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Volumn 64, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 147-170

How sweet it is: Sugar, science, and the state

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; QUALITY CONTROL; TAXATION;

EID: 33947656995     PISSN: 00033790     EISSN: 1464505X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00033790601098020     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (5)

References (218)
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    • on 94. Congressional Record, 61st Congress, first session, pp. 2354-2379, on 2379.
    • on 94. Congressional Record, 61st Congress, first session, pp. 2354-2379, on 2379.
  • 4
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    • Noel Deerr, The History of Sugar, 2 vols (London, 1949-1950), II, 461.
    • Noel Deerr, The History of Sugar, 2 vols (London, 1949-1950), II, 461.
  • 7
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    • Richard Peters, ed., Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, 8 vols (Boston, 1845), I, 24-27. For the British tariff, see Deerr (note 3), II, chapter xxvii.
    • Richard Peters, ed., Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, 8 vols (Boston, 1845), I, 24-27. For the British tariff, see Deerr (note 3), II, chapter xxvii.
  • 8
    • 33947630709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Congress, Senate, Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, in Compliance with a Resolution of the Senate, of the 26th April, 1832, in Relation to Frauds Upon the Treasury Introducing Sugar into the United States in the Form of Syrup, 22nd Congress, first session, Report 139. Treasury Circular #56 dated October 8, 1831, US National Archives and Records Administration (hereinafter NARA), RG 56, entry 48, 10.
    • US Congress, Senate, Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, in Compliance with a Resolution of the Senate, of the 26th April, 1832, in Relation to Frauds Upon the Treasury Introducing Sugar into the United States in the Form of Syrup, 22nd Congress, first session, Report 139. Treasury Circular #56 dated October 8, 1831, US National Archives and Records Administration (hereinafter NARA), RG 56, entry 48, vol. 10.
  • 10
    • 33947644095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Letter from the Secretary of the Treasury Communicating a Report of Chemical Analysis of Sugars, Molasses, &c., and of Researches on Hydrometers Made under the Superintendence of Professor A. D. Bache (Washington, DC, 1845), 23-48.
    • Letter from the Secretary of the Treasury Communicating a Report of Chemical Analysis of Sugars, Molasses, &c., and of Researches on Hydrometers Made under the Superintendence of Professor A. D. Bache (Washington, DC, 1845), 23-48.
  • 11
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    • On the Different Varieties of Sugar, and Allied Substances, with Reference to the Practical Application of Their Optical Relations
    • Ventzke, 'On the Different Varieties of Sugar, and Allied Substances, with Reference to the Practical Application of Their Optical Relations', Journal of the Franklin Institute, 10 (1845), 258-268, 332-341;
    • (1845) Journal of the Franklin Institute , vol.10
    • Ventzke1
  • 12
    • 50449142091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • this was translated from the German by Booth and Boyé, and communicated to the Franklin Institute by McCulloh. 'Report on Jos. S. Lovering & Co.'s Double refined sugars', Journal of the Franklin Institute, 10 (1845), 404-405.
    • this was translated from the German by Booth and Boyé, and communicated to the Franklin Institute by McCulloh. 'Report on Jos. S. Lovering & Co.'s Double refined sugars', Journal of the Franklin Institute, 10 (1845), 404-405.
  • 13
    • 33947645795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, in Compliance with a Resolution of the Senate, Relative to Frauds in Recent Importations of Sirups and Molasses from the West India Islands, and the Measures Necessary to Be Adopted to Prevent Their Recurrence (Washington, DC, 1846). The Treasury Circular of 12 May 1843 is mentioned in [R.S. McCulloh] to A.D. Bache, 26 July 1846, NARA, RG 167, entry 14, box 1.
    • Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, in Compliance with a Resolution of the Senate, Relative to Frauds in Recent Importations of Sirups and Molasses from the West India Islands, and the Measures Necessary to Be Adopted to Prevent Their Recurrence (Washington, DC, 1846). The Treasury Circular of 12 May 1843 is mentioned in [R.S. McCulloh] to A.D. Bache, 26 July 1846, NARA, RG 167, entry 14, box 1.
  • 15
    • 33947614608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 4 (1847), 349-351.
    • [McCulloh] in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 4 (1847), 349-351.
  • 16
    • 33947668288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reports from the Secretary of the Treasury of Scientific Investigations in Relation to Sugar and Hydrometers, Made under the Superintendence of Professor A. D. Bache (Washington, DC, 1848).
    • Reports from the Secretary of the Treasury of Scientific Investigations in Relation to Sugar and Hydrometers, Made under the Superintendence of Professor A. D. Bache (Washington, DC, 1848).
  • 17
    • 33947667349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reports from the Secretary of the Treasury, of Scientific Investigations in Relation to Sugar and Hydrometers, Made, under the Superintendence of Professor A. D. Bache, by Professor R. S. McCulloh (Washington, DC, 1848).
    • Reports from the Secretary of the Treasury, of Scientific Investigations in Relation to Sugar and Hydrometers, Made, under the Superintendence of Professor A. D. Bache, by Professor R. S. McCulloh (Washington, DC, 1848).
  • 18
    • 33947612488 scopus 로고
    • Nouvel appareil propre à la mesure des déviations dans les expériences de polarisation rotatoire
    • See also
    • See also J.B. Soleil, 'Nouvel appareil propre à la mesure des déviations dans les expériences de polarisation rotatoire', Comptes rendus de l'académie des sciences, 21 (1845), 426-430.
    • (1845) Comptes rendus de l'académie des sciences , vol.21 , pp. 426-430
    • Soleil, J.B.1
  • 19
    • 33947637631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Description du nouveau saccharimètre de M. Soleil, opticien', Bulletin de la société d'encouragement de l'industrie nationale, 45 (1846), 543-549;
    • 'Description du nouveau saccharimètre de M. Soleil, opticien', Bulletin de la société d'encouragement de l'industrie nationale, 45 (1846), 543-549;
  • 20
    • 33947634971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Rapport fait par M. de Becquerel, au nom du comité des arts économiques, sur un saccharimètre présenté par M. Soleil', 46 (1847), 545-552;
    • 'Rapport fait par M. de Becquerel, au nom du comité des arts économiques, sur un saccharimètre présenté par M. Soleil', 46 (1847), 545-552;
  • 22
    • 6344285339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soleil, Duboscq, and Their Successors
    • on 8-9; For Soleil, see
    • For Soleil, see Paolo Brenni, 'Soleil, Duboscq, and Their Successors', Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society, 51 (1996), 7-16, on 8-9;
    • (1996) Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society , vol.51 , pp. 7-16
    • Brenni, P.1
  • 23
    • 33947703048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • this based, in part, on the effusive account of Soleil in l'Abbé Moigno, Saccharimétrie. optique, chimique et mé lassimetrique (Paris, 1869). Saccharimeters were also referred to as polariscopes or saccharometers.
    • this based, in part, on the effusive account of Soleil in l'Abbé Moigno, Saccharimétrie. optique, chimique et mé lassimetrique (Paris, 1869). Saccharimeters were also referred to as polariscopes or saccharometers.
  • 24
    • 33947646801 scopus 로고
    • Soleil's Saccharometer
    • J.B. Benjamin, 'Soleil's Saccharometer', DeBow's review, 5 (1848), 347-364,
    • (1848) DeBow's review , vol.5 , pp. 347-364
    • Benjamin, J.B.1
  • 25
    • 33947627025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • quoted, in part, in J. A. Heitmann, The Modernization of the Louisiana Sugar Industry, 1830-1910 (Baton Rouge, LA, 1987), p. 31.
    • quoted, in part, in J. A. Heitmann, The Modernization of the Louisiana Sugar Industry, 1830-1910 (Baton Rouge, LA, 1987), p. 31.
  • 28
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    • Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations,
    • London
    • Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations, Reports by the Juries (London, 1852), p. 272.
    • (1852) Reports by the Juries , pp. 272
  • 30
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    • Science and Its Uses
    • 15 November
    • 'Science and Its Uses', New York Times, 15 November 1852, 2.
    • (1852) New York Times , pp. 2
  • 31
    • 33947653139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also 'The Obligations of Sugar-Refiners and Consumers to Physics and Chemistry', Manufacturer and Builder, 3 (1871), 78;
    • See also 'The Obligations of Sugar-Refiners and Consumers to Physics and Chemistry', Manufacturer and Builder, 3 (1871), 78;
  • 32
    • 33947632330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Polarized Light and the Application of the Polariscope to the Refining of Sugar', 98-100;
    • 'Polarized Light and the Application of the Polariscope to the Refining of Sugar', 98-100;
  • 33
    • 33947664399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and 'The Manufacture of Sugar', 268-269.
    • and 'The Manufacture of Sugar', 268-269.
  • 34
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    • The New Tariff
    • 17 July
    • 'The New Tariff', New York Times, 17 July 1861, 4.
    • (1861) New York Times , pp. 4
  • 35
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    • Important to Sugar Dealers
    • 6 July
    • 'Important to Sugar Dealers', New York Times, 6 July 1862, 6.
    • (1862) New York Times , pp. 6
  • 37
    • 33947619964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Tariff of 1861', House Misdoc 43, 2 March 1861. Treasury Circular of 26 December 1861, in NARA, RG 56, entry 48, 25. For the purchase of Dutch standards in the late 1870s, see NARA, RG 167, entry 36, box 1.
    • 'Tariff of 1861', House Misdoc 43, 2 March 1861. Treasury Circular of 26 December 1861, in NARA, RG 56, entry 48, vol. 25. For the purchase of Dutch standards in the late 1870s, see NARA, RG 167, entry 36, box 1.
  • 38
    • 33947687617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deerr (note 3), II, 573-577.
    • Deerr (note 3), II, 573-577.
  • 39
    • 33947666543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The Trouble with Sugar', New York Post, 17 December 1869, in Chandler papers, box 205, folder 'Sugar Industry', Butler Library, Columbia University.
    • 'The Trouble with Sugar', New York Post, 17 December 1869, in Chandler papers, box 205, folder 'Sugar Industry', Butler Library, Columbia University.
  • 40
    • 33947633953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. Henry to F.A. Genth, with copy to J.P. Cooke, 3 March 1876, Smithsonian Institution Archives, Official Outgoing Correspondence, 47, 483; and Henry to B.H. Bristow, 27 April 1876, 49, 49.
    • J. Henry to F.A. Genth, with copy to J.P. Cooke, 3 March 1876, Smithsonian Institution Archives, Official Outgoing Correspondence, vol. 47, 483; and Henry to B.H. Bristow, 27 April 1876, vol. 49, 49.
  • 41
    • 33947665479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. Henry to F.A. Genth, 13 February 1877, 53, 409, Smithsonian Institution Archives, Official Outgoing Correspondence; Henry to J. Sherman, 23 April 1877, 55, 195; and Henry to Sherman, 10 June 1877, 57, 43.
    • J. Henry to F.A. Genth, 13 February 1877, vol. 53, 409, Smithsonian Institution Archives, Official Outgoing Correspondence; Henry to J. Sherman, 23 April 1877, vol. 55, 195; and Henry to Sherman, 10 June 1877, vol. 57, 43.
  • 43
    • 33947654787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. Sherman to F. Wood, 1 March 1877, cited in 'Notes of a hearing given by the Committee of Ways & Means to the Representatives of the Sugar Trade and of the Treasury Department, Washington, DC Feb. 19, 1881', NARA, RG 233, records of the US House of Representatives, Ways and Means Committee, 46th Congress, Folder H.R. 46A-F 36.8.
    • J. Sherman to F. Wood, 1 March 1877, cited in 'Notes of a hearing given by the Committee of Ways & Means to the Representatives of the Sugar Trade and of the Treasury Department, Washington, DC Feb. 19, 1881', NARA, RG 233, records of the US House of Representatives, Ways and Means Committee, 46th Congress, Folder H.R. 46A-F 36.8.
  • 44
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    • New Process of Sugar Manufacture
    • 'New Process of Sugar Manufacture', Scientific American, 26 (1872), 69.
    • (1872) Scientific American , vol.26 , pp. 69
  • 45
    • 33947622525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States, plaintiff, Testimony in the Case of the United States v. 712 Bags of Sugar Imported in the Mississippi. in the District Court of the United States for the District of Maryland (Washington, DC, 1878).
    • United States, plaintiff, Testimony in the Case of the United States v. 712 Bags of Sugar Imported in the Mississippi. in the District Court of the United States for the District of Maryland (Washington, DC, 1878).
  • 46
    • 33947627534 scopus 로고
    • The Demerara Sugar Case
    • 14 December
    • 'The Demerara Sugar Case', Baltimore Evening Bulletin, 14 December 1878.
    • (1878) Baltimore Evening Bulletin
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    • Colored Imported Sugars
    • 26 January
    • 'Colored Imported Sugars', New York Times, 26 January 1878, 2,
    • (1878) New York Times , pp. 2
  • 48
    • 33947672803 scopus 로고
    • Fraud Openly Charged
    • 19 September, 2
    • 'Fraud Openly Charged', 19 September 1878, 2,
    • (1878)
  • 49
    • 33947637630 scopus 로고
    • Artificially-Colored Sugars
    • 17 November, 2
    • 'Artificially-Colored Sugars', 17 November 1878, 2,
    • (1878)
  • 50
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    • Colored Demerara Sugars
    • 21 Nov, 1
    • 'Colored Demerara Sugars', 21 Nov. 1878, 1.
    • (1878)
  • 51
    • 33947690644 scopus 로고
    • Georgetown, Guiana, Chandler papers, box 208, Butler Library, Columbia University
    • Demerara Dark Sugar and the United States Tariff (Georgetown, Guiana, 1877), in Chandler papers, box 208, Butler Library, Columbia University.
    • (1877) Demerara Dark Sugar and the United States Tariff
  • 52
    • 33947689627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States. Department of the Treasury. Special Agents Division, Report on the Methods of Manufacturing Sugars in West India Islands and British Guiana by S. E. Chamberlin, H. J. Abbott, and F. M. Endlich (Washington, DC, 1880).
    • United States. Department of the Treasury. Special Agents Division, Report on the Methods of Manufacturing Sugars in West India Islands and British Guiana by S. E. Chamberlin, H. J. Abbott, and F. M. Endlich (Washington, DC, 1880).
  • 53
    • 33947644746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Cultured Sugars', [New York] Evening Post, 16 July 1880, Chandler Papers, box 206, Folder 'Sugar, Adulteration, Frauds', Butler Library, Columbia University.
    • 'Cultured Sugars', [New York] Evening Post, 16 July 1880, Chandler Papers, box 206, Folder 'Sugar, Adulteration, Frauds', Butler Library, Columbia University.
  • 54
    • 33947634469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Sugar and Secretary Sherman', New York World, 7 Dec. 1879, in Chandler papers, box 207, Folder 'Sugar, Adulteration, Frauds', Butler Library, Columbia University.
    • 'Sugar and Secretary Sherman', New York World, 7 Dec. 1879, in Chandler papers, box 207, Folder 'Sugar, Adulteration, Frauds', Butler Library, Columbia University.
  • 55
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    • The Tariff Bill Shelved Permanently
    • 6 June
    • 'The Tariff Bill Shelved Permanently', New York Times, 6 June 1878, 1.
    • (1878) New York Times , pp. 1
  • 56
    • 33947621026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The Sugar Trade', The Board of Trade Gazette, 20 April 1878, Chandler papers, box 206, folder 'Sugar, Adulteration, Frauds', Butler Library, Columbia University. The Gazette was correct with regard to the disagreements, but misread the situation when it reported that the 'richest men in the business' had 'a holy horror of that infernal machine known to refiners and custom house officers as the 'polariscope.' 'Sugar Trade Troubles', New York Times. 18 September 1878, 2.
    • 'The Sugar Trade', The Board of Trade Gazette, 20 April 1878, Chandler papers, box 206, folder 'Sugar, Adulteration, Frauds', Butler Library, Columbia University. The Gazette was correct with regard to the disagreements, but misread the situation when it reported that the 'richest men in the business' had 'a holy horror of that "infernal machine" known to refiners and custom house officers as the '"polariscope".' 'Sugar Trade Troubles', New York Times. 18 September 1878, 2.
  • 57
    • 33947690144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Congressional Record 47th Congress, first session, Senate (25 July 1882), p. 6450. 'Getting Higher in Sugar Fraud', New York Times, 13 November 1909, 1.
    • Congressional Record 47th Congress, first session, Senate (25 July 1882), p. 6450. 'Getting Higher in Sugar Fraud', New York Times, 13 November 1909, 1.
  • 58
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    • Freezing out Refiners
    • For a discussion of the private docks, see, 23 February
    • For a discussion of the private docks, see 'Freezing out Refiners', New York Times, 23 February 1880, 2.
    • (1880) New York Times , pp. 2
  • 59
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    • Progress of Revising the Tariff
    • 28 January
    • 'Progress of Revising the Tariff', New York Times, 28 January 1878, 1,
    • (1878) New York Times , pp. 1
  • 60
    • 33947656876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'The Proposed New Tariff', New York Times, 31 January 1878, 1. Report to secretary of the treasury John Sherman, 5 February 1878, in National Academy of Sciences Archives, files of the Committee on the use of polarized light for determining values of sugars. With the report is a letter of recommendation for Lugo, signed by Henry.
    • 'The Proposed New Tariff', New York Times, 31 January 1878, 1. Report to secretary of the treasury John Sherman, 5 February 1878, in National Academy of Sciences Archives, files of the Committee on the use of polarized light for determining values of sugars. With the report is a letter of recommendation for Lugo, signed by Henry.
  • 61
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    • Chandler to Cebollus & Co., 18 April 1878, in Chandler papers, box 203, folder Correspondence, Butler Library, Columbia University. This memo is quoted in David A. Wells, The Sugar Industry of the United States and the Tariff (New York, 1878), 102-104.
    • Chandler to Cebollus & Co., 18 April 1878, in Chandler papers, box 203, folder Correspondence, Butler Library, Columbia University. This memo is quoted in David A. Wells, The Sugar Industry of the United States and the Tariff (New York, 1878), 102-104.
  • 62
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    • Miscellaneous City News
    • 13 April, 8
    • 'Miscellaneous City News', New York Times, 13 April 1878, 8.
    • (1878) New York Times
  • 63
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    • The New Tariff on Sugar
    • 19 April
    • 'The New Tariff on Sugar', New York Times, 19 April 1878, 2.
    • (1878) New York Times , pp. 2
  • 64
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    • Investigating the Sugar Trade
    • 23 May
    • 'Investigating the Sugar Trade', New York Times, 23 May 1878, 5.
    • (1878) New York Times , pp. 5
  • 68
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    • Margaret Rossiter, 'The Charles F. Chandler collection', Technology and Culture 18 (1977), 222-230.
    • Margaret Rossiter, 'The Charles F. Chandler collection', Technology and Culture 18 (1977), 222-230.
  • 69
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    • SM2; this was written on the occasion of Chandler's election as president of the Society of Chemical Industry
    • 6 August
    • 'Charles F. Chandler', New York Times, 6 August 1899, SM2; this was written on the occasion of Chandler's election as president of the Society of Chemical Industry.
    • (1899) New York Times
    • Chandler', C.F.1
  • 70
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    • 'Improved Process for Extracting, Manufacturing, and Refining Sugar'
    • US Patent 99141 () assigned to Chandler
    • J.E. Boivan and D. Louieau, 'Improved Process for Extracting, Manufacturing, and Refining Sugar', US Patent 99141 (1870) assigned to Chandler.
    • (1870)
    • Boivan, J.E.1    Louieau, D.2
  • 71
    • 33947624659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Improvement in Treating Sugar with Sulpherous Acid in the Vacuum Pan'
    • US Patent 135,014 1873
    • A. Seyforth, 'Improvement in Treating Sugar with Sulpherous Acid in the Vacuum Pan', US Patent 135,014 (1873).
    • Seyforth, A.1
  • 72
    • 33947654786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C.F. Chandler, 'Sugar', in Johnson's New Universal Cyclopaedia (New York, 1874-1878), 622-644. See also Chandler's petition to the 44th Congress, first session, H.R. report 572.
    • C.F. Chandler, 'Sugar', in Johnson's New Universal Cyclopaedia (New York, 1874-1878), 622-644. See also Chandler's petition to the 44th Congress, first session, H.R. report 572.
  • 73
    • 33646162606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P. de P. Ricketts (Columbia, PhD), 'A Method for the Detection of Artificial or Dextro-Glucose in Cane Sugar, and the Exact Determination of Cane Sugar by the Polariscope', Journal of the American Chemical Society 1 (1879), 2-6.
    • P. de P. Ricketts (Columbia, PhD), 'A Method for the Detection of Artificial or Dextro-Glucose in Cane Sugar, and the Exact Determination of Cane Sugar by the Polariscope', Journal of the American Chemical Society 1 (1879), 2-6.
  • 74
  • 76
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    • Wiechmann (Columbia, PhD)
    • New York
    • Frederick G. Wiechmann (Columbia, PhD), Sugar Analysis (New York, 1890).
    • (1890) Sugar Analysis
    • Frederick, G.1
  • 77
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    • (Columbia, PhD), 'The Practical Determination of the Value of the Sugars of Commerce
    • Henry A. Mott, Jr. (Columbia, PhD), 'The Practical Determination of the Value of the Sugars of Commerce', Journal of the American Chemical Society 1 (1879), 514-522.
    • (1879) Journal of the American Chemical Society , vol.1 , pp. 514-522
    • Mott Jr., H.A.1
  • 78
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    • Charles Frederick Chandler, his Life and Works
    • For Chandler's connections with the sugar refiners, see, 15 January
    • For Chandler's connections with the sugar refiners, see E. Hendrick, 'Charles Frederick Chandler, his Life and Works', Columbia Alumni News 17 (15 January 1926), 301-308;
    • (1926) Columbia Alumni News
    • Hendrick, E.1
  • 79
    • 33947665478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and C.F. Chandler to C.A. Browne, 7 December 1920, in Library of Congress, Manuscripts Division, Browne papers, box 4.
    • and C.F. Chandler to C.A. Browne, 7 December 1920, in Library of Congress, Manuscripts Division, Browne papers, box 4.
  • 80
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    • W.T. Booth to C.F. Chandler, 16 January 1878 and 11 April 1878, and Chandler to Cebollus & Co., 18 April 1878, in box 203, folder, 'correspondence', and H. Havemeyer to Chandler, 20 April 1878, in box 1, all in Chandler papers, Butler Library, Columbia University.
    • W.T. Booth to C.F. Chandler, 16 January 1878 and 11 April 1878, and Chandler to Cebollus & Co., 18 April 1878, in box 203, folder, 'correspondence', and H. Havemeyer to Chandler, 20 April 1878, in box 1, all in Chandler papers, Butler Library, Columbia University.
  • 83
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    • W.S. Chance to O.H. Tittmann, n.d., NARA, RG 167, entry 36, box 6, items 569-571 and 576.
    • W.S. Chance to O.H. Tittmann, n.d., NARA, RG 167, entry 36, box 6, items 569-571 and 576.
  • 84
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    • 'The Sugar Imbroglio', [New York] Post, 10 Jan. 1879, in Chandler Papers, box 207, folder 'Sugar, Adulteration, Frauds', Butler Library, Columbia University. W. T. Booth to C. F. Chandler, 6 February 1879, box 203, folder 'Correspondence.'
    • 'The Sugar Imbroglio', [New York] Post, 10 Jan. 1879, in Chandler Papers, box 207, folder 'Sugar, Adulteration, Frauds', Butler Library, Columbia University. W. T. Booth to C. F. Chandler, 6 February 1879, box 203, folder 'Correspondence.'
  • 86
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    • The Tariff on Sugar,
    • 9 January
    • "The Tariff on Sugar," New York Times, 9 January 1879, 2.
    • (1879) New York Times , pp. 2
  • 87
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    • The doings of Congress
    • 13 Januray, 1
    • 'The doings of Congress', New York Times, 13 Januray 1879, 1.
    • (1879) New York Times
  • 88
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    • The Sugar Tariff
    • 14 January
    • 'The Sugar Tariff', Boston Globe, 14 January 1879, 1.
    • (1879) Boston Globe , pp. 1
  • 90
    • 33947691553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also The Sugar Tariff. Speeches of Members of the House of Representatives, Feb. 26-March 1, 1879 (Washington, DC, 1879).
    • See also The Sugar Tariff. Speeches of Members of the House of Representatives, Feb. 26-March 1, 1879 (Washington, DC, 1879).
  • 91
    • 33947673829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Duties on Sugar', 46th Congress, second session, HR report 1399, 11 May 1880.
    • 'Duties on Sugar', 46th Congress, second session, HR report 1399, 11 May 1880.
  • 94
    • 33947631828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Notes of a hearing given by the Committee of Ways & Means to the Representatives of the Sugar Trade and of the Treasury department, Washington, DC Feb. 19, 1881', NARA, RG 233, Records of the US House of Representatives, Ways and Means Committee, 46 Congress, folder H.R. 46A-F 36.8.
    • 'Notes of a hearing given by the Committee of Ways & Means to the Representatives of the Sugar Trade and of the Treasury department, Washington, DC Feb. 19, 1881', NARA, RG 233, Records of the US House of Representatives, Ways and Means Committee, 46 Congress, folder H.R. 46A-F 36.8.
  • 95
    • 33947634468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Treasury Department, Circular, 19 July 1879 and 2 September 1879. These appear also in the Transcript of record. Supreme Court of the United States, No. 1066. Edwin A. Meritt, collector of the port of New York, plaintiff in error, vs. Samuel Welsh, et al., filed 15 October 1881, 15-17.
    • US Treasury Department, Circular, 19 July 1879 and 2 September 1879. These appear also in the Transcript of record. Supreme Court of the United States, No. 1066. Edwin A. Meritt, collector of the port of New York, plaintiff in error, vs. Samuel Welsh, et al., filed 15 October 1881, 15-17.
  • 96
    • 33947671804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcript of record. Supreme Court of the United States, No. 1066. Edwin A. Meritt, collector of the port of New York, plaintiff in error, vs. Samuel Welsh, et al., filed 15 October 1881. 'Merritt v. Welsh', US Reports, 104 (1881), 694-707.
    • Transcript of record. Supreme Court of the United States, No. 1066. Edwin A. Meritt, collector of the port of New York, plaintiff in error, vs. Samuel Welsh, et al., filed 15 October 1881. 'Merritt v. Welsh', US Reports, 104 (1881), 694-707.
  • 98
    • 33947614607 scopus 로고
    • The Sugar Tariff
    • New York, 11 April
    • 'The Sugar Tariff', [New York] Post, 11 April 1881;
    • (1881) Post
  • 99
    • 33947690643 scopus 로고
    • The Sugar Duty Question
    • 20 April
    • 'The Sugar Duty Question', New York Times, 20 April 1881, 8;
    • (1881) New York Times , pp. 8
  • 100
    • 33947621477 scopus 로고
    • Supreme Court Decisions
    • 1 March
    • 'Supreme Court Decisions', New York Times, 1 March 1882, 2;
    • (1882) New York Times , pp. 2
  • 101
    • 33947686601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and 'Current Capital News', Washington Post, 10 March 1882, 1, and editorial, 2.
    • and 'Current Capital News', Washington Post, 10 March 1882, 1, and editorial, 2.
  • 102
    • 33947660823 scopus 로고
    • Report of the Tariff Commission, Appointed under Act of Congress Approved May 15, 1882', H. Misdoc 611, 47th Congress, second session, 21-22. The Polariscope Test
    • 31 March
    • 'Report of the Tariff Commission, Appointed under Act of Congress Approved May 15, 1882', H. Misdoc 611, 47th Congress, second session, 21-22. The Polariscope Test', New York Times, 31 March 1882, 1.
    • (1882) New York Times , pp. 1
  • 103
    • 33947688061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Sugar Tariff Now in Effect', New York Times, 1 June 1883, 8. Congressional Record, 47th Congress, first session, Senate, pp. 6449-6456.
    • 'Sugar Tariff Now in Effect', New York Times, 1 June 1883, 8. Congressional Record, 47th Congress, first session, Senate, pp. 6449-6456.
  • 105
    • 33947675732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Treasury Department, Circular 62 (1883). I have not seen the original, but the text appears as Exhibit A in American Sugar Refining Co. New York v. US, 211 U.S. 155 (1908), on 151-162.
    • US Treasury Department, Circular 62 (1883). I have not seen the original, but the text appears as Exhibit A in American Sugar Refining Co. New York v. US, 211 U.S. 155 (1908), on 151-162.
  • 106
    • 33947695594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Franz Schmidt & Haensch, Anweisung zur richten Behandlung und zum Gebrauch des verbesserten Saccharimeters (n.p., n.d.).
    • Franz Schmidt & Haensch, Anweisung zur richten Behandlung und zum Gebrauch des verbesserten Saccharimeters (n.p., n.d.).
  • 108
    • 33947653138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • this refers to Scheibler's article in Zeitschrift des Vereins für Rübenzuckfabrikation (1870), 609.
    • this refers to Scheibler's article in Zeitschrift des Vereins für Rübenzuckfabrikation (1870), 609.
  • 109
    • 33947707175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bullock & Crenshaw, Catalogue of Chemical, Physical and Pharmaceutical Apparatus (Philadelphia, n.d.), 145; this is the nineteenth edition and probably dates from around 1890. Eimer & Amend, Prices Current (New York, 1895), 192-193. For polariscopes made in Scheibler's laboratory, see the undated price list of the Chemisches Laboratorium des Vereines für de Rükenzucker-Industrie im Zollverein, zu Berlin in Chandler papers, box 147, folder 'Light & Optics, Notes & Clippings', Butler Library, Columbia University.
    • Bullock & Crenshaw, Catalogue of Chemical, Physical and Pharmaceutical Apparatus (Philadelphia, n.d.), 145; this is the nineteenth edition and probably dates from around 1890. Eimer & Amend, Prices Current (New York, 1895), 192-193. For polariscopes made in Scheibler's laboratory, see the undated price list of the Chemisches Laboratorium des Vereines für de Rükenzucker-Industrie im Zollverein, zu Berlin in Chandler papers, box 147, folder 'Light & Optics, Notes & Clippings', Butler Library, Columbia University.
  • 110
    • 33947614043 scopus 로고
    • Ueber die verschiedenen Zuckerarten und verwandte Verbindungen, in Beziehung auf ihr optisches Verhalten und dessen praktische Anwedung
    • [C.] Ventzke, Ueber die verschiedenen Zuckerarten und verwandte Verbindungen, in Beziehung auf ihr optisches Verhalten und dessen praktische Anwedung," Journal für praktische Chemie, 25 (1842), 65-84.
    • (1842) Journal für praktische Chemie , vol.25 , pp. 65-84
    • Ventzke, C.1
  • 113
    • 33947622523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • in The Sugar Cane, 5 (1873), 89-91.
    • in The Sugar Cane, 5 (1873), 89-91.
  • 114
    • 33947688062 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of Crude Sugars and Syrops
    • mentions a Ventzke-Soleil saccharimeter made by F. Schmidt of Berlin
    • H. Landolt, 'Analysis of Crude Sugars and Syrops', The Sugar Cane, 5 (1873), 453-461. mentions a Ventzke-Soleil saccharimeter made by F. Schmidt of Berlin.
    • (1873) The Sugar Cane , vol.5 , pp. 453-461
    • Landolt, H.1
  • 115
    • 33947624658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Letter from the Secretary of the Treasury, Transmitting, in Response to Senate Resolution of January 8, 1889, Information Relative to the Sugar Frauds', 50th Congress, second session, 1889, S. ex. doc. 77. 'Letter of the Secretary of the Treasury Relative to the Undervaluations and Frauds in the Collection of the Revenues', 50th Congress, second session, 1889, S. ex. doc. 142.
    • 'Letter from the Secretary of the Treasury, Transmitting, in Response to Senate Resolution of January 8, 1889, Information Relative to the Sugar Frauds', 50th Congress, second session, 1889, S. ex. doc. 77. 'Letter of the Secretary of the Treasury Relative to the Undervaluations and Frauds in the Collection of the Revenues', 50th Congress, second session, 1889, S. ex. doc. 142.
  • 116
    • 33947630708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Letter of the Secretary of the Treasury Relative to the Undervaluations and Frauds in the Collection of the Revenues', 50th Congress, second session, 1889, S. ex. doc. 142, 50-54.
    • 'Letter of the Secretary of the Treasury Relative to the Undervaluations and Frauds in the Collection of the Revenues', 50th Congress, second session, 1889, S. ex. doc. 142, 50-54.
  • 117
    • 33947645290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A.S. Wright, E.S. Dana and C.S. Hastings, 'Report on Sugar Determination', Report of the National Academy of Sciences for the Year 1887, appendix E. See also 'The National Academy of Sciences', Science, 11 (1888), 195.
    • A.S. Wright, E.S. Dana and C.S. Hastings, 'Report on Sugar Determination', Report of the National Academy of Sciences for the Year 1887, appendix E. See also 'The National Academy of Sciences', Science, 11 (1888), 195.
  • 118
    • 33947676281 scopus 로고
    • The Administration and the Custom-House, 31 May
    • The Administration and the Custom-House', The Nation (31 May 1888), 440-441;
    • (1888) The Nation , pp. 440-441
  • 119
    • 33947675184 scopus 로고
    • 5 July
    • notice, The Nation (5 July 1888), 3;
    • (1888) The Nation , pp. 3
    • notice1
  • 120
    • 33947663450 scopus 로고
    • 26 Sept
    • and notice, The Nation, (26 Sept. 1889), 242-243.
    • (1889) The Nation , pp. 242-243
    • notice1
  • 121
    • 33947707784 scopus 로고
    • Sugar Frauds Alleged
    • 26 February
    • 'Sugar Frauds Alleged', New York Times, 26 February 1889, 2.
    • (1889) New York Times , pp. 2
  • 122
    • 0004185307 scopus 로고
    • Again in Office, 22 September
    • Again in Office', New York Times, 22 September 1889, 16.
    • (1889) New York Times , pp. 16
  • 123
    • 33947684789 scopus 로고
    • Chemist Sherer Exonerated
    • 26 June
    • 'Chemist Sherer Exonerated', New York Times, 26 June 1890, 4.
    • (1890) New York Times , pp. 4
  • 124
    • 33947667347 scopus 로고
    • The Sugar Test Troubles
    • 28 June
    • 'The Sugar Test Troubles', New York Times, 28 June 1890, 4.
    • (1890) New York Times , pp. 4
  • 125
    • 33947682147 scopus 로고
    • Sherer's Tests Condemned
    • 25 June
    • 'Sherer's Tests Condemned', New York Times, 25 June 1890, 8.
    • (1890) New York Times , pp. 8
  • 126
    • 33947678107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The law, 26 Stat, 567, is quoted in Report of the Secretary of Agriculture (1891), 161-163.
    • The law, 26 Stat, 567, is quoted in Report of the Secretary of Agriculture (1891), 161-163.
  • 127
    • 33947711678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. Mason to T.C. Mendenhall, 4 March 1891, NARA, RG 167, entry 36, box 6, items 582-585. H.W. Wiley to Mason, 6 March 1891, NARA, RG 97, entry 5, box 8, 32, items 59-62.
    • J. Mason to T.C. Mendenhall, 4 March 1891, NARA, RG 167, entry 36, box 6, items 582-585. H.W. Wiley to Mason, 6 March 1891, NARA, RG 97, entry 5, box 8, vol. 32, items 59-62.
  • 128
    • 33947340952 scopus 로고
    • The Effect of Heating with Dilute Acids and Treating with Animal Charcoal, on the Rotary Power of Glucose; with Notes on the Estimation of Cane Sugar and Glucose in Mixture
    • H.W. Wiley, 'The Effect of Heating with Dilute Acids and Treating with Animal Charcoal, on the Rotary Power of Glucose; with Notes on the Estimation of Cane Sugar and Glucose in Mixture', Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2 (1880), 395-402.
    • (1880) Journal of the American Chemical Society , vol.2 , pp. 395-402
    • Wiley, H.W.1
  • 129
    • 33947631316 scopus 로고
    • The Rotary Power of Commercial Glucose
    • Wiley, "The Rotary Power of Commercial Glucose," Science, 2 (1881), 53-54.
    • (1881) Science , vol.2 , pp. 53-54
    • Wiley1
  • 130
    • 33947711165 scopus 로고
    • the Rotary Power of Commercial Glucose and Grape Sugar, a Method of Determining the Amount of Reducing Substance Present, by the Polariscope
    • Wiley, 'the Rotary Power of Commercial Glucose and Grape Sugar, a Method of Determining the Amount of Reducing Substance Present, by the Polariscope', Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2 (1880), 387-395;
    • (1880) Journal of the American Chemical Society , vol.2 , pp. 387-395
    • Wiley1
  • 131
    • 37049202498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • reprinted in Science, 2 (1881), 393-395.
    • reprinted in Science, 2 (1881), 393-395.
  • 132
    • 33947696611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Letter from the Acting Secretary of the Treasury, in Response to a Resolution of September 22, 1890, Relative to Differences in Test and Classification of Sugars at the Ports of New York, Boston, and Philadelphia', 51st Congress, first session, S. ex. doc. 229.
    • 'Letter from the Acting Secretary of the Treasury, in Response to a Resolution of September 22, 1890, Relative to Differences in Test and Classification of Sugars at the Ports of New York, Boston, and Philadelphia', 51st Congress, first session, S. ex. doc. 229.
  • 133
    • 33947614044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C. Andrews to C.S. Fairchild, 18 October 1888, and set of instructions with the same date, NARA, RG 97, entry 3, box 103. H.W. Wiley to W.S. Chance, 18 June 1890, NARA, RG 97, entry 5, box 7.
    • C. Andrews to C.S. Fairchild, 18 October 1888, and set of instructions with the same date, NARA, RG 97, entry 3, box 103. H.W. Wiley to W.S. Chance, 18 June 1890, NARA, RG 97, entry 5, box 7.
  • 135
  • 137
    • 33947622524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • H.W. Wiley to W.S. Chance, 7 November 1898, NARA, RG 97, entry 5, box 20, 72, items 458-460.
    • H.W. Wiley to W.S. Chance, 7 November 1898, NARA, RG 97, entry 5, box 20, vol. 72, items 458-460.
  • 138
    • 33947627024 scopus 로고
    • Sugar importers lose
    • 14 March
    • 'Sugar importers lose', New York Times, 14 March 1899, 5.
    • (1899) New York Times , pp. 5
  • 139
    • 33947618398 scopus 로고
    • For Wiley's argument, see, Washington, DC, chapter The Bureau of Standards
    • For Wiley's argument, see H.W. Wiley, History of a Crime Against the Food Laws (Washington, DC, 1929), chapter The Bureau of Standards.'
    • (1929) History of a Crime Against the Food Laws
    • Wiley, H.W.1
  • 140
    • 33947660824 scopus 로고
    • Many Customs Cases
    • 25 October
    • 'Many Customs Cases', New York Times, 25 October 1903, 23.
    • (1903) New York Times , pp. 23
  • 141
    • 33947629103 scopus 로고
    • Sugar Test Case Reversed
    • 5 May
    • 'Sugar Test Case Reversed', New York Times, 5 May 1903, 16.
    • (1903) New York Times , pp. 16
  • 142
    • 33947665477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Bartram Bros. v. United States. Benjamin H. Howell, Son & Co. v. same. American Sugar Refining Co. v. same', The Federal Reporter, 123 (1903), 327 (Circuit Court);
    • 'Bartram Bros. v. United States. Benjamin H. Howell, Son & Co. v. same. American Sugar Refining Co. v. same', The Federal Reporter, 123 (1903), 327 (Circuit Court);
  • 143
    • 33947637072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and The Federal Register, 131 (1904), 833-837 (Circuit Court of Appeals).
    • and The Federal Register, 131 (1904), 833-837 (Circuit Court of Appeals).
  • 144
    • 33947700843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also 'Government Wins Sugar Case', Washington Post, 3 June 1904, 1.16.
    • See also 'Government Wins Sugar Case', Washington Post, 3 June 1904, 1.16.
  • 145
    • 33947696613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'U.S.A. Polariscope Case Decided', International Sugar Journal, 6 (1904), 311.
    • 'U.S.A. Polariscope Case Decided', International Sugar Journal, 6 (1904), 311.
  • 146
    • 33947611964 scopus 로고
    • Government Saves $2,000,000
    • 8 December
    • 'Government Saves $2,000,000', New York Times, 8 December 1904, 10.
    • (1904) New York Times , pp. 10
  • 147
    • 33947679186 scopus 로고
    • Sugar Test Decision
    • 1 January
    • 'Sugar Test Decision', Washington Post, 1 January 1905, S1.
    • (1905) Washington Post
  • 148
    • 33947682672 scopus 로고
    • Lawyers Got the Money
    • 20 August
    • 'Lawyers Got the Money', New York Times, 20 August 1905, WQS8.
    • (1905) New York Times
  • 149
    • 33947690143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transcript of record. Supreme Court of the United States. American Sugar Refining Co. New York v. U.S. 211 U.S. 155 (filed May 2, 1906). 'Importers of Sugar Institute 65 Suits', New York Times, 29 January 1905, 18.
    • Transcript of record. Supreme Court of the United States. American Sugar Refining Co. New York v. U.S. 211 U.S. 155 (filed May 2, 1906). 'Importers of Sugar Institute 65 Suits', New York Times, 29 January 1905, 18.
  • 150
    • 33947659904 scopus 로고
    • Suits to Recover Duties
    • 29 January
    • 'Suits to Recover Duties', Washington Post, 29 January 1905, 5.
    • (1905) Washington Post , pp. 5
  • 151
    • 33947710663 scopus 로고
    • New Test by Sugar Trust
    • 16 November
    • 'New Test by Sugar Trust', New York Times, 16 November 1908, 5.
    • (1908) New York Times , pp. 5
  • 152
    • 33947667738 scopus 로고
    • Latest Customs Rulings
    • 27 December
    • 'Latest Customs Rulings', New York Times, 27 December 1908, C8.
    • (1908) New York Times
  • 153
    • 33947642000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • H.W Wiley to W.S. Chance, 18 March 1898, NARA, RG 97, entry 5, box 20, 69.
    • H.W Wiley to W.S. Chance, 18 March 1898, NARA, RG 97, entry 5, box 20, vol. 69.
  • 154
    • 33947657825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • F.G. Wiechmann, review of G.W. Rolfe, The Polariscope in the Chemical Laboratory, in Science, 23 (1906), 627-628. H.S. Pritchett to H.W. Wiley, 15 March 1900, sending 12 copies of the conversion tables, NARA, RG 97, entry 3, box 104.
    • F.G. Wiechmann, review of G.W. Rolfe, The Polariscope in the Chemical Laboratory, in Science, 23 (1906), 627-628. H.S. Pritchett to H.W. Wiley, 15 March 1900, sending 12 copies of the conversion tables, NARA, RG 97, entry 3, box 104.
  • 155
    • 33947639444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • F.G. Wiechmann, 'The Question of Temperature-Influence on the Specific Rotation of Sucrose', International Sugar Journal, 2 (1900), 491-501, 564-579, on 571. Wiechmann review of R. Frühling, Anleitung zur Untersuchung der für die Zuckerindustrie (1903) in Science, 17(1903), 937-938. R.W. Plews, ed., The History of ICUMSA. the First 100 Years, 1897-1997 (Berlin, 1997).
    • F.G. Wiechmann, 'The Question of Temperature-Influence on the Specific Rotation of Sucrose', International Sugar Journal, 2 (1900), 491-501, 564-579, on 571. Wiechmann review of R. Frühling, Anleitung zur Untersuchung der für die Zuckerindustrie (1903) in Science, 17(1903), 937-938. R.W. Plews, ed., The History of ICUMSA. the First 100 Years, 1897-1997 (Berlin, 1997).
  • 156
    • 33947657283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • H.W. Wiley to T. C. Mendenhall, 5 September 1889, NARA, RG 167, entry 7, box 4, item 496.
    • H.W. Wiley to T. C. Mendenhall, 5 September 1889, NARA, RG 167, entry 7, box 4, item 496.
  • 157
    • 33947676282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C.W. Andrews, 'The Influence of Temperature on the Specific Rotation of Cane Sugar', Technology Quarterly, 2 (1889), 367-371, and 'Notes on the Determination of Sugar by the Polariscope', 372-378.
    • C.W. Andrews, 'The Influence of Temperature on the Specific Rotation of Cane Sugar', Technology Quarterly, 2 (1889), 367-371, and 'Notes on the Determination of Sugar by the Polariscope', 372-378.
  • 158
    • 33947344640 scopus 로고
    • The Influence of Temperature on the Specific Rotation of Sucrose and Method of Correcting Readings of Compensating Polariscopes Therefor
    • H.W. Wiley, 'The Influence of Temperature on the Specific Rotation of Sucrose and Method of Correcting Readings of Compensating Polariscopes Therefor', Journal of the American Chemical Society, 21 (1899), 568-596,
    • (1899) Journal of the American Chemical Society , vol.21 , pp. 568-596
    • Wiley, H.W.1
  • 159
    • 33947646280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • excerpted in G. Stade, 'Modern Polariscopes', International Sugar Journal, 1 (1899), 65-72. Wiley read this paper at the International Congress for Applied Chemistry held in Vienna in 1898.
    • excerpted in G. Stade, 'Modern Polariscopes', International Sugar Journal, 1 (1899), 65-72. Wiley read this paper at the International Congress for Applied Chemistry held in Vienna in 1898.
  • 160
    • 33947710665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hearing Before the Committee on Coinage, Weights and Measures... May 3, 1900, re H.R. 11350 (Washington, DC, 1900), 5.
    • Hearing Before the Committee on Coinage, Weights and Measures... May 3, 1900, re H.R. 11350 (Washington, DC, 1900), 5.
  • 161
    • 33947647845 scopus 로고
    • The National Bureau of Standards and Its Relation to Scientific and Technical Laboratories
    • noted that the Bureau was embroiled in the controversy 'between the experts of the government and those employed by the sugar interests as to the effect of temperature upon the indications of the polariscope
    • E.B. Rosa, 'The National Bureau of Standards and Its Relation to Scientific and Technical Laboratories', Science, 21 (1905), 161-173, noted that the Bureau was embroiled in the controversy 'between the experts of the government and those employed by the sugar interests as to the effect of temperature upon the indications of the polariscope'.
    • (1905) Science , vol.21 , pp. 161-173
    • Rosa, E.B.1
  • 162
    • 33947672802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Bureau of Standards, Verification of Polariscopic Apparatus (16 July 1906), Circular C12.
    • National Bureau of Standards, Verification of Polariscopic Apparatus (16 July 1906), Circular C12.
  • 166
    • 33947710664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R.C. Cochrane, Measures for Progress. a History of the National Bureau of Standards (Washington, DC, 1966), 151-152. H.W. Wiley to W.S. Chance, 4 March 1898, NARA, RG 97, entry 5, box 6, and 6 March 1898, in box 7. C.H. Keep, Assistant Secretary, to the Collector of Customs at New Orleans, 9 July 1903, NARA, RG 97, entry 3, box 102. This refers to Customs Regulations #1340 and #1409 of 1899
    • R.C. Cochrane, Measures for Progress. a History of the National Bureau of Standards (Washington, DC, 1966), 151-152. H.W. Wiley to W.S. Chance, 4 March 1898, NARA, RG 97, entry 5, box 6, and 6 March 1898, in box 7. C.H. Keep, Assistant Secretary, to the Collector of Customs at New Orleans, 9 July 1903, NARA, RG 97, entry 3, box 102. This refers to Customs Regulations #1340 and #1409 of 1899
  • 167
    • 33947629637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Several of these polariscopes, acquired undoubtedly at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition held in St. Louis in 1904, are now in the Physical Sciences collections of the National Museum of American History.
    • Several of these polariscopes, acquired undoubtedly at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition held in St. Louis in 1904, are now in the Physical Sciences collections of the National Museum of American History.
  • 168
    • 33947689095 scopus 로고
    • A Quartz Compensated Polariscope of Adjustable Sensibility
    • Frederick J. Bates, 'A Quartz Compensated Polariscope of Adjustable Sensibility', International Sugar Journal, 9 (1907), 588-593;
    • (1907) International Sugar Journal , vol.9 , pp. 588-593
    • Bates, F.J.1
  • 169
    • 33947628083 scopus 로고
    • also published in National Bureau of Standards
    • also published in National Bureau of Standards, Bulletin, 4 (1908).
    • (1908) Bulletin , vol.4
  • 170
    • 33947700842 scopus 로고
    • Remarks on the Quartz Compensating Polariscope with Adjustable Sensibility', National Bureau of Standards
    • Bates, 'Remarks on the Quartz Compensating Polariscope with Adjustable Sensibility', National Bureau of Standards, Bulletin 5 (1908).
    • (1908) Bulletin , vol.5
    • Bates1
  • 171
    • 33947629636 scopus 로고
    • 'Optical instrument'
    • US Patent 844012
    • Josef J. Fric, 'Optical instrument', US Patent 844012 (1907).
    • (1907)
    • Fric, J.J.1
  • 172
    • 33947637846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E.H. Sargent & Co., List no. 20 (Chicago, n.d.), p. 236.
    • E.H. Sargent & Co., List no. 20 (Chicago, n.d.), p. 236.
  • 173
    • 33947612485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
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    • C.A. Browne to the Directors of the New York Sugar Trade Laboratory, 17 September 1919, Browne papers, box 11, Library of Congress. Browne to H.C. Prinsen Geerligs, 26 November 1919, in box. 5. Browne, 'A History of the New York Sugar Trade Laboratory', Browne papers, in Box 33. David Singerman, 'Sugar, Tariffs, and the Bureau of Standards', ms. Information Services Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology.
    • C.A. Browne to the Directors of the New York Sugar Trade Laboratory, 17 September 1919, Browne papers, box 11, Library of Congress. Browne to H.C. Prinsen Geerligs, 26 November 1919, in box. 5. Browne, 'A History of the New York Sugar Trade Laboratory', Browne papers, in Box 33. David Singerman, 'Sugar, Tariffs, and the Bureau of Standards', ms. Information Services Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology.
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    • this focuses on sugar consumption in Britain but much of the argument pertains as well to the US experience. J.H. Galloway, The Sugar Cane Industry: an Historical Geography from Its Origins to 1914 Cambridge, 1989
    • this focuses on sugar consumption in Britain but much of the argument pertains as well to the US experience. J.H. Galloway, The Sugar Cane Industry: an Historical Geography from Its Origins to 1914 (Cambridge, 1989).
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    • But see, for instance, Raymond P. Stearns, 'The Production of Sugar in Barbados c. 1667', Annals of Science, 1 (1936), 173-181, which concerns an early response to the Royal Society's appeal for information on the natural history and products of Barbados.
    • But see, for instance, Raymond P. Stearns, 'The Production of Sugar in Barbados c. 1667', Annals of Science, 1 (1936), 173-181, which concerns an early response to the Royal Society's appeal for information on the natural history and products of Barbados.
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    • For an overview, see Robert Multhauf, 'European Science Museums', Science, 128 (1958), 512-518.
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    • I thank Philip Scranton for this insight. William J. Ashworth, Between the trader and the public, British alcohol standards and the proof of good governance, Technology and culture, 42 2001, 27-50
    • I thank Philip Scranton for this insight. William J. Ashworth, '"Between the trader and the public': British alcohol standards and the proof of good governance," Technology and culture, 42 (2001), 27-50,
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    • is a notable exception, as is James Sumner, 'John Richardson, saccharometry and the pounds-per-barrel extract: the construction of a quantity', British journal for the history of science, 34 (2001), 255-273.
    • is a notable exception, as is James Sumner, 'John Richardson, saccharometry and the pounds-per-barrel extract: the construction of a quantity', British journal for the history of science, 34 (2001), 255-273.
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    • see for instance, 'The Evils of Expertism
    • For the
    • For the US, see for instance, 'The Evils of Expertism', Manufacturer and Builder, 12 (1880), 219.
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    • M. Norton Wise, ed, Princeton, NJ
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* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.