The changing course of the Kashmiri struggle: From national Liberation to Islamist Jihad?

Muslim World

Volumn 91, Issue 1-2, 2001, Pages 229-256

  Sikand, Yoginder ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33947588527     PISSN: 00274909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-1913.2001.tb03715.x     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. JKLF: Our Ideology, Aims and Objectives, http://shell.comsats.net.pk/- jklf/12.htm
2. For details, see Ashiq Kashmiri, Tarikh-i-Tahrik-i-Islami Jammu Aur Kashmir: Agbaz-i-Islam Se 1947 Tak (Srinagar: Department of Publications and Publicity, Jama'at-i-Islami of Jammu and Kashmir, n.d.)
3. and by the same author, Tarikh-i-Tehrik-i-Islami Jammu Aur Kashmir.1947 Se 1970 Tak (Srinagar: Department of Publications and Publicity, Jama'at-i-Islami of Jammu and Kashmir, 1984)
4. The Constitution of the Jama'at-i-Islami of Jammu and Kasbmir (Srinagar. Department of Publications and Publicity, Jama'at-i-Islami of Jammu and Kashmir, n.d.), 9
5. Afroz Ahmad Bisati, Religio-Political Role of the Jama'at-i-Islami in Jammu and Kashmir, M.Phil.thesis (Srinagar: Shah-i-Hamadan Institute of Islamic Studies, Kashmir University, 1997), 63
6. JKLF: Three Points of Our Freedom Strugg http://www.geocities/ CapitolHill/Senate/1114/15.htm
7. Sayyed 'Ali Shah Gilani, Rudad-i-Qafas[vol.1] (Srinagar: al-Huda Publishing House, 1993), 125
8. Sayyed 'Ali Shah Gilani, Nava-i-Hurriyat (Srinagar: Mizan Publications), 92-93
9. Sayyed 'Ali Shah Gilani, Millat-i-Mazlum (Srinagar: Tulu Publications, 1998), 62
10. Yoginder Sikand, "For Islam and Kashmir: The Prison Diaries of Sayyed 'Ali Gilani of the Jama'at-i-Islami of Jammu and Kashmir," Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, vol.18, no.2 (1998): 243
11. Eqbal Ahmad, Jihad International Incorporated, http://www.sangat.org/ review/islam/jihad.html., 1
12. Militant Groups Operating in Kashmir, http://www.armyinkashmir.org/ article/killed.html
13. "Islamist Peril," Bismark, 2 April, 1999, http://www.myasa.com/ bismark/opinion.html
14. Lashkar-i-Taiba: The New Masters of Kashmir, http://jammu-kashmir.com/ insights/insight9808.html
15. Aasha Khosa, "Pakistan Zealots Queue Up For Kashmir Jehad," The Indian Express (New Delhi, 6 May, 1998)
16. Thus, the amir of the Jama'at addressed a large gathering of the Markaz in November, 199, in which he "paid glowing tribute to the families of the shuhada [martyrs] and congratulated the commanders of the Lashkar-e-Taiba," saying that they were "rendering great service to the ummah by organising jihad [Mujabideen Will Continue Jihad to Wipe Out Oppression and Terrorism, http://www.dawacenter.com/magazines/voiceofislam/dec99/ijtima.html, p.l]
17. A Brief Introduction to the Markaz and the Lashkar, http://www. lashkertaiba.net/introduction/introduction.html. These four centres are the Mu'askra-i-Taiba, the Aqsa, the Umm al-Qurra and 'Abdullah bin Ma'sud
18. Speech byProf.Zafar Iqbal, head of the ad-Da'awat school system, http://www.dawacenter.com/ijitmah/zafar.html
19. Jibad, http://www.homestead.com/kashmirstory/jihad2-main.html
20. Allah's Army: Mujahideen-e-Lasbkar-e-Taiba, http://members.xoom.com/xmcm/ markazdawa/lashkar.html
21. Are the Talibans Coming?, http://www.kashmir.force9.co.uk/editorials.htm
22. Ijtima Congregation: Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi, Amir, Mujahidin-i-Lashkar-i- Taiba, http:/www.dawacenter.com/ijtimah/zaki-e.html
23. Lashkar-I-Taiba: The New Masters of Kashmir, op. cit
24. Kashmiri Militants Fighting Indian Advance, http://www.ummah.org.uk/ kashmir/news/advance.htm
25. Kargil: The Graveyard of Indian Troops, http://www.dawacenter.com/ archives/tour.html
26. Militants Say Over 200 Afghans Deployed In Kashmir, http://www.rawa.org/ kashmir.html
27. Kashmir Militants Start 'Round Two' of Struggle, http://www.asia2000.org. nz/news/NL1392432000.html
28. B. Raman, Kargil: Some Dramatis Personae, http://www.saag.org/papers/ paper57.html
29. Ijitma Coverage By Indian Newspapers, http://www.dawacenter.com/ijtimah/ indiannewspapers.html
30. Jibad: The Foreign Policy of the Islamic State, http://www.dawacenter. com/magazines/voiceofislam/sept99/jihad.html, 2
31. Implementation of Shari'ah is a Cure-All, http://www.dawacenter.com/ magazinevoiceofislam/feb00/democracyvsislam.html
32. Speech of Hafiz 'Abdur Rahman Makki, http://www.dawacenter.com/ijtimah/ mak.html
33. Democratic System vs. Islamic Polity, http://www.dawacenter.com/ magazinevoiceofislam/feb00/democracyvsislam.html
34. Jihad: The Foreign Policy of the Islamic State, op. cit., 1
35. Haftz Muhammad Sa'eed, Jihad is the Only Solution, http://www.dawacenter. com/magazines/voiceofislam/feb00/seminar.html
36. B.Raman, Osama Bin Laden: An Up-Date, http://www.saag.org/papers/paper25. html, 3
37. What Jehad Means in Islam, http://members.xoom.com/çXMCM/ markazdawa/jehad.htm, 2
38. Jihad in the Present Times [part iii], 7, http://www.dawacenter.com/ jihad.jihad003.html
39. http://www.dawacenter.com/magazines/voiceofislam/dec99/ijtima.html
40. Jihad in the Present Times [part iii], op. cit., 3, dawacenter.com/jihad/ jihad003.html
41. http://www.dawacenter.com/magazine/voiceofislam/dec99/ijtima.html
42. Kashmir: The Forgotten Jihad, http:www.dawacenter.com/kashmir/kashmir. html, 1
43. Hafiz Muhammad Sa'eed, No More Dialogue on Kashmir, http://www. dawacenter.com/magazines/voiceofislam/sept99/editorial.htm, 1
44. Jihad is the Only Solution, http://www.dawacenter.com/magazines/ voiceofislam/feb00/seminar.html
45. Speech by Qari 'Abdul Wahid Kashmiri, http://www.dawacenter.com/ijtimah/ kashmiri-e.html
46. Speech by Abu Sa'ad Shabbir Ahmad, http://www.dawacenter.com/ijtimah/ shabbir-e.html
47. Editorial, Voice of Islam, February, 2000, 2, http://www.dawacenter.com/ magazines/voiceofislam/feb00/editorial.html
48. Hafiz Muhammad Sa'eed, Khutbab Jumu'ab, http://www.dawacenter.com/ ijtimah/khutbah-e.html., 1
49. Speech by Muhammad Ibrahim Salafi, http://www.dawacenter.com/ijtimah/ Isalafi-e.html
50. India in the Twenty-First Century, http://www.dawcenter.com/magazines/ voiceofislam/feb00/india.html
51. What Jebad Means in Islam, op. cit., 2
52. B. Raman, Kashmir: After Forty Years, http://www.saag.org/papers/paper44. html, 4
53. Aasha Khosa, Kashmiris Cold to Taliban s Repressive Islam, Indian Express, (10 October, 1998)
54. Thus, it is said, with regard to Muslims who do not pray or fast that they should be treated "with hatred and animosity for the sake of Allah Almighty" as long as they do not mend their ways, for the abandoning of obligatory prayers is "an act of great disbelief," "Fatawa Section," Voice of Islam (February 2000), http://www.dawacenter.com/ magazines/voiceofislam/feb00/fatawaa.html
55. Thus, the Markaz claims that "Sufism has been designed with no other purpose than to dampen the spirit of jihad," and sees it as part of a "conspiracy hatched by our [Muslims'] enemies." (Jihad in the Present Times {part v}, http://www.dawacenter.com/jihad/jihad005.html)
56. For Kashmiri reactions to the anti-Sufi stance of the Ahl-i-Hadith, from which the Markaz derives its origins, see Bashir Ahmad Khan, "The Ahl-I-Hadith: a Socio-Religious Reform Movement in Kashmir," The Muslim World, vol. 90, nos. 1&2 (Spring 2000), 138-40