The question is when: The ideology of Al Qaeda and the reality of bioterrorism

Studies in Conflict and Terrorism

Volumn 30, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 375-396

  Hellmich, Christina ^a   Redig, Amanda J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33947715617     PISSN: 1057610X     EISSN: 15210731     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10576100701258593     Document Type: Article

References (75)

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4. Interview conducted by Lord Ritchie Calder, quoted in Wendy Barnaby, The Plague Makers (London: Vision Paperbacks, 1997), p. 10.
5. Text of document from John Helmsley, The Soviet Biochemical Threat to NATO (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987), pp. 80-88.
6. F. Halliday, "The Politics of Islam - A Second Look," British Journal of Political Science, 25 (3) (1995), p. 400.
7. N. Luhmann, Funktion der Religon (Frankfurt: Piper Verlag, 1977), p. 16
8. and B. Tibi, Islam between Culture and Politics (New York: Palgrave, 2001), p. 28.
9. C. Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973), pp. 87-95.
10. Tibi, Islam between Culture and Politics, p. 28.
11. Ibid, p. 29.
12. Ibid, p. 29
13. and J. Baumann, Gott und Mensch im Koran: Eine Strukturform religioeser Anthropologie anhand des Beispiels Allah und Muhammed (Darmstadt: Piper Verlag, 1977), p. 9.
14. D. Eickelman and J. Piscatori, Muslim Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 46.
15. Ibid.
16. These are the terms used by Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, 3 vols. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974).
17. Several authors provide different dates for the separation of functions and institutions from Islam: See for example N. Coulson, A History of Islamic Law (Edinburgh: University Press, 1964), pp. 128-129,
18. or B. Lewis, "Politics and War" in The Legacy of Islam, eds. J. Schacht and C. Bosworth, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979), pp. 156-209.
19. Tibi, op. cit. p. 2.
20. Tibi, op.cit. p. 2.
21. S. Qutb, Fi Zilal al-Quran (In the Shade of the Quran), Translated by M. A. Salahi and A. A. Shamis (London: MWH London Publishers, 1979).
22. An interesting discussion of Qutb's interpretation is R. Nettler's "Guidelines for the IslamicCommunity: SayyidQutb's Political Interpretation," Journal of Political Ideologies, 1(2)(1996), pp. 183-196.
23. Nettler, op. cit. p. 196.
24. Gunaratna, op. cit. p. 14.
25. Tibi, op. cit. p. 17.
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27. Eickelmann and Piscatori, op. cit. p. 38.
28. Turabi quoted in ibid., p. 43.
29. Eickelman and Piscatori, op. cit. p. 35.
30. For an excellent discussion of the misunderstood Wahhabi connection, see M. Azzam, "Al Qaeda: The misunderstood Wahhabi connection and the ideology of violence," The Royal Institute of International Affairs, Briefing Paper No.1, February 2003.
31. Review of 1998 Reports Concerning Threats by Osama bin Laden to Conduct Terrorist Operations Against the United States and/or her Allies, p. 3 available at (www.danmahony.com).
32. For a comprehensive analysis of Anthrax and Al Qaeda, see Ross E Getmann, "Anthrax Mailings, Connecting the dots to Al Qaeda," 18 January 2004, available at (www.anthraxandalqaeda.com).
33. The U.S.S. Cole is a 154 m Arleigh Burke class destroyer with a maximum crew of 346. The detonated explosive device blasted a 6 by 12 meter hole in the vessel's hull, resulting in the death of 17 sailors and injuries to 40 more. See J. F. Burns with S. L. Meyers. "The Warship Explosion: The Overview; Blast Kills Sailors on US Ship in Yemen." The New York Times, October 13, 2000, Section A, page 1.
34. Reid is rightly considered a trained amateur in Bruce Hoffman's "Rethinking Terrorism and Counterterrorism since 9/11," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 25(5) (2002), pp. 309-310.
35. J.D. Watson, and F.H. Crick. "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids; A Structure for Deoxyribonucleic Acid," Nature, 25(171) (1953), pp. 737-738.
36. As representative of similar commercially available products, see Qiagen's "DNeasy Tissue Kit," Catalog number 69504, available for $118 at (www.qiagen.com). The United States maintains a publicly available database of sequenced genetic information - the Entrez Nucleotides Database - as part of the National Center for Biotechnology Information. At last count, total submitted sequences topped 89 billion base pairs and included the referenced human genome.
37. See (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide).
38. Havel, Vaclav. Open Letters: Selected Writings 1965-1990, edited by Paul Wilson (New York: Knopf, 1991).
39. See the RAND Terrorism Chronology 1968-1997 and RAND-MIPT Terrorism Incident Database 1998 - present, available at (http://www.tkb.org/ RandSummary.jsp).
40. For a discussion of these difficulties in the context of the most successful bioterrorists to date, Aum Shinrikyo, see William Rosenau, "Aum Shinrikyo's Biological Weapons Program: Why Did it Fail?" Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 24(4), (2000) pp. 284-286.
41. For a human being, the lethal dose of anthrax spores is estimated to be 10,000 spores - or one-millionth of a gram. Yersinia pestis, the etiologica agent of the plague, is lethal in rodent models in doses as small as 600 organisms; see R.D. Perry and J.D. Fetherston. Yersinia Pestis - Etiologic Agent of Plague. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 10(1), (1997), pp. 35-66.
42. The first report of eukaryotic molecular cloning: J.F. Morrow, S.N. Cohen, A.C. Chang, H.W. Boyer, H.M. Goodman, and R.B. Helling. Replication and Transcription of Eukaryotic DNA in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 71(5), (1974), pp. 1743-1747.
43. Today's cloning options include commercially-available products such as the TOPO system from Invitrogen. Available at (https://catalog.invitrogen.com/index.cfm?fuseaction= viewCatalog.viewProductDetails&productDescription=758&).
44. A. Player, J.C. Barrett, and E.S. Kawasaki. "Laser Capture Microdissection, Microarrays, and the Precise Definition of a Cancer Cell." Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 4(6), (2004), pp. 831-840.
45. (http://www.whybiotech.com/index.asp?id=2983).
46. Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities: Summary Report 2002. Commissioned by National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, the U.S. Department of Education, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the National Aeronatics and Space Administration. Available at (http://www.norc.uchicago.edu/issues/sed-2002.pdf).
47. For the most current Genentech quarterly report, see (http://www.gene.com/gene/ir/factsheet/index.jsp). For 4th quarter 2005, Genentech's market cap was $91.9 billion USD.
48. M. See Rosen. "Biotech flourishes in 2005 while Big Pharma is on the Decline."Wisconsin Technology Network. 4 January, 2006. Available at (http://wistechnology.com/article.php?id=2582#startComments).
49. Further financial information on publicly traded companies is available at Yahoo financial page (http://finance.yahoo.com/).
50. For discussion of market-share and competition in a specific research technique, see "Qiagen and Invitrogen Revealed as Top Suppliers in the RNA Purification Market." 30 June, 2005, available at (http://www.bionity.com/news/e/47280/).
51. For a more general discussion of the main players in the life sciences market, see Amersham's discussion of the life sciences market at (http://www.amersham.com/ar2000/Visionaries/08.html).
52. See Custom Gene Array on Applied Biosystems company page, available at (https://products.appliedbiosystems.com/ab/en/US/adirect/ ab?cmd=catProductDetail&productID=4331348&catID= 600688&backButton=true).
53. As an example of safe practices for working with ethidium bromide, see the following document prepared by the University of California, Berkeley's Office of Environment, Health and Safety: (http://www.ehs.berkeley.edu/pubs/factsheets/47ethidiumbromide.html).
54. For a brief discussion of the Al Qaeda Malaysian network and anthrax connections, see "Is Al Qaeda making Anthrax?" 9 October 2003, CBS news, available at (http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/10/09/ eveningnews/main577395.shtml).
55. A letter sent to students in the graduate phase of the M.D./Ph.D. Medical Scientist Training program at Northwestern University as well as to their faculty advisors listed as one of the factors key to a successful graduate student career, "Hard work on the part of the student, including working in the evening and on weekends." Personal communication with Dr. David Engman, Northwestern MSTP Director, 6 June 2005.
56. See (http://www.gerardbiotech.com/ tissuecultureflask.htm#productsandpricing) for an indication of the cost of tissue culture flasks. As a further example, a typical 11-person laboratory at the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University spends approximately $15,000/month on disposable laboratory supplies (personal communication with laboratory manager, 8 March 2006).
57. R. Winnett and D. Leppard. "Leaked no 10 Dossier Reveals Al Qaeda's British Recruits." London Times, 10 July 2005, available at (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2087-1688261,00.html).
58. BBC news profile: Jose Padilla, updated 22 November 2005. Available at (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/2037444.stm).
59. A.R. Hoffmaster, C.C. Fitzgeral, E. Ribot, et al. "Molecular Subtypgin of Bacillus Anthracis and the 2001 Bioterrorism-Associated Anthrax Outbreak, United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8(10), (2002), pp. 1111-1116.
60. Richard Clutterbuck, quoted in B. Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (London:VIctor Gollancz, 1998), p. 26.
61. Although not a potential bomb component, the theft of a 2 lb. lithium rod from a University of Arizona laboratory building demonstrates an unavoidable reality: Even supposedly restricted substances can be stolen. See R. Kleinman and K. Dunham. "Lithim Stolen Thursday from Gould-Simpson." Arizona Daily Wildcat, 10 February 2003, available at (http://wc.arizona.edu/papers/96/92/01_4.html).
62. J.P. Liu. "Avian Influenza - a PandemicWaiting to Happen?" J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 39(1), (2006), pp. 4-10.
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64. N.P. Johnson and J. Mueller. "Updating the Accounts: Global Mortality of the 1918-1920 'Spanish' Influenza Pandemic. Bull. Hist. Med. 76(1), (2002), pp. 105-115.
65. M. Wheelis. "Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa. Emerg. Infect. Dis. [serial online] 2002 September [Cited April 7, 2006], p. 8. Available at (http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol8no9/01-0536.htm).
66. C. Dickey. "Women of Al Qaeda. Newsweek. 12 December 2005. Available at (http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10315095/site/newsweek/).
67. K.T. Chen, S.J. Twu, H.L. Chang, et al. "SARS in Taiwan: An Overview and Lessons Learned." Int. J. Infect. Dis. 9(2), (2005), pp. 77-85.
68. R.D. Perry and J.D. Fetherston. "Yersinia Pestis - Etiologic Agent of Plague." Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 10(1997), pp. 35-66.
69. See also a warning from the U.S. National Park Service, availtable at (http://www.nps.gov/public_health/inter/info/factsheets/_plague.htm).
70. J. Leake and G. Jenkins. "Turkish Deaths put Europe on Bird Flu Alert." London Times, 8 January 2006, available at (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,25149-1974978,00.html).
71. S. Lyall, "Britain Confirms Case of Bird Flu in Dead Swan." New York Times. 6 April, 2006, available at (http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/07/world/europe/07britain.html).
72. T.M. Tumpey, C.F. Basler, and P.V. Aguilar, et al. "Characterization of the Reconstructed 1918 Spanish Influenza Pandemic Virus." Science, 310(5745), pp. 77-80.
73. J.K. Taubenberger, A.H. Reid, and R.M. Lourens, et al. "Characterization of the 1918 Influenza Virus Polymerase Gene." Nature, 437(7060), (2005), pp. 889-893.
74. For a detailed discussion of the extent of the U.S.S.R.'s bioweapons program, see the following discussion by its former director, K. Alibek. Biohazard (Random House: New York, 1999).
75. Ibid., pp. 121-122, 166-167.