Impact of statins on atherosclerotic plaque

Future Cardiology

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 157-164

  Nicholls, Stephen J ^a   Chhatriwalla, Adnan K ^a   Lundman, Pia ^b  

^a LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b DANDERYD HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; Imaging; Inflammation; Lipids; Statins

Indexed keywords

ATORVASTATIN; ETC 216; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; MEVINOLIN; NICOTINIC ACID; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA AGONIST; PLACEBO; PRAVASTATIN; ROSUVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN;

ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; B SCAN; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; HUMAN; IMAGING SYSTEM; INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND; MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; NON INVASIVE MEASUREMENT; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATIENT MONITORING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 33947685873     PISSN: 14796678     EISSN: 17448298     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/14796678.3.2.157     Document Type: Review

References (53)

1. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 344, 1383-1389 (1994).
2. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 339, 1349-1357 (1998).
3. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 360, 7-22 (2002).
4. Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S et al.: Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFcaps/Texcaps. AirForce/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. JAMA 279, 1615-1622 (1998).
5. Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA et al.: The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. 335, 1001-1009 (1996).
6. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I et al.: Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 333, 1301-1307 (1995).
7. Pedersen TR, Faergeman O. Kastelein JJ et al.: High-dose atorvastatin vs usual-dose simvastatin for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: the IDEAL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 294, 2437-2445 (2005).
8. LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD et al.: Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 1425-1435 (2005).
9. Bots ML, Hoes AW, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Grobbee DE: Common carotid intima-media thickness and risk of stroke and myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam Study. Circulation 96, 1432-1437 (1997).
10. Chambless LE, Heiss G, Folsom AR et al.: Association of coronary heart disease incidence with carotid arterial wall thickness and major risk factors: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, 1987-1993. Am. J. Epidemiol. 146, 483-494 (1997).
11. Hodis HN, Mack WJ. LaBree L et al.: The role of carotid arterial intima-media thickness in predicting clinical coronary events. Ann. Intern. Med. 128, 262-269 (1998).
12. O'Leary DH, Polak JF. Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke CL, Wolfson SK Jr: Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 340, 14-22 (1999).
13. Furberg CD, Adams HP Jr, Applegate WB et al.: Effect of lovastatin on early carotid atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Progression Study (ACAPS) Research Group. Circulation 90, 1679-1687 (1994).
14. Salonen R, Nyyssonen K, Porkkala E et al.: Kuopio Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (KAPS). A population-based primary preventive trial of the effect of LDL lowering on atherosclerotic progression in carotid and femoral arteries. Circulation 92, 1758-1764 (1995).
15. Smilde TJ, van Wissen S, Wollersheim H, Trip MD, Kastelein JJ, Stalenhoef AF: Effect of aggressive versus conventional lipid lowering on atherosclerosis progression in familial hypercholesterolaemia (ASAP): a prospective, randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet 357, 577-581 (2001).
16. Taylor AJ, Kent SM, Flaherty PJ, Coyle LC, Markwood TT. Vernalis MN: ARBITER: Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol: a randomized trial comparing the effects of atorvastatin and pravastatin on carotid intima medial thickness. Circulation 106, 2055-2060 (2002).
17. Blankenhorn DH, Azen SP, Kramsch DM et al.: Coronary angiographic changes with lovastatin therapy. The Monitored Atherosclerosis Regression Study (MARS). The MARS Research Group. Ann. Intern. Med. 119, 969-976 (1993).
18. Waters D, Higginson L, Gladstone P et al.: Effects of monotherapy with an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis as assessed by serial quantitative arteriography. The Canadian Coronary Atherosclerosis Intervention Trial. Circulation 89, 959-968 (1994).
19. Pitt B, Mancini GB, Ellis SG, Rosman HS, Park JS, McGovern ME: Pravastatin limitation of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries (PLAC I): reduction in atherosclerosis progression and clinical events. PLAC I investigation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 26, 1133-1139 (1995).
20. Effect of simvastatin on coronary atheroma: the Multicentre Anti-Atheroma Study (MAAS). Lancet 344, 633-638 (1994).
21. Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A et al.: Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 345, 1583-1592 (2001).
22. Ballantyne CM: Clinical trial end points: angiograms, events, and plaque instability. Am. J. Cardiol. 82, M5-M11 (1998).
23. Glagov S, Weisenberg E, Zarins CK, Stankunavicius R, Kolettis GJ: Compensatory enlargement of human atherosclerotic coronary arteries. N. Engl. J. Med. 316, 1371-1375 (1987).
24. Schoenhagen P, Ziada KM, Vince DG, Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM: Arterial remodeling and coronary artery disease: the concept of 'dilated' versus 'obstructive' coronary atherosclerosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 38, 297-306 (2001).
25. Mintz GS, Painter JA, Pichard AD et al.: Atherosclerosis in angiographically 'normal' coronary artery reference segments: an intravascular ultrasound study with clinical correlations. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 25, 1479-1485 (1995).
26. Nicholls SJ, Tuzcu EM, Sipahi I, Schoenhagen P, Nissen SE: Intravascular ultrasound in cardiovascular medicine. Cirrulation 114, E55-E59 (2006).
27. Schartl M, Bocksch W, Koschyk DH et al.: Use of intravascular ultrasound to compare effects of different strategies of lipid-lowering therapy on plaque volume and composition in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 104, 387-392 (2001).
28. Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P et al.: Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291, 1071-1080 (2004).
29. Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P et al.: Statin therapy, LDL cholesterol, C-reactive protein, and coronary artery disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 29-38 (2005).
30. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH et al.: Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N. Engl. J. Med. 350, 1495-1504 (2004).
31. Ridker PM, Cannon CP, Morrow D et al.: C-reactive protein levels and outcomes after statin therapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 20-28 (2005).
32. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN et al.: Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation 110, 227-239 (2004).
33. Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ, Sipahi I et al.: Effect of very high-intensity statin therapy on regression of coronary atherosclerosis: the ASTEROID trial. JAMA 295, 1556-1565 (2006).
34. Nissen SE, Tsunoda T, Tuzcu EM et al.: Effect of recombinant ApoA-I Milano on coronary atherosclerosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 290, 2292-2300 (2003).
35. Okazaki S, Yokoyama T, Miyauchi K et al.: Early statin treatment in patients with acute coronary syndrome: demonstration of the beneficial effect on atherosclerotic lesions by serial volumetric intravascular ultrasound analysis during half a year after coronary event: the ESTABLISH Study. Circulation 110, 1061-1068 (2004).
36. Jensen LO, Thayssen P, Pedersen KE, Stender S, Haghfelt T: Regression of coronary atherosclerosis by simvastatin: a serial intravascular ultrasound study. Circulation 110, 265-270 (2004).
37. Aikawa M, Rabkin E, Sugiyama, S et al.: An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, cenvastatin, suppresses growth of macrophages expressing matrix metalloproteinases and tissue factor in vivo and in vitro. Circulation 103, 276-283 (2001).
38. Crisby M, Nordin-Fredriksson G, Shah PK, Yano J, Zhu J, Nilsson J: Pravastatin treatment increases collagen content and decreases lipid content, inflammation, metalloproteases, and cell death in human carotid plaques. Circulation 103, 926-933 (2001).
39. Nair A, Kuban BD, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, Nissen SE, Vince DG: Coronary plaque classification with intravascular ultrasound radiofrequency data analysis. Circulation 106, 2200-2206 (2002).
40. Kawasaki M, Sano K, Okubo M et al.: Volumetric quantitative analysis of tissue characteristics of coronary plaques after statin therapy using three-dimensional integrated backscatter intravascular ultrasound. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 45, 1946-1953 (2005).
41. Greenland P, LaBree L, Azen SP, Doherty TM. Detrano RC: Coronary artery calcium score combined with Framingham score for risk prediction in asymptomatic individuals. JAMA 291, 210-215 (2004).
42. Pletcher MJ, Tice JA, Pignone M, Browner WS: Using the coronary artery calcium score to predict coronary heart disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch. Intern. Med. 164, 1285-1292 (2004).
43. Shaw LJ, Raggi P, Schisterman E, Berman DS, Callister TQ: Prognostic value of cardiac risk factors and coronary artery, calcium screening for all-cause mortality. Radiology 228, 826-833 (2003).
44. Achenbach S, Ropers D, Pohle FK et al.: Detection of coronary artery stenoses using multi-detector CT with 16 × 0.75 collimation and 375 ms rotation. Eur. Heart J. 26, 1978-1986 (2005).
45. Salm LP, Bax JJ, Jukema JW et al.: Comprehensive assessment of patients after coronary artery bypass grafting by 16-detector-row computed tomography. Am. Heart J. 150, 775-781 (2005).
46. Achenbach S, Ropers D, Pohle K et al.: Influence of lipid-lowering therapy on the progression of coronary artery calcification: a prospective evaluation. Circulation 106, 1077-1082 (2002).
47. Raggi P, Davidson M, Callister TQ et al.: Aggressive versus moderate lipid-lowering therapy in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women: Beyond Endorsed Lipid Lowering with EBT Scanning (BELLES). Circulation 112, 563-571 (2005).
48. Schmermund A, Achenbach S, Budde T et al.: Effect of intensive versus standard lipid-lowering treatment with atorvastatin on the progression of calcified coronary atherosclerosis over 12 months: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial. Circulation 113, 427-437 (2006).
49. Worthley SG, Helft G, Fuster V et al.: Noninvasive in vivo magnetic resonance imaging of experimental coronary artery lesions in a porcine model. Circulation 101, 2956-2961 (2000).
50. Fayad ZA, Nahar T, Fallon JT et al.: In vivo magnetic resonance evaluation of atherosclerotic plaques in the human thoracic aorta: a comparison with transesophageal echocardiography. Circulation 101, 2503-2509 (2000).
51. Corti R, Fayad ZA, Foster V et al.: Effects of lipid-lowering by simvastatin on human atherosclerotic lesions: a longitudinal study by high-resolution, noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 104, 249-252 (2001).
52. Corti R, Fuster V, Fayad ZA et al.: Lipid lowering by simvastatin induces regression of human atherosclerotic lesions: two years' follow-up by high-resolution noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 106, 2884-2887 (2002).
53. Corti R, Osende JI, Fallon JT et al.: The selective peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist has an additive effect on plaque regression in combination with simvastatin in experimental atherosclerosis: in vivo study by high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 43, 464-473 (2004).