Minimizing Complications in Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography and Sphincterotomy

Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 105-127

  Rochester, Jeremy S ^a   Jaffe, David L ^b  

^a ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b HOSPITAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BALLOON DILATATION; BILE DUCT OBSTRUCTION; BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT; CHOLANGITIS; CHOLECYSTITIS; COMMON BILE DUCT STONE; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PERFORATION; ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY; ENDOSCOPIC SPHINCTEROTOMY; GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; HUMAN; INVASIVE PROCEDURE; PANCREAS DISEASE; PANCREATITIS; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; TREATMENT INDICATION;

BILE DUCT DISEASES; CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY, ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE; HUMANS; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; SPHINCTEROTOMY, ENDOSCOPIC; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 33947665631     PISSN: 10525157     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2006.11.002     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. McCune W.S., Shorb P.E., and Moscovitz H. Endoscopic cannulation of the ampulla of Vater: a preliminary report. Ann Surg 167 (1968) 752-756
2. Freeman M.L., Nelson D.B., Sherman S., et al. Complications of endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy. N Engl J Med 335 (1996) 909-918
3. Elfant A.B., Bourke M.J., Alhalel R., et al. A prospective study of the safety of endoscopic therapy for choledocholithiasis in an outpatient population. Am J Gastroenterol 91 (1996) 1499-1502
4. Bergman J.J., van der Mey S., Rauws E.A., et al. Long-term follow-up after endoscopic sphincterotomy for bile duct stones in patients younger than 60 years of age. Gastrointest Endosc 44 (1996) 643-649
5. Coppola R., Riccioni M.E., Ciletti S., et al. Analysis of complications of endoscopic sphincterotomy for biliary stones in a consecutive series of 546 patients. Surg Endosc 11 (1997) 129-132
6. Wojtun S., Gil J., Gietka W., et al. Endoscopic sphincterotomy for choledocholithiasis: a prospective single-center study on the short-term and long-term treatment results in 483 patients. Endoscopy 29 (1997) 258-265
7. Loperfido S., Angelini G., Benedetti G., et al. Major early complications from diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP: a prospective multicenter study. Gastrointest Endosc 48 (1998) 1-10
8. Masci E., Toti G., Mariani A., et al. Complications of diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP: a prospective multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol 96 (2001) 417-423
9. Freeman M.L., DiSario J.A., Nelson D.B., et al. Risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis: a prospective, multicenter study. Gastrointest Endosc 54 (2001) 425-434
10. Barthet M., Lesavre N., Desjeux A., et al. Complications of endoscopic sphincterotomy: results from a single tertiary referral center. Endoscopy 34 (2002) 991-997
11. Schreurs W.H., Juttmann J.R., Stuifbergen W.N., et al. Management of common bile duct stones: selective endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and endoscopic sphincterotomy: short- and long-term results. Surg Endosc 16 (2002) 1068-1072
12. Vandervoort J., Soetikno R.M., Tham T.C., et al. Risk factors for complications after performance of ERCP. Gastrointest Endosc 56 (2002) 652-656
13. Ragunath K., Thomas L.A., Cheung W.Y., et al. Objective evaluation of ERCP procedures: a simple grading scale for evaluating technical difficulty. Postgrad Med J 79 (2003) 467-470
14. Christensen M., Matzen P., Schulze S., et al. Complications of ERCP: a prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc 60 (2004) 721-731
15. Suissa A., Yassin K., Lavy A., et al. Outcome and early complications of ERCP: a prospective single center study. Hepatogastroenterology 52 (2005) 352-355
16. Ong T.Z., Khor J.L., Selamat D.S., et al. Complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in the post-MRCP era: a tertiary center experience. World J Gastroenterol 11 (2005) 5209-5212
17. Cheng C.L., Sherman S., Watkins J.L., et al. Risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis: a prospective multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol 101 (2006) 139-147
18. Cotton P.B., Lehman G., Vennes J., et al. Endoscopic sphincterotomy complications and their management: an attempt at consensus. Gastrointest Endosc 37 (1991) 383-393
19. Schutz S.M., and Abbott R.M. Grading ERCPs by degree of difficulty: a new concept to produce more meaningful outcome data. Gastrointest Endosc 51 (2000) 535-539
20. Froehlich F., Gonvers J.J., Vader J.P., et al. Appropriateness of gastrointestinal endoscopy: risk of complications. Endoscopy 31 (1999) 684-686
21. Pezzilli R., Billi P., Morselli-Labate A.M., et al. Anesthesiological risk and endoscopic sphincterotomy in acute biliary pancreatitis. Pancreas 26 (2003) 334-338
22. Deans G.T., Sedman P., Martin D.F., et al. Are complications of endoscopic sphincterotomy age related?. Gut 41 (1997) 545-548
23. Pezzilli R., Romboli E., Campana D., et al. Mechanisms involved in the onset of post-ERCP pancreatitis. JOP 3 (2002) 162-168
24. Gottlieb K., Sherman S., Pezzi J., et al. Early recognition of post-ERCP pancreatitis by clinical assessment and serum pancreatic enzymes. Am J Gastroenterol 91 (1996) 1553-1557
25. Hui C.K., Lai K.C., Wong W.M., et al. Outpatients undergoing therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: six-hour versus overnight observation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 19 (2004) 1163-1168
26. Sultan S., and Baillie J. What are the predictors of post-ERCP pancreatitis, and how useful are they?. JOP 3 (2002) 188-194
27. Thomas P.R., and Sengupta S. Prediction of pancreatitis following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography by the 4-h post procedure amylase level. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 16 (2001) 923-926
28. Laugier R., Bernard J.P., Berthezene P., et al. Changes in pancreatic exocrine secretion with age: pancreatic exocrine secretion does decrease in the elderly. Digestion 50 (1991) 202-211
29. Singh P., Gurudu S.R., Davidoff S., et al. Sphincter of Oddi manometry does not predispose to post-ERCP acute pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc 59 (2004) 499-505
30. Sherman S., Hawes R.H., Troiano F.P., et al. Pancreatitis following bile duct sphincter of Oddi manometry: utility of the aspirating catheter. Gastrointest Endosc 38 (1992) 347-350
31. Sherman S., Ruffolo T.A., Hawes R.H., et al. Complications of endoscopic sphincterotomy. A prospective series with emphasis on the increased risk associated with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction and nondilated bile ducts. Gastroenterology 101 (1991) 1068-1075
32. Mehta S.N., Pavone E., Barkun J.S., et al. Predictors of post-ERCP complications in patients with suspected choledocholithiasis. Endoscopy 30 (1998) 457-463
33. Tanner A.R. ERCP: present practice in a single region. Suggested standards for monitoring performance. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 8 (1996) 145-148
34. Gholson C.F., and Favrot D. Needle-knife papillotomy in a university referral practice. Safety and efficacy of a modified technique. J Clin Gastroenterol 23 (1996) 177-180
35. Bruins Slot W., Schoeman M.N., Disario J.A., et al. Needle-knife sphincterotomy as a precut procedure: a retrospective evaluation of efficacy and complications. Endoscopy 28 (1996) 334-339
36. Gullichsen R., Lavonius M., Laine S., et al. Needle-knife assisted ERCP. Surg Endosc 19 (2005) 1243-1245
37. Kaffes A.J., Sriram P.V., Rao G.V., et al. Early institution of pre-cutting for difficult biliary cannulation: a prospective study comparing conventional vs. a modified technique. Gastrointest Endosc 62 (2005) 669-674
38. Kasmin F.E., Cohen D., Batra S., et al. Needle-knife sphincterotomy in a tertiary referral center: efficacy and complications. Gastrointest Endosc 44 (1996) 48-53
39. Katsinelos P., Mimidis K., Paroutoglou G., et al. Needle-knife papillotomy: a safe and effective technique in experienced hands. Hepatogastroenterology 51 (2004) 349-352
40. Mavrogiannis C., Liatsos C., Romanos A., et al. Needle-knife fistulotomy versus needle-knife precut papillotomy for the treatment of common bile duct stones. Gastrointest Endosc 50 (1999) 334-339
41. Kahaleh M., Tokar J., Mullick T., et al. Prospective evaluation of pancreatic sphincterotomy as a precut technique for biliary cannulation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2 (2004) 971-977
42. Kim M.H., Lee S.K., Lee M.H., et al. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and needle-knife sphincterotomy in patients with Billroth II gastrectomy: a comparative study of the forward-viewing endoscope and the side-viewing duodenoscope. Endoscopy 29 (1997) 82-85
43. Trap R., Adamsen S., Hart-Hansen O., et al. Severe and fatal complications after diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP: a prospective series of claims to insurance covering public hospitals. Endoscopy 31 (1999) 125-130
44. Smithline A., Silverman W., Rogers D., et al. Effect of prophylactic main pancreatic duct stenting on the incidence of biliary endoscopic sphincterotomy-induced pancreatitis in high-risk patients. Gastrointest Endosc 39 (1993) 652-657
45. Tarnasky P.R., Palesch Y.Y., Cunningham J.T., et al. Pancreatic stenting prevents pancreatitis after biliary sphincterotomy in patients with sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Gastroenterology 115 (1998) 1518-1524
46. Fazel A., Quadri A., Catalano M.F., et al. Does a pancreatic duct stent prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis? A prospective randomized study. Gastrointest Endosc 57 (2003) 291-294
47. Aizawa T., and Ueno N. Stent placement in the pancreatic duct prevents pancreatitis after endoscopic sphincter dilation for removal of bile duct stones. Gastrointest Endosc 54 (2001) 209-213
48. Singh P., Das A., Isenberg G., et al. Does prophylactic pancreatic stent placement reduce the risk of post-ERCP acute pancreatitis? A meta-analysis of controlled trials. Gastrointest Endosc 60 (2004) 544-550
49. Rashdan A., Fogel E.L., McHenry Jr. L., et al. Improved stent characteristics for prophylaxis of post-ERCP pancreatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2 (2004) 322-329
50. Freeman M.L., Overby C., and Qi D. Pancreatic stent insertion: consequences of failure and results of a modified technique to maximize success. Gastrointest Endosc 59 (2004) 8-14
51. Prat F., Amaris J., Ducot B., et al. Nifedipine for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis: a prospective, double-blind randomized study. Gastrointest Endosc 56 (2002) 202-208
52. Sudhindran S., Bromwich E., and Edwards P.R. Prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of glyceryl trinitrate in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-induced pancreatitis. Br J Surg 88 (2001) 1178-1182
53. Moreto M., Zaballa M., Casado I., et al. Transdermal glyceryl trinitrate for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis: a randomized double-blind trial. Gastrointest Endosc 57 (2003) 1-7
54. Deviere J., Le Moine O., Van Laethem J.L., et al. Interleukin 10 reduces the incidence of pancreatitis after therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Gastroenterology 120 (2001) 498-505
55. Dumot J.A., Conwell D.L., Zuccaro Jr. G., et al. A randomized, double blind study of interleukin 10 for the prevention of ERCP-induced pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 96 (2001) 2098-2102
56. Dumot J.A., Conwell D.L., O'Connor J.B., et al. Pretreatment with methylprednisolone to prevent ERCP-induced pancreatitis: a randomized, multicenter, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Am J Gastroenterol 93 (1998) 61-65
57. De Palma G.D., and Catanzano C. Use of corticosteriods in the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis: results of a controlled prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol 94 (1999) 982-985
58. Budzynska A., Marek T., Nowak A., et al. A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of prednisone and allopurinol in the prevention of ERCP-induced pancreatitis. Endoscopy 33 (2001) 766-772
59. Rabenstein T., Fischer B., Wiessner V., et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin does not prevent acute post-ERCP pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc 59 (2004) 606-613
60. Cavallini G., Tittobello A., Frulloni L., et al. Gabexate for the prevention of pancreatic damage related to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Gabexate in digestive endoscopy-Italian group. N Engl J Med 335 (1996) 919-923
61. Andriulli A., Clemente R., Solmi L., et al. Gabexate or somatostatin administration before ERCP in patients at high risk for post-ERCP pancreatitis: a multicenter, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Gastrointest Endosc 56 (2002) 488-495
62. Masci E., Cavallini G., Mariani A., et al. Comparison of two dosing regimens of gabexate in the prophylaxis of post-ERCP pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 98 (2003) 2182-2186
63. Andriulli A., Solmi L., Loperfido S., et al. Prophylaxis of ERCP-related pancreatitis: a randomized, controlled trial of somatostatin and gabexate mesylate. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2 (2004) 713-718
64. Poon R.T., Yeung C., Lo C.M., et al. Prophylactic effect of somatostatin on post-ERCP pancreatitis: a randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc 49 (1999) 593-598
65. Poon R.T., Yeung C., Liu C.L., et al. Intravenous bolus somatostatin after diagnostic cholangiopancreatography reduces the incidence of pancreatitis associated with therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography procedures: a randomised controlled trial. Gut 52 (2003) 1768-1773
66. Andriulli A., Leandro G., Niro G., et al. Pharmacologic treatment can prevent pancreatic injury after ERCP: a meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 51 (2000) 1-7
67. Binmoeller K.F., Harris A.G., Dumas R., et al. Does the somatostatin analogue octreotide protect against ERCP induced pancreatitis?. Gut 33 (1992) 1129-1133
68. Binmoeller K.F., Dumas R., Harris A.G., et al. Effect of somatostatin analog octreotide on human sphincter of Oddi. Dig Dis Sci 37 (1992) 773-777
69. Johnson G.K., Geenen J.E., Bedford R.A., et al. A comparison of nonionic versus ionic contrast media: results of a prospective, multicenter study. Midwest Pancreaticobiliary Study Group. Gastrointest Endosc 42 (1995) 312-316
70. Sherman S., Hawes R.H., Rathgaber S.W., et al. Post-ERCP pancreatitis: randomized, prospective study comparing a low- and high-osmolality contrast agent. Gastrointest Endosc 40 (1994) 422-427
71. Mishkin D., Carpenter S., Croffie J., et al. ASGE technology status evaluation report: radiographic contrast media used in ERCP. Gastrointest Endosc 62 (2005) 480-484
72. Cortas G.A., Mehta S.N., Abraham N.S., et al. Selective cannulation of the common bile duct: a prospective randomized trial comparing standard catheters with sphincterotomes. Gastrointest Endosc 50 (1999) 775-779
73. Lella F., Bagnolo F., Colombo E., et al. A simple way of avoiding post-ERCP pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc 59 (2004) 830-834
74. Elta G.H., Barnett J.L., Wille R.T., et al. Pure cut electrocautery current for sphincterotomy causes less post-procedure pancreatitis than blended current. Gastrointest Endosc 47 (1998) 149-153
75. Stefanidis G., Karamanolis G., Viazis N., et al. A comparative study of postendoscopic sphincterotomy complications with various types of electrosurgical current in patients with choledocholithiasis. Gastrointest Endosc 57 (2003) 192-197
76. Norton I.D., Petersen B.T., Bosco J., et al. A randomized trial of endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy using pure-cut versus combined cut and coagulation waveforms. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 3 (2005) 1029-1033
77. Macintosh D.G., Love J., and Abraham N.S. Endoscopic sphincterotomy by using pure-cut electrosurgical current and the risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis: a prospective randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc 60 (2004) 551-556
78. Wilcox C.M., Canakis J., Monkemuller K.E., et al. Patterns of bleeding after endoscopic sphincterotomy, the subsequent risk of bleeding, and the role of epinephrine injection. Am J Gastroenterol 99 (2004) 244-248
79. Oren A., Breumelhof R., Timmer R., et al. Abnormal clotting parameters before therapeutic ERCP: do they predict major bleeding?. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 11 (1999) 1093-1097
80. Hui C.K., Lai K.C., Yuen M.F., et al. Does withholding aspirin for one week reduce the risk of post-sphincterotomy bleeding?. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 16 (2002) 929-936
81. Gorelick A., Cannon M., Barnett J., et al. First cut, then blend: an electrocautery technique affecting bleeding at sphincterotomy. Endoscopy 33 (2001) 976-980
82. Kuran S., Parlak E., Oguz D., et al. Endoscopic sphincterotomy-induced hemorrhage: treatment with heat probe. Gastrointest Endosc 63 (2006) 506-511
83. Oviedo J.A., Barrison A., and Lichtenstein D.R. Endoscopic argon plasma coagulation for refractory postsphincterotomy bleeding: report of two cases. Gastrointest Endosc 58 (2003) 148-151
84. Stapfer M., Selby R.R., Stain S.C., et al. Management of duodenal perforation after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and sphincterotomy. Ann Surg 232 (2000) 191-198
85. Howard T.J., Tan T., Lehman G.A., et al. Classification and management of perforations complicating endoscopic sphincterotomy. Surgery 126 (1999) 658-663 [discussion: 664-5]
86. Enns R., Eloubeidi M.A., Mergener K., et al. ERCP-related perforations: risk factors and management. Endoscopy 34 (2002) 293-298
87. Faylona J.M., Qadir A., Chan A.C., et al. Small-bowel perforations related to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients with Billroth II gastrectomy. Endoscopy 31 (1999) 546-549
88. van den Hazel S.J., Speelman P., Dankert J., et al. Piperacillin to prevent cholangitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 125 (1996) 442-447
89. Sauter G., Grabein B., Huber G., et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis of infectious complications with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. A randomized controlled study. Endoscopy 22 (1990) 164-167
90. Mehal W.Z., Culshaw K.D., Tillotson G.S., et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for ERCP: a randomized clinical trial comparing ciprofloxacin and cefuroxime in 200 patients at high risk of cholangitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 7 (1995) 841-845
91. Niederau C., Pohlmann U., Lubke H., et al. Prophylactic antibiotic treatment in therapeutic or complicated diagnostic ERCP: results of a randomized controlled clinical study. Gastrointest Endosc 40 (1994) 533-537
92. Subhani J.M., Kibbler C., and Dooley J.S. Review article: antibiotic prophylaxis for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Aliment Pharmacol Ther 13 (1999) 103-116
93. Davis A.J., Kolios G., Alveyn C.G., et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for ERCP: a comparison of oral ciprofloxacin with intravenous cephazolin in the prophylaxis of high-risk patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 12 (1998) 207-211
94. Hirota W.K., Petersen K., Baron T.H., et al. Guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis for GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 58 (2003) 475-482
95. Bergman J.J., van Berkel A.M., Groen A.K., et al. Biliary manometry, bacterial characteristics, bile composition, and histologic changes fifteen to seventeen years after endoscopic sphincterotomy. Gastrointest Endosc 45 (1997) 400-405
96. Costamagna G., Tringali A., Shah S.K., et al. Long-term follow-up of patients after endoscopic sphincterotomy for choledocholithiasis, and risk factors for recurrence. Endoscopy 34 (2002) 273-279
97. Tham T.C., Carr-Locke D.L., and Collins J.S. Endoscopic sphincterotomy in the young patient: is there cause for concern?. Gut 40 (1997) 697-700
98. Hawes R.H., Cotton P.B., and Vallon A.G. Follow-up 6 to 11 years after duodenoscopic sphincterotomy for stones in patients with prior cholecystectomy. Gastroenterology 98 (1990) 1008-1012
99. Lau J.Y., Leow C.K., Fung T.M., et al. Cholecystectomy or gallbladder in situ after endoscopic sphincterotomy and bile duct stone removal in Chinese patients. Gastroenterology 130 (2006) 96-103
100. Isayama H., Komatsu Y., Inoue Y., et al. Preserved function of the Oddi sphincter after endoscopic papillary balloon dilation. Hepatogastroenterology 50 (2003) 1787-1791
101. Minami A., Nakatsu T., Uchida N., et al. Papillary dilation vs sphincterotomy in endoscopic removal of bile duct stones. A randomized trial with manometric function. Dig Dis Sci 40 (1995) 2550-2554
102. Ochi Y., Mukawa K., Kiyosawa K., et al. Comparing the treatment outcomes of endoscopic papillary dilation and endoscopic sphincterotomy for removal of bile duct stones. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 14 (1999) 90-96
103. Yasuda I., Tomita E., Enya M., et al. Can endoscopic papillary balloon dilation really preserve sphincter of Oddi function?. Gut 49 (2001) 686-691
104. Sugiyama M., and Atomi Y. Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation causes transient pancreatobiliary and duodenobiliary reflux. Gastrointest Endosc 60 (2004) 186-190
105. Bergman J.J., Rauws E.A., Fockens P., et al. Randomised trial of endoscopic balloon dilation versus endoscopic sphincterotomy for removal of bile duct stones. Lancet 349 (1997) 1124-1129
106. Vlavianos P., Chopra K., Mandalia S., et al. Endoscopic balloon dilatation versus endoscopic sphincterotomy for the removal of bile duct stones: a prospective randomised trial. Gut 52 (2003) 1165-1169
107. Fujita N., Maguchi H., Komatsu Y., et al. Endoscopic sphincterotomy and endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation for bile duct stones: a prospective randomized controlled multicenter trial. Gastrointest Endosc 57 (2003) 151-155
108. Arnold J.C., Benz C., Martin W.R., et al. Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation vs. sphincterotomy for removal of common bile duct stones: a prospective randomized pilot study. Endoscopy 33 (2001) 563-567
109. Disario J.A., Freeman M.L., Bjorkman D.J., et al. Endoscopic balloon dilation compared with sphincterotomy for extraction of bile duct stones. Gastroenterology 127 (2004) 1291-1299
110. Baron T.H., and Harewood G.C. Endoscopic balloon dilation of the biliary sphincter compared to endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy for removal of common bile duct stones during ERCP: a metaanalysis of randomized, controlled trials. Am J Gastroenterol 99 (2004) 1455-1460
111. Natsui M., Narisawa R., Motoyama H., et al. What is an appropriate indication for endoscopic papillary balloon dilation?. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 14 (2002) 635-640
112. Lin C.K., Lai K.H., Chan H.H., et al. Endoscopic balloon dilatation is a safe method in the management of common bile duct stones. Dig Liver Dis 36 (2004) 68-72
113. Sato D., Shibahara T., Miyazaki K., et al. Efficacy of endoscopic nasobiliary drainage for the prevention of pancreatitis after papillary balloon dilatation: a pilot study. Pancreas 31 (2005) 93-97
114. Tanaka S., Sawayama T., and Yoshioka T. Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation and endoscopic sphincterotomy for bile duct stones: long-term outcomes in a prospective randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc 59 (2004) 614-618
115. Bergman J.J., van Berkel A.M., Bruno M.J., et al. Is endoscopic balloon dilation for removal of bile duct stones associated with an increased risk for pancreatitis or a higher rate of hyperamylasemia?. Endoscopy 33 (2001) 416-420
116. Bagci S., Tuzun A., Ates Y., et al. Efficacy and safety of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with Billroth II anastomosis. Hepatogastroenterology 52 (2005) 356-359
117. Park do H., Kim M.H., Lee S.K., et al. Endoscopic sphincterotomy vs. endoscopic papillary balloon dilation for choledocholithiasis in patients with liver cirrhosis and coagulopathy. Gastrointest Endosc 60 (2004) 180-185
118. Prat F., Amouyal G., Amouyal P., et al. Prospective controlled study of endoscopic ultrasonography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in patients with suspected common-bileduct lithiasis. Lancet 347 (1996) 75-79
119. Scheiman J.M., Carlos R.C., Barnett J.L., et al. Can endoscopic ultrasound or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography replace ERCP in patients with suspected biliary disease? A prospective trial and cost analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 96 (2001) 2900-2904
120. de Ledinghen V., Lecesne R., Raymond J.M., et al. Diagnosis of choledocholithiasis: EUS or magnetic resonance cholangiography? A prospective controlled study. Gastrointest Endosc 49 (1999) 26-31
121. Menon K., Barkun A.N., Romagnuolo J., et al. Patient satisfaction after MRCP and ERCP. Am J Gastroenterol 96 (2001) 2646-2650
122. Coakley F.V., and Qayyum A. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. Gastrointest Endosc 55 (2002) S2-S12
123. Taylor A.C., Little A.F., Hennessy O.F., et al. Prospective assessment of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography for noninvasive imaging of the biliary tree. Gastrointest Endosc 55 (2002) 17-22
124. Romagnuolo J., Bardou M., Rahme E., et al. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: a meta-analysis of test performance in suspected biliary disease. Ann Intern Med 139 (2003) 547-557
125. Eisen G.M., Dominitz J.A., Faigel D.O., et al. An annotated algorithm for the evaluation of choledocholithiasis. Gastrointest Endosc 53 (2001) 864-866