Short bowel syndrome: Parenteral nutrition versus intestinal transplantation. Where are we today?

Digestive Diseases and Sciences

Volumn 52, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 876-892

  DeLegge, Mark ^a   Alsolaiman, Mohammad M ^a   Barbour, English ^a   Bassas, Samah ^a   Siddiqi, M Faisal ^a   Moore, Nicole M ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

Parenteral nutrition; Short bowel syndrome; Small intestine; Transplantation

Indexed keywords

AZATHIOPRINE; CYCLOSPORIN A; LYMPHOCYTE ANTIBODY; PREDNISONE; TACROLIMUS;

ARTICLE; BILIARY TRACT DISEASE; BONE DISEASE; CATHETER INFECTION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; GRAFT REJECTION; GRAFT SURVIVAL; GRAFT VERSUS HOST REACTION; HUMAN; INTESTINE ANASTOMOSIS; INTESTINE SURGERY; INTESTINE TRANSPLANTATION; LIVER DISEASE; LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE; PARENTERAL NUTRITION; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; POSTOPERATIVE INFECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RECURRENT DISEASE; SEPSIS; SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME; SMALL INTESTINE; SURVIVAL RATE; SURVIVAL TIME; VASCULAR DISEASE; VEIN THROMBOSIS;

GRAFT REJECTION; HUMANS; INTESTINE, SMALL; PARENTERAL NUTRITION, HOME; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME; SURVIVAL RATE; TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS;

EID: 33947590630     PISSN: 01632116     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9416-6     Document Type: Article

References (184)

1. Weser E (1983) Nutritional aspects of malabsorption: short gut adaptation. Clin Gastroenterol 12:443-461
2. Lennard-Jones J (1990) Indications and need for long-term parenteral nutrition:implications for intestinal transplantation. Transplant Proc 22:2427-2429
3. Crenn P (1996) Surgical versus radiological evaluation of remaining small bowel length in short bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 110:A321 (abstract)
4. Bryant J (1924) Observations upon the growth and length of the human intestine. Am J Med Sci 167:499
5. Slater G, Aufses Jr A (1991) Small bowel length in Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol 86:1037
6. Fanucci A, Cerro P, Fraracci L, et al. (1984) Small bowel length measured by radiography. Gastrointest Radiol 9:349
7. Nightingale J, Bartram CI, Lennard-Jones JE (1991) Length of residual small bowel after partial resection:correlation between radiographic and surgical measurements. Gastrointest Radiol 19:305
8. Benedetti E, Baum C, Cicalese L, et al. (2001) Progressive functional adaptation of segmental bowel graft from living related donor. Transplantation 71:569-571
9. Nightingale J, Lennard-Jones JE, Walker ER, et al. (1990) Jejunal efflux in short bowel syndrome. Lancet 336:765
10. Carbonnel F, Cosnes J, Chevret S, et al. (1996) The role of anatomic factors in nutritional autonomy after extensive small bowel resection. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 20:275
11. Byrne T, Persinger R, Young L, et al. (1995) A new treatment for patients with short-bowel syndrome. Growth hormone, glutamine, and a modified diet. Ann Surg 222:243-255
12. Messing B, Crenn P, Beau P, et al. (1999) Long-term survival and parenteral nutrition dependence in adult patients with the short bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 117:1043-1050
13. Mughal M, Irving M (1986) Home parenteral nutrition in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Lancet 2:383
14. Bakker H, Bozzetti F, Staun M, et al. (1999) Home parenteral nutrition in adults:a european multicentre survey in 1997. ESPEN-Home Artificial Nutrition Working Group. Clin Nutr 18:135
15. Oley Foundation (1994) North American home parenteral and enteral nutrition patient registry annual report
16. Georgeson K, Breaux Jr CW (1992) Outcome and intestinal adaptation in neonatal short-bowel syndrome. J Pediatr Surg 27:344
17. Nightingale J, Lennard-Jones JE, Gertner DJ, et al. (1992) Colonic preservation reduces need for parenteral therapy, increases incidence of renal stones, but does not change high prevalence of gallstones in patients with a short bowel. Gut 33:1493
18. Woolf G, Miller C, Kurian R, et al. (1987) Nutritional absorption in short bowel syndrome. Evaluation of fluid, calorie, and divalent cation requirements. Dig Dis Sci 32:8
19. Solhaug J, Tvete S (1978) Adaptative changes in the small intestine following bypass operation for obesity. A radioglocal and histological study. Scand J Gastroenterol 13:401
20. Doldi S (1991) Intestinal adaptation following jejuno-ileal bypass. Clin Nutr 10:138
21. Dowling R, Booth C (1966) Functional compensation after small-bowel resection in man. Lancet 2:146
22. Weinstein L, Shoemaker C, Hersh T, et al. (1968) Enhanced intestinal absorption after small bowel resection in man. Arch Surg 99:560
23. Kurkchubasche A, Rowe MI, Smith SD (1993) Adaptation in short-bowel syndrome:reassessing old limits. J Pediatr Surg 28:1069
24. Gracey M (1979) The contaminated small bowel syndrome: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Am J Clin Nutr 32:234
25. Nightingale J, Kamm MA, Van Der Sijp JR, et al. (1993) Disturbed gastric emptying in the short bowel syndrome. Gut 34:1171
26. Booth I (1994) Enteral nutrition as primary therapy in short bowel syndrome. Gut 35:S69-S72
27. Borgstrom B, Dahlqvist A, Lundh G, et al. (1957) Studies of intestinal digestion and absorption in the human. J Clin Invest 36:1521-1536
28. Harper A, McBride M, Ellison M (1999) The UNOS OPTN waiting list, 1988-1998. Clin Transplant 71-82
29. AGA (2003) American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: short bowel syndrome and intestinal transplantation. Gastroenterology 124:1105-1110
30. Koretz R, Lipman T, Klein S (2001) American Gastroenterological Association technical review on parenteral nutrition. Gastroenterology 121:970-1001
31. Shils M, Wright W, Turnbull A, et al. (1970) Long term parenteral nutrition through external arteriovenous shunt. N Engl J Med 283:341-344
32. Shils M (1983) New York Academy of Medicine: Home TPN Registry annual reports, 1978 to 1983. New York Academy of Medicine, New York
33. Jeejeebhoy K, Zohrab W, Langer B, et al. (1973) Total parenteral nutrition at home for 23 months, without complications, and with good rehabilitation. A study of technical and metabolic features. Gastroenterology 65:811-820
34. Broviac J, Scribner B (1974) Prolonged parenteral nutrition in the home. Surg Gynecol Obstet 139:24-28
35. Jeejeebhoy K, Langer B, Tsallas G, et al. (1976) Total parenteral nutrition at home:studies in patients surviving 4months to 5 years. Gastroenterology 71:943-953
36. Fleming C, McGill D, Berkener S (1977) Home parenteral nutrition as primary therapy in patients with extensive Crohn's disease of the bowel and malnutrition. Gastroenterology 73:1077-1081
37. Heizer W, Orringer E (1977) Parenteral nutrition at home for 5 years via arteriovenous fistulae. Gastroenterology 72:527-532
38. Ladefoged K, Jarum S (1978) Long term parenteral nutrition. Br Med J 2:262-266
39. Steiger E, Srp F (1983) Morbidity and mortality related to home parenteral nutrition in patients with gut failure. Am J Surg 145:102-105
40. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid services (1994) In: Hospital manual, chap II
41. Ashley C, Howard L (2003) Management of complications in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition. Gastroenterology 124:6
42. Howard L (1999) Home parenteral nutrition:a transatlantic view. Clin Nutr 18:131-133 [Editorial]
43. Vargus J, Ament M, Berquist W (1997) Long term home parenteral nutrition in pediatrics: 10 years of experience in 102 patients. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1:24-32
44. Smith CE, Curtas S, Werkowitch M, et al. (2002) Home parenteral nutrition:does affiliation with a national support and education organization improve patient outcome? J Parenter Enteral Nutr 26:159-163
45. Howard L, Michalek A (1984) Home parenteral nutrition. Annu Rev Nutr 4:69-99
46. Van Gossum A, Peeters I, Lieven V (1999) Home parenteral nutrition in adults: the current use of an experienced method. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 62:201-209
47. Messing B, Lemann M, Landais P, et al. (1995) Prognosis of patients with nonmalignant chronic intestinal failure receiving long term parenteral nutrition. Gastroenterology 108:1005-1010
48. Klein S (1993) Total parenteral nutrition and the liver. In: Schiff L, Schiff E (eds). Diseases of the liver. Lippincott, Philadelphia, p 1505
49. Kelly D (1998) Liver complications of pediatric parenteral nutritionepidemiology. Nutrition 14:153
50. Stanko R, Nathan G, Mendelow H, et al. (1987) Development of hepatic cholestasis and fibrosis in patients with massive loss of intestine supported by prolonged parenteral nutrition. Gastroenterology 92:197
51. Bowyer BA, Fleming CR, Ludwig J, et al. (1985) Does long-term home parenteral nutrition in adult patients cause chronic liver disease? J Parenter Enteral Nutr 9:11
52. Buchman A, Ament M (1996) Liver disease and total parenteral nutrition. In: Zakim Boyer (eds). Textbook of hepatology. Saunders, Philadelphia, p 1810
53. Briones E, Iber F (1995) Liver and biliary tract changes and injury associated with total parenteral nutrition:pathogenesis and prevention. J Am Coll Nutr 14:219
54. Cavicchi M, Beau P, Crenn P, et al. (2000) Prevalence of liver disease and contributing factors in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition for permanent intestinal failure. Ann Intern Med 132:525
55. Buchman A, Dubin M, Jenden D, et al. (1992) Lecithin increases plasma free choline and decreases hepatic steatosis in long-term total parenteral nutrition patients. Gastroenterology 10:1363
56. Buchman A, Dubin M, Moukarzel A, et al. (1995) Choline deficiency:a cause of hepatic steatosis during parenteral nutrition that can be reversed with intravenous choline supplementation. Hepatology 22:1399
57. Buchman A, Ament M, Sohel M, et al. (2001) Choline deficiency causes reversible hepatic abnormalities in patients receiving parenteral nutrition: proof of a human choline requirement:a placebo-controlled trial. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 25:260-268
58. Chan S, McCowen KC, Bistrian BR, et al. (1999) Incidence, prognosis, and etiology of end-stage liver disease in patients receiving home total parenteral nutrition. Surgery 126:28
59. Messing B, Bories C, Kunstlinger F, et al. (1983) Does total parenteral nutrition induce gallbladder sludge formation and lithiasis? Gastroenterology 84:1012
60. Roslyn J, DenBesten L, Thompson Jr J (1979) Effects of periodic emptying of gallbladder on gallbladder function and formation of cholesterol gallstone. Surg Forum 30:403
61. Sitzmann J, Pitt H, Steinborn P, et al. (1990) Cholecystokinin prevents parenteral nutrition induced biliary sludge in humans. Surg Gynecol Obstet 170:25
62. Pitt H, King W 3rd, Mann L, et al. (1983) Increased risk of cholelithiasis with prolonged total parenteral nutrition. Am J Surg 145:106
63. Pitt H, Berquist W, Mann L, et al. (1983) Parenteral nutrition induces calcium bilirubinate gallstones. Gastroenterology 84:1274A (abstract)
64. Buchman A, Moukarzel A, Goodson B, et al. (1994) Catheter-related infections associated with home parenteral nutrition and predictive factors for the need for catheter removal in their treatment. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 18:297
65. Vanderhoof J (1996) Short bowel syndrome in children and small intestinal transplantation. Pediatr Gastroenterol 43:533-550
66. Mailloux R, DeLegge M, Kirby D (1993) Pulmonary embolism as a complication of long-term total parenteral nutrition. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 17:578
67. Moukarzel A, Haddad I, Ament AE, et al. (1994) 230 patient years of experience with long-term parenteral nutrition in childhood: natural history and life of central venous catheters. J Pediatr Surg 23:1323
68. Beers T, Burnes J, Fleming C (1990) Superior vena caval obstruction in patients with gut failure receiving home parenteral nutrition. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 14:474
69. Dollery C, Sullivan I, Bauraind O, et al. (1994) Thrombosis and embolism in long-term central venous access for parenteral nutrition. Lancet 344:1043
70. Stine K, Friedman H, Kurtzberg J, et al. (1989) Pulmonary septic emboli mimicking metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma. J Pediatr Surg 24:491
71. Hayden L, Stewart G, Johnson D, et al. (1981) Transthoracic right atrial cannulation for total parenteral nutrition - case report. Anaesth Intensive Care 9:53
72. Book W, Raviele A, Vincent R (1999) Transhepatic vascular access in pediatric cardiology patients with occlusion of traditional central venous sites. J Invasive Cardiol 11:341
73. Robertson L, Jaques P, Mauro M, et al. (1990) Percutaneous inferior vena cava placement of tunneled silastic catheters for prolonged vascular access in infants. J Pediatr Surg 25:596
74. Klein G, Coburn J (1991) Parenteral nutrition: effect on bone and mineral homeostasis. Annu Rev Nutr 11:93
75. Foldes J, Rimon B, Muggia-Sullam M, et al. (1990) Progressive bone loss during long-term home total parenteral nutrition. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 14(2):139-142
76. Buchman A, Moukarzel A (2000) Metabolic bone disease associated with total parenteral nutrition. Clin Nutr 19:217
77. Buchman A, Moukarzel A, Ament M, et al. (1993) Serious renal impairment is associated with long-term parenteral nutrition. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 17:438
78. Buchman A, Sohel M, Brown M, et al. (2001) Verbal and visual memory improve after choline supplementation in long-term total parenteral nutrition:a pilot study. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 25:30
79. Idoate M, Martinez A, Bueno J, et al. (1999) The neuropathology of intestinal failure and small bowel transplantation. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 97:502
80. Richards D, Deeks JJ, Sheldon TA, et al. (1997) Home parenteral nutrition: a systematic review. Health Technol Assess 1:1-59
81. Smith C (1993) Quality of life in long-term total parenteral nutrition patients and their family caregivers. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 17:501
82. Jeppesen P, Langholz E, Mortenson P (1999) Quality of life in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition. Gut 44:844
83. Jarnum S, Ladefoged K (1981) Long term parenteral nutrition: clinical experience in 70 patients from 1967 to 1980. Scand J Gastroenterol 16:903-911
84. Gouttebel M, Saint-Aubert B, Astre C, et al. (1986) Total parenteral nutrition needs in different types of short bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 31:718-723
85. Goulet O, Revillon Y, Jan D, et al. (1991) Neonatal short bowel syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 119:18-23
86. Vanderhoof J, Langnas A (1997) Short-bowel syndrome in children and adults. Gastroenterology 113:1767-1778
87. Howard L, Heaphey L, Fleming C, et al. (1991) Four years of North American registry home parenteral nutrition outcome data and their implications for patient management. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 15:384-393
88. Atalay F, Ozcay N, Gundogdu H, et al. (2003) Evaluations of outcomes of short bowel syndrome and indications for intestinal transplantation. Transplant Proc 35:3054-3056
89. Gibson L, Carter R, Hinshaw D (1962) Segmental reversal of small intestine after massive bowel resection. JAMA 182:952-954
90. Thomas J, Jordan G, Houston G (1965) Massive resection of small bowel and total colectomy:use of reversed segment. Arch Surg 90:781
91. Shepard D (1966) Antiperistaltic bowel segment in the treatment of the short bowel syndrome. Ann Surg 163:850
92. Venables C, Ellis H, Smith A (1966) Antiperistaltic segments after massive intestinal resections. Lancet 2:1390
93. Fink W, Olson J (1967) The massive bowel resection syndrome. Treatment with reversed intestinal segments. Arch Surg 94:700
94. Wilmore D, Johnson C (1968) Metabolic effects of small bowel reversal in treatment of the short bowel syndrome. Arch Surg 97:784
95. Poth E (1969) Use of gastrointestinal reversal in surgical procedures. Am J Surg 118:893
96. Pertsemlidis D, Kark A (1974) Antiperistaltic segments for the treatment of short bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 62:526
97. Hakami M, Moslehy A, Mosavy S (1975) Reversed jejunal segment used to treat the short bowel syndrome. Am Surg 41:432
98. Pigot F, Messing B, Chaussade S, et al. (1990) Severe short bowel syndrome with a surgically reversed small bowel segment. Dig Dis Sci 35:137
99. Thompson J (2004) Surgical rehabilitation of intestine in short bowel syndrome. Surgery 135:465-470
100. Deltz E, Mengel W, Hamelmann H (1990) Small bowel transplantation: report of a clinical case. Prog Pediatr Surg 25:90-96
101. Grant D, Wall W, Mimeault R, et al. (1990) Successful small-bowel/ liver transplantation. Lancet 335:181-184
102. Asfar S, Atkison P, Ghent C, et al. (1996) Small bowel transplantation. Transplant Proc 28:2751
103. Goulet O, Revillon Y, Brousse N, et al. (1992) Successful small bowel transplantation in an infant. Transplantation 53:940-943
104. Grant D (1996) Current results of intestine transplantation. Lancet 347:1801-1803
105. Goulet O (1999) Virginie, ten years later. International Small Bowel Transplant Symposium Omaha, NE
106. Pritchard T, Kirkman R (1985) Small bowel transplantation. World J Surg 9:860-867
107. Cohen Z, Wassef R, Nordgren S, et al. (1985) Experimental and clinical intestine transplantation. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 117:63-67
108. Starzl T, Rowe M, Todo S, et al. (1989) Transplantation of multiple abdominal viscera. JAMA 261:1449-1457
109. Abu-Elmagd K, Reyes J, Todo S, et al. (1998) Clinical intestinal transplantation: new perspectives and immunologic considerations. J Am Coll Surg 186:512-527
110. Fishbein T, Gondolesi G, Kaufman S (2003) Intestinal transplantation for gut failure. Gastroenterology 124:1615-1628
111. Fryar J (2005) Intestinal transplantation: an update. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 21:162-168
112. Sitges-Serra A (1999) Strategies for prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infections. Support Care Cancer 7:391
113. Sigurdsson L, Reyes J, Kocoshis S, et al. (2000) Bacteremia after intestinal transplantation in children correlates temporally with rejection or gastrointestinal lymphoproliferative disease. Transplantation 70:302-305
114. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1997) Lactic acidosis traced to thiamine deficiency related to nationwide shortage of multivitamins for total parenteral nutrition - United States, 1997. JAMA 278:109
115. Farmer D, McDiarmid S, Yersiz H, et al. (2002) Outcomes after intestinal transplantation: a single-center experience over a decade. Transplant Proc 34:896-897
116. Reyes J, Bueno J, Kocoshis S, et al. (1998) Current status of intestine transplantation in children. J Pediatr Surg 33:243-254
117. Reyes J, Selby R, Abu-Elmagd K, et al. (2000) Intestinal and multiple organ transplantation. In: Shoemaker W, Saunders WB et al. (eds). Textbook of critical care. Philadelphia
118. Reyes J, Abu-Elmagd K (1999) Small bowel and liver transplantation in children. In: Kelly D (ed). Diseases of the biliary system in children. Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp 313-331
119. Langnas A, Shaw Jr B, Antonson D, et al. (1996) Preliminary experience with intestinal transplantation in infants and children. Pediatrics 97:443-448
120. Goulet O, Michel J, Jobert A, et al. (1998) Small bowel transplantation alone or with the liver in children:changes by using FK506. Transplant Proc 30:1569-1570
121. Langnas A, Sudan D, Kaufman S, et al. (2000) Intestinal transplantation: a single-center experience. Transplant Proc 32:1228
122. Pinna A, Weppler D, Nery J, et al. (2000) Intestinal transplantation at the University of Miami - five years of experience. Transplant Proc 32:1226-1227
123. Jan D, Michel J, Goulet O, et al. (1999) Up-to-date evolution of small bowel transplantation in children with intestinal failure. J Pediatr Surg 34:841-844
124. Farmer D, McDiarmid S, Yersiz H, et al. (2000) Improved outcome after intestinal transplantation: an 8-year, single-center experience. Transplant Proc 32:1233-1234
125. Beath S, Protheroe S, Brook G, et al. (2000) Early experience of paediatric intestinal transplantation in the United Kingdom, 1993 to 1999. Transplant Proc 32:1225
126. Sigurdsson L, Kocoshis S, Todo S, et al. (1996) Severe exfoliative rejection after intestinal transplantation in children. Transplant Proc 28:2783-2784
127. Lee R, Nakamura K, Tsamandas A, et al. (1996) Pathology of human intestine transplantation. Gastroenterology 110:1820-1834
128. Furukawa H, Reyes Y, Abu-Elmagd K, et al. (1996) Clinical intestine transplantation. Clin Nutr 15:45-52
129. Garau P, Orenstein SR, Neigut DA, et al. (1994) Role of endoscopy following small intestine transplantation in children. Transplant Proc 26:136-137
130. Fishbein T (2004) The current state of intestinal transplantation. Transplantation 78:175-177
131. Sudan D, Kaufman S, Shaw Jr B, et al. (2000) Isolated intestine transplantation for intestinal failure. Am J Gastroenterol 95:1506-1515
132. Reyes J, Todo S, Starzl T (1996) Liver and intestine transplantation. Immunol Allerg Clin North Am 16:293-312
133. Roberts C, Radio S, Markin R, et al. (2000) Histopathologic evaluation of primary intestinal transplant recipients at autopsy: a single-center experience. Transplant Proc 32:1202
134. Cicalese L, Sileri P, Green M, et al. (2000) Bacterial translocation in clinical intestine transplantation. Transplant Proc 32:1210
135. Kusne S, Manez R, Bonet H, et al. (1994) Infectious complications after small bowel transplantation in adults. Transplant Proc 26:1682-1683
136. Nalesnik M, Jaffe R, Reyes J, et al. (2000) Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders in small bowel allograft recipients. Transplant Proc 32:1213
137. Reyes J, Green M, Bueno J, et al. (1996) Epstein-Barr virus associated posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease after intestine transplantation. Transplant Proc 28:2768-2769
138. Sustento-Reodica N, Ruiz P, Rogers A, et al. (1997) Recurrent Crohn's disease in transplanted bowel. Lancet 349:688-691
139. Intestinal Transplant Registry (2003) Intestinal Transplant Registry final summary
140. U.S. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network and Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (2004) Annual Report of the U.S. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network and the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients: Transplant data 1994-2003. HRaSA, Department of Health and Human Services, Healthcare Systems Bureau, Division of Transplantation, Rockville, MD; United Network for Organ Sharing, Richmond, VA; University Renal Research and Education Association, Ann Arbor, MI
141. Kamath P, Wiesner R, Malinchoc M, et al. (2001) A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease. Hepatology 33:464
142. Beath S, Needham S, Kelly D, et al. (1997) Clinical features and prognosis of children assessed for isolated small bowel or combined small bowel and liver transplantation. J Pediatr Surg 32:459
143. de Ville de Goyet J, Mitchell A, Mayer A, et al. (2000) En bloc combined reduced-liver and small bowel transplants: from large donors to small children. Transplantation 69:555
144. Cicalese L, Sileri P, Asolati M, et al. (2000) Low infectious complications in segmental living related small bowel transplantation in adults. Clin Transplant 14:567
145. Kocoshis S, Reyes J, Todo S, et al. (1997) Small intestinal transplantation for irreversible intestinal failure in children. Dig Dis Sci 42:1997-2008
146. Grant D (1999) Intestinal transplantation: 1997 report of the international registry. Intestinal Transplant Registry. Transplantation 67:1061
147. Horslen S, Kaufman S, Sudan D, et al. (2000) Isolated liver transplantation in infants with total parenteral nutrition-associated end-stage liver disease. Transplant Proc 32:1241
148. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (2005)
149. Goulet O, Jan D, Lacaille F, et al. (1999) Intestinal transplantation in children:preliminary experience in Paris. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 23:S121
150. Morris PJ, Johnson RJ, Fuggle SV, et al. (1999) Analysis of factors that affect outcome of primary cadaveric renal transplantation in the UK. HKA Task Force of the Kidney Advisory Group of the United Kingdom Transplant Support Service Authority (UK-TSSA). Lancet 354:1147-1152
151. Jacob M, Copley LP, Lewsey JD, et al. (2004) UK and Ireland liver transplant audit. Annual Report to the National Specialist Commissioning Advisory Group (NSCAG), London
152. Taylor DO, Edwards LB, Boucek MM, et al. (2004) The registry for the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: twenty-first official adult heart transplant report - 2004. J Heart Lung Transplant 23:796-803
153. Trulock EP, Edwards LB, Taylor DO, et al. (2004) The registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: twenty-first official adult heart transplant report. J Heart Lung Transplant 23:804-815
154. Intestinal Transplant Registry (1985-2003) http://www. intestinaltransplant.org/; accessed 22 August 2005
155. Sudan DL, Kaufman SS, Shaw Jr BW, et al. (2000) Isolated intestinal transplantation for intestinal failure. Am J Gastroenterol 95:1506-1515
156. Howard L, Malone M (1996) Current status of home parenteral nutrition in the United States. Transplant Proc 28:269
157. Fishbein TM, Florman S, Gondolesi G, et al. (2002) Intestinal transplantation before and after the introduction of sirolimus. Transplantation 73:1538-1542
158. Soin A, Friend P (1997) Recent developments in transplantation of the small intestine. Br Med Bull 53:789-797
159. Todo S, Reyes J, Furukawa H, et al. (1995) Outcome analysis of 71 clinical intestinal transplantations. Ann Surg 222:270-282
160. Margreiter R (1997) Clinical intestinal transplantation: European experience in adults. Transplant Proc 29:1790-1791
161. Friend P, Jamieson N, Klinck J, et al. (1996) Early experience with clinical intestinal transplantation. Transplant Proc 28:2744-2745
162. Abu-Elmagd K, Reyes J, Fung J, et al. (1999) Clinical intestine transplantation in 1998: Pittsburgh experience. Acta Gastro-Enterol Belg 62:244-247
163. Reyes J, Mazariegos G (1999) Pediatric transplantation. Surg Clin North Am 79:163-189
164. Abu-Elmagd K, Reyes J, Fung J, et al. (1999) Evolution of clinical intestine transplantation:improved outcome and cost effectiveness. Transplant Proc 31:582-584
165. Benedetti E, Testa G, Sankary H, et al. (2004) Successful treatment of trauma-induced short bowel syndrome with early living related bowel transplantation. J Trauma 57:164-170
166. Berney T, Genton L, Buhler LH, et al. (2004) Five-year follow-up after pediatric living related small bowel transplantation between two monozygotic twins. Transplant Proc 36:316-318
167. Jaffe B (2000) Current indications for and prospects of living related transplantation. Curr Opin Transplant 5:290-294
168. Mittal N, Kato T, Thompson J (2000) Current indications for intestinal transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 5:279-283
169. Sigurdsson L, Reyes J, Kocoshis S, et al. (1999) Intestinal transplantation in children with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Gut 45:570-574
170. Iyer K, Kaufman S, Sudan D, et al. (2001) Long-term results of intestinal transplantation for pseudo-obstruction in children. J Pediatr Surg 36(1):174-177
171. Kosmach B (1997) Care routines following pediatric intestine transplantation. In: International Symposium on Intestine Transplantation, Cambridge, UK
172. Sudan D, Iverson A, Weseman R, et al. (2000) Assessment of function, growth and development, and long-term quality of life after small bowel transplantation. Transplant Proc 32:1211-1212
173. Tarbell S, Kosmach B (1998) Parental psychosocial outcomes in pediatric liver and/or intestine transplantation:pretransplantation and the early postoperative period. Liver Transplant Surg 4:378-387
174. Stenn P, Lammens P, Houle L, et al. (1992) Psychiatric psychosocial and ethical aspects of small bowel transplantation. Transplant Proc 24:1251-1252
175. DiMartini A, Fitzgerald M, Magill J, et al. (1996) Psychiatric evaluations of small intestine transplantation patients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 18:25S-29S
176. DiMartini A, Rovera G, Graham T, et al. (1998) Quality of life after small intestine transplantation and among home parenteral nutrition patients. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 22:357-362
177. Rovera G, DiMartini A, Schoen R, et al. (1998) Quality of life in patients after intestinal transplantation. Transplantation 66:1141
178. Detsky A, McLaughlin J, Abrams H, et al. (1986) A cost-utility analysis of the home parenteral nutrition program at Toronto General Hospital: 1970-1982. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 10:49-57
179. Hyltander A, Drott C, Unsgaard B, et al. (1991) The effect on body composition and exercise performance of home parenteral nutrition when given as adjunct to chemotherapy of testicular carcinoma. Eur J Clin Invest 21:413
180. Charuhas P, Fosberg K, Bruemmer B, et al. (1997)Adouble-blind randomized trial comparing outpatient parenteral nutrition with intravenous hydration: effect of resumption of oral intake after marrow transplantation. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 21:157
181. Kirvela O, Stern R, Askanazi J, et al. (1993) Long-term parenteral nutrition in cystic fibrosis. Nutrition 9:119
182. Melchior J, Chastang C, Gelas P, et al. (1996) Efficacy of 2-month total parenteral nutrition in AIDS patients: a controlled randomized prospective trial. AIDS 10(4):379-384
183. Sudan D, DiBaise J, Torres C, et al. (2005) A multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of intestinal failure. Gastrointest Surg 9:165-177
184. Middleton SJ, Jamieson NV (2005) The current status of small bowel transplantation in the UK and internationally. Gut 54:1650-1657