3, Care of the Self (Harmondsworth, 1990).
66. Scouting for Boys: A Handbook for Good Citizenship (London, 1908), pp. 314-5.
67. Sedgwick, Between Men and Closet;
68. Wayne Koestenbaum, Double Talk: the Erotics of Male Literary Collaboration (London 1989).
69. Butler, op cit., p. 65.
70. W. J. Dawson, The Making of Manhood (London, 1894), pp. 113-14.
71. Ben Knights, Writing Masculinities: Male Narratives in Twentieth-Century Fiction (Basingstoke, 1999), pp. 115-16.
72. and David Punter, Spectral Readings.
73. Christopher Lane, The Burdens of Intimacy: Psychoanalysis and Victorian Masculinity (Chicago, 1999), pp. 235-6.
74. Catherine Robson, Men in Wonderland: The Lost Girlhood of the Victorian Gentleman (Princeton NJ, 2001), p. 4.
75. Claudia Nelson, Boys Will Be Girls: The Feminine Ethic and British Children's Fiction, 1857-1917 (New Brunswick 1991);
76. Carolyn Steedman, Strange Dislocations: Childhood and the Idea of Human Interiority, 1780-1930 (London, 1995), p. 174.
77. Henry James, (re-issued 2001), A Small Boy and Others (London), p. 49.
78. J. M. Barrie, Peter and Wendy, London (5th edition, 1911), p. 236.
79. See Jacqueline Rose, The Case of Peter Pan: Or, the Impossibility of Children's Fiction (London, 1984).
80. Compare John T. Irwin, Doubling and Incest/Repetition and Revenge (Baltimore, 1975).
81. J. M. Barrie, Peter and Wendy, p. 159.
82. Penguin Freud Library, Vol. 11, p. 254.
83. 'The Jolly Corner', in Henry James: Selected Tales (Dent Everyman, 1982), pp. 386-7.
84. Michael Rosenthal, The Character Factory: Baden-Powell and the Origins of the Boy Scout Movement (London, 1986), pp. 92-3.
85. Greenslade, Degeneration, chapter 10.
86. Geoffrey Bennington, and Jacques Derrida, Jacques Derrida (Chicago, 1993).
87. Juliana Schiesari, The Gendering of Melancholy: Feminism, Psychoanalysis, and the Symbolics of Loss in Renaissance Literature (Ithaca, 1992), p. 261.
88. Joanna Bourke, Dismembering the Male: Men's Bodies, Britain and the Great War (London, 1996).
89. Jay Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning (Cambridge, 1995).