Catheter-related bloodstream infections in hematology: Time for standardized surveillance?

Cancer

Volumn 109, Issue 7, 2007, Pages 1215-1226

  Worth, Leon J ^a,b   Slavin, Monica A ^a,b   Brown, Graham V ^a   Black, James ^a  

^a ROYAL MELBOURNE HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b PETER MACCALLUM CANCER CENTRE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Bacteremia; Central venous catheterization; Hematology; Population surveillance

Indexed keywords

CATHETER INFECTION; CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION; HEALTH SURVEY; HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCY; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; INFECTION CONTROL; INFECTION PREVENTION; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT MONITORING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RELIABILITY; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; STANDARD; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION;

BACTEREMIA; CATHETERIZATION, CENTRAL VENOUS; CATHETERS, INDWELLING; FUNGEMIA; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INFECTION CONTROL; POPULATION SURVEILLANCE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 33947547634     PISSN: 0008543X     EISSN: 10970142     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22527     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. O'Brien SN, Blijlevens NM, Mahfouz TH, Anaissie EJ. Infections in patients with hematological cancer: recent developments. Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program). 2003:438-472.
2. Young LS. Nosocomial infections in the immunocompromised adult. Am J Med. 1981;70:398-404.
3. Axnick KJ. Infection control considerations in the care of the immunosuppressed patient. CCQ. 1980;3:79-88.
4. Hachem R, Raad I. Prevention and management of long-term catheter related infections in cancer patients. Cancer Invest. 2002;20:1105-1113.
5. Maki DG, Stolz SM, Wheeler S, Mermel LA. Prevention of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection by use of an antiseptic-impregnated catheter. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1997;127:257-266.
6. Zaidi Y, Hastings M, Murray J, Hassan R, Kurshid M, Mahendra P. Quinolone resistance in neutropenic patients: the effect of prescribing policy in the UK and Pakistan. Clin Lab Haematol. 2001;23:39-42.
7. Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM, Lee DS, et al. Rates of hyperkalemia after publication of the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:543-551.
8. Mauricio LM. Efficacy, effectiveness, and the evaluation of public health interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005;59:345-346.
9. Tilly H, Lepage E, Coiffier B, et al. Intensive conventional chemotherapy (ACVBP regimen) compared with standard CHOP for poor-prognosis aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood. 2003;102:4284-4289.
10. Thursky KA, Worth LJ, Seymour JF, Miles Prince H, Slavin MA. Spectrum of infection, risk and recommendations for prophylaxis and screening among patients with lymphoproliferative disorders treated with alemtuzumab. Br J Haematol. 2006;132:3-12.
11. Attal M, Harousseau JL, Stoppa AM, et al. A prospective, randomized trial of autologous bone marrow transplantation and chemotherapy in multiple myeloma. Intergroupe Francais du Myelome. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:91-97.
12. Zinner SH. Changing epidemiology of infections in patients with neutropenia and cancer: emphasis on Gram-positive and resistant bacteria. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29:490-494.
13. Buehler J. Surveillance. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1998.
14. Haley RW, Culver DH, White JW, et al. The efficacy of infection surveillance and control programs in preventing nosocomial infections in US hospitals. Am J Epidemiol. 1985;121:182-205.
15. Delgado-Rodriguez M, Gomez-Ortega A, Sillero-Arenas M, Martinez-Gallego G, Medina-Cuadros M, Llorca J. Efficacy of surveillance in nosocomial infection control in a surgical service. Am J Infect Control. 2001;29:289-294.
16. Larson E, Oram LF, Hedrick E. Nosocomial infection rates as an indicator of quality. Med Care. 1988;26:676-684.
17. Auricht E, Borgert J, Butler M, et al. Introduction to Australian surveillance definitions: surgical site infection and bloodstream infections. Aust Infect Control. 2000;5:25-31.
18. Collignon PJ, Wilkinson IJ, Gilbert GL, Grayson ML, Whitby RM. Health care-associated Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections: a clinical quality indicator for all hospitals. Med J Aust. 2006;184:404-406.
19. Lee TB, Baker OG, Lee JT, Scheckler WE, Steele L, Laxton CE. Recommended practices for surveillance. Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Surveillance Initiative Working Group. Am J Infect Control. 1998;26:277-288.
20. Wisplinghoff H, Comely OA, Moser S, et al. Outcomes of nosocomial bloodstream infections in adult neutropenic patients: a prospective cohort and matched case-control study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2003;24:905-911.
21. Rosenthal VD, Guzman S, Migone O, Crnich CJ. The attributable cost, length of hospital stay, and mortality of central line-associated bloodstream infection in intensive care departments in Argentina: A prospective, matched analysis. Am J Infect Control. 2003;31:475-480.
22. Saint S, Veenstra DL, Lipsky BA. The clinical and economic consequences of nosocomial central venous catheter-related infection: are antimicrobial catheters useful? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000;21:375-380.
23. Kluger D, Maki D. The relative risk of intravascular device related bloodstream infections in adults. Programs and abstracts of the 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. San Francisco: American Society for Microbiology; 1999:514. Abstract 1913.
24. Wenzel RP, Edmond MB. The impact of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7: 174-177.
25. Horan T, Gaynes R. Surveillance of nosocomial infections. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004.
26. Geffers C, Koch J, Sohr D, et al. Establishment of a national database for ICU-associated infections. First results from the "Krankenhaus- Infections-Surveillance-System" (KISS). Anaesthetist. 2000;49:732-737.
27. McLaws ML, Murphy C, Whitby M. Standardising surveillance of nosocomial infections: the HISS program. Hospital Infection Standardised Surveillance. J Qual Clin Pract. 2000;20:6-11.
28. Russo PL, Bull A, Bennett N, et al. Infections after coronary artery bypass graft surgery in Victorian hospitals-VICNISS Hospital Acquired Infection Surveillance. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2005;29:244-248.
29. Carlisle PS, Gucalp R, Wiernik PH. Nosocomial infections in neutropenic cancer patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1993;14:320-324.
30. Engelhart S, Glasmacher A, Exner M, Kramer MH. Surveillance for nosocomial infections and fever of unknown origin among adult hematology-oncology patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002;23:244-248.
31. Rotstein C, Cummings KM, Nicolaou AL, Lucey J, Fitzpatrick J. Nosocomial infection rates at an oncology center. Infect Control. 1988;9:13-19.
32. Dettenkofer M, Wenzler-Rottele S, Babikir R, et al. Surveillance of nosocomial sepsis and pneumonia in patients with a bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplant: a multicenter project. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:926-931.
33. Sigurdardottir K, Digranes A, Harthug S, et al. A multicentre prospective study of febrile neutropenia in Norway: microbiological findings and antimicrobial susceptibility. Scand J Infect Dis. 2005;37:455-464.
34. Abdelkefi A, Achour W, Ben Othman T, et al. Difference in time to positivity is useful for the diagnosis of catheter-related bloodstream infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2005; 35:397-401.
35. Raad I, Hanna HA, Alakech B, Chatzinikolaou I, Johnson MM, Tarrand J. Differential time to positivity: a useful method for diagnosing catheter-related bloodstream infections. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140:18-25.
36. Chatzinikolaou I, Hanna H, Hachem R, Alakech B, Tarrand J, Raad I. Differential quantitative blood cultures for the diagnosis of catheter-related bloodstream infections associated with short- and long-term catheters: a prospective study. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004;50:167-172.
37. Safdar N, Fine JP, Maki DG. Meta-analysis: methods for diagnosing intravascular device-related bloodstream infection. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:451-466.
38. Horan TC, Emori TG. Definitions of key terms used in the NNIS System. Am J Infect Control. 1997;25:112-116.
39. Mermel LA, Farr BM, Sherertz RJ, et al. Guidelines for the management of intravascular catheter-related infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:1249-1272.
40. Russo PL, Bull A, Bennett N, et al. The establishment of a statewide surveillance program for hospital-acquired infections in large Victorian public hospitals: a report from the VICNISS Coordinating Centre. Am J Infect Control. 2006;34:430-436.
41. Vandenbroucke-Grauls C, Schultsz C. Surveillance in infection control: are we making progress? Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2002;15:415-419.
42. Laws HJ, Kobbe G, Dilloo D, et al. Surveillance of nosocomial infections in paediatric recipients of bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplantation during neutropenia, compared with adult recipients. J Hosp Infect. 2006;62:80-88.
43. Velasco E, Byington R, Martins CS, Schirmer M, Dias LC, Goncalves VM. Bloodstream infection surveillance in a cancer centre: a prospective look at clinical microbiology aspects. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2004;10:542-549.
44. Mutnick AH, Kirby JT, Jones RN. CANCER resistance surveillance program: initial results from hematology-oncology centers in North America. Chemotherapy Alliance for Neutropenics and the Control of Emerging Resistance. Ann Pharmacother. 2003;37:47-56.
45. Finch R. Antibiotic resistance-from pathogen to disease surveillance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2002;8:317-320.
46. Gastmeier P, Sohr D, Just HM, Nassauer A, Daschner F, Ruden H. How to survey nosocomial infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000;21:366-370.
47. Adler A, Yaniv I, Steinberg R, et al. Infectious complications of implantable ports and Hickman catheters in paediatric haematology-oncology patients. J Hosp Infect. 2006;62:358-365.
48. Biffi R, de Braud F, Orsi F, et al. Totally implantable central venous access ports for long-term chemotherapy. A prospective study analyzing complications and costs of 333 devices with a minimum follow-up of 180 days. Ann Oncol. 1998;9:767-773.
49. Biffi R, Martinelli G, Pozzi S, et al. Totally implantable central venous access ports for high-dose chemotherapy administration and autologous stem cell transplantation: analysis of overall and septic complications in 68 cases using a single type of device. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1999;24:89-93.
50. Biffi R, Pozzi S, Agazzi A, et al. Use of totally implantable central venous access ports for high-dose chemotherapy and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation: results of a monocentre series of 376 patients. Ann Oncol. 2004; 15:296-300.
51. Burbridge B, Krieger E, Stoneham G. Arm placement of the Cook titanium Petite Vital-Port: results of radiologic placement in 125 patients with cancer. Can Assoc Radiol J. 2000;51:163-169.
52. Johansson E, Bjorkholm M, Bjorvell H, et al. Totally implantable subcutaneous port system versus central venous catheter placed before induction chemotherapy in patients with acute leukaemia-a randomized study. Support Care Cancer. 2004;12:99-105.
53. Abrahm JL, Mullen JL. A prospective study of prolonged central venous access in leukemia. JAMA. 1982;248:2868-2873.
54. Blacklock HA, Pillai MV, Hill RS, Matthews JR, Clarke AG, Wade JF. Use of modified subcutaneous right-atrial catheter for venous access in leukaemic patients. Lancet. 1980; 1:993-994.
55. Braithwaite PA, Rust VJ, Lowenthal RM. The value of the Hickman-type right atrial catheter for venous access in cancer patients. Aust N Z J Surg. 1981;51:359-363.
56. Chillar RK, Farbstein M, Ellington OB, et al. Use of right atrial catheter for prolonged iv support in cancer patients. Cancer Treat Rep. 1980;64:243-246.
57. Hickman RO, Buckner CD, Clift RA, Sanders JE, Stewart P, Thomas ED. A modified right atrial catheter for access to the venous system in marrow transplant recipients. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1979;148:871-875.
58. Moore DJ, Keating J, McCann SC, Shanik DG. Venous access using a Hickman catheter. Ir Med J. 1983;76:35-36.
59. Press OW, Ramsey PG, Larson EB, Fefer A, Hickman RO. Hickman catheter infections in patients with malignancies. Medicine (Baltimore). 1984;63:189-200.
60. Reed WP, Newman KA, de Jongh C, et al. Prolonged venous access for chemotherapy by means of the Hickman catheter. Cancer. 1983;52:185-192.
61. Reilly JJ Jr, Steed DL, Ritter PS. Indwelling venous access catheters in patients with acute leukemia. Cancer. 1984; 53:219-223.
62. Al-Sibai MB, Harder EJ, Faskin RW, Johnson GW, Padmos MA. The value of prophylactic antibiotics during the insertion of long-term indwelling silastic right atrial catheters in cancer patients. Cancer. 1987;60:1891-1895.
63. Delmore JE, Horbelt DV, Jack BL, Roberts DK. Experience with the Groshong long-term central venous catheter. Gynecol Oncol. 1989;34:216-218.
64. Early TF, Gregory RT, Wheeler JR, Snyder SO Jr, Gayle RG. Increased infection rate in double-lumen versus single-lumen Hickman catheters in cancer patients. South Med J. 1990;83:34-36.
65. Landoy Z, Rotstein C, Lucey J, Fitzpatrick J. Hickman-Broviac catheter use in cancer patients. J Surg Oncol. 1984;26:215-218.
66. Wagman LD, Kirkemo A, Johnston MR. Venous access: a prospective, randomized study of the Hickman catheter. Surgery. 1984;95:303-308.
67. Groeger JS, Lucas AB, Thaler HT, et al. Infectious morbidity associated with long-term use of venous access devices in patients with cancer. Ann Intern Med. 1993; 119:1168-1174.
68. Mullan FJ, Hood JM, Barros D'Sa AA. Use of the Hickman catheter for central venous access in patients with haematological disorders. Br J Clin Pract. 1992;46:167-170.
69. Rotstein C, Brock L, Roberts RS. The incidence of first Hickman catheter-related infection and predictors of catheter removal in cancer patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1995;16:451-458.
70. Shivnan JC, McGuire D, Freedman S, et al. A comparison of transparent adherent and dry sterile gauze dressings for long-term central catheters in patients undergoing bone marrow transplant. Oncol Nurs Forum. 1991;18: 1349-1356.
71. Biffi R, Corrado F, de Braud F, et al. Long-term, totally implantable central venous access ports connected to a Groshong catheter for chemotherapy of solid tumours: experience from 178 cases using a single type of device. Eur J Cancer. 1997;33:1190-1194.
72. Keung YK, Watkins K, Chen SC, Groshen S, Levine AM, Douer D. Increased incidence of central venous catheter-related infections in bone marrow transplant patients. Am J Clin Oncol. 1995;18:469-474.
73. Kumagai T, Sakamaki H, Tanikawa S, et al. Utility and safety of Hickman catheters for venous access after bone marrow transplantation. Intern Med. 1998;37:286-291.
74. Nouwen JL, Wielenga JJ, van Overhagen H, et al. Hickman catheter-related infections in neutropenic patients: insertion in the operating theater versus insertion in the radiology suite: J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:1304.
75. Howell PB, Walters PE, Donowitz GR, Farr BM. Risk factors for infection of adult patients with cancer who have tunnelled central venous catheters. Cancer. 1995;75:1367-1375.
76. Jones PM. Indwelling central venous catheter-related infections and two different procedures of catheter care. Cancer Nurs. 1987;10:123-130.
77. Kappers-Klunne MC, Degener JE, Stijnen T, Abels J. Complications from long-term indwelling central venous catheters in hematologic patients with special reference to infection. Cancer. 1989;64:1747-1752.
78. Logghe C, Van Ossel C, D'Hoore W, Ezzedine H, Wauters G, Haxhe JJ. Evaluation of chlorhexidine and silver-sulfadiazine impregnated central venous catheters for the prevention of bloodstream infection in leukaemic patients: a randomized controlled trial. J Hosp Infect. 1997;37:145-156.
79. Tokars JI, Cookson ST, McArthur MA, Boyer CL, McGeer AJ, Jarvis WR. Prospective evaluation of risk factors for bloodstream infection in patients receiving home infusion therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131:340-347.
80. Chehata S, Grira C, Legrand P, et al. Applying the concept of healthcare-associated infections to hematology programs. Haematologica. 2006;91:1414-1417.
81. Zimay DL. Standardizing the definition and measurement of catheter-related infection in home care: a proposed outcome measurement system. J Med Syst. 1999;23:189-199.
82. Raad I, Darouiche R, Dupuis J, et al. Central venous catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin for the prevention of catheter-related colonization and bloodstream infections. A randomized, double-blind trial. The Texas Medical Center Catheter Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1997;127:267-274.
83. Hanna H, Benjamin R, Chatzinikolaou I, et al. Long-term silicone central venous catheters impregnated with minocycline and rifampin decrease rates of catheter-related bloodstream infection in cancer patients: a prospective randomized clinical trial. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:3163-3171.
84. Darouiche RO, Berger DH, Khardori N, et al. Comparison of antimicrobial impregnation with tunneling of long-term central venous catheters: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2005;242:193-200.
85. Chatzinikolaou I, Hanna H, Graviss L, et al. Clinical experience with minocycline and rifampin-impregnated central venous catheters in bone marrow transplantation recipients: efficacy and low risk of developing staphylococcal resistance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2003;24: 961-963.
86. Nosari A, Nichelatti M, De Gasperi A, et al. Incidence of sepsis in central venous catheter-bearing patients with hematologic malignancies: preliminary results. J Vasc Access. 2004;5:168-173.
87. Elishoov H, Or R, Strauss N, Engelhard D. Nosocomial colonization, septicemia, and Hickman/Broviac catheter-related infections in bone marrow transplant recipients. A 5-year prospective study. Medicine (Baltimore). 1998;77: 83-101.
88. Bakker J, van Overhagen H, Wielenga J, et al. Infectious complications of radiologically inserted Hickman catheters in patients with hematologic disorders. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1998;21:116-121.
89. Haupt R, Romanengo M, Fears T, Viscoli C, Castagnola E. Incidence of septicaemias and invasive mycoses in children undergoing treatment for solid tumours: a 12-year experience at a single Italian institution. Eur J Cancer. 2001;37:2413-2419.
90. Mulloy RH, Jadavji T, Russell ML. Tunneled central venous catheter sepsis: risk factors in a pediatric hospital. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1991;15:460-463.
91. Finkelstein R, Reinhertz G, Hashman N, Merzbach D. Outbreak of Candida tropicalis fungemia in a neonatal intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1993; 14:587-590.
92. Marena C, Zecca M, Carenini ML, et al. Incidence of, and risk factors for, nosocomial infections among hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients, with impact on procedure-related mortality. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2001;22:510-517.
93. Klein S, Simes J, Blackburn GL. Total patenteral nutrition and cancer clinical trials. Cancer. 1986;58:1378-1386.
94. McGeer AJ, Detsky AS, O'Rourke K. Parenteral nutrition in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: a meta-analysis. Nutrition. 1990;6:233-240.
95. Stamou SC, Maltezou HC, Pourtsidis A, Psaltopoulou T, Skondras C, Aivazoglou T. Hickman-Broviac catheter-related infections in children with malignancies. Mt Sinai J Med. 1999;66:320-326.
96. Merrer J, De Jonghe B, Golliot F, et al. Complications of femoral and subclavian venous catheterization in critically ill patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001;286:700-707.
97. Jarvis WR. Benchmarking for prevention: the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system experience. Infection. 2003;31(Suppl 2):44-48.
98. German R, Lee L, Horan J, Milstein R, Pertowski C, Waller M, Updated guidelines for evaluating public health surveillance systems. MMWR, 2001.
99. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated guidelines for evaluating public health surveillance systems: recommendations from the guidelines working group. MMWR. 2001;50(No. RR-13):1-31.
100. Corrigan JJ, Feig SA. Guidelines for pediatric cancer centers. Pediatrics. 2004;113:1833-1835.
101. Scheckler WE, Brimhall D, Buck AS, et al. Requirements for infrastructure and essential activities of infection control and epidemiology in hospitals: a consensus panel report. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1998;19:114-124.
102. Friedman C, Barnette M, Buck AS, et al. Requirements for infrastructure and essential activities of infection control and epidemiology in out-of-hospital settings: a consensus panel report. Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1999;20:695-705.
103. Platt R, Yokoe DS, Sands KE. Automated methods for surveillance of surgical site infections. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7:212-216.
104. Miner AL, Sands KE, Yokoe DS, et al. Enhanced identification of postoperative infections among outpatients. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:1931-1937.
105. Yokoe DS, Noskin GA, Cunnigham SM, et al. Enhanced identification of postoperative infections among inpatients. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:1924-1930.
106. Bean NH, Martin SM. Implementing a network for electronic surveillance reporting from public health reference laboratories: an international perspective. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7:773-779.
107. Graham PL, 3rd, San Gabriel P, Lutwick S, Haas J, Saiman L. Validation of a multicenter computer-based surveillance system for hospital-acquired bloodstream infections in neonatal intensive care departments. Am J Infect Control. 2004;32:232-234.
108. Trick WE, Zagorski BM, Tokars JI, et al. Computer algorithms to detect bloodstream infections. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:1612-1620.
109. Cookson ST, Ihrig M, O'Mara EM, Hartstein AI, Jarvis WR. Use of an estimation method to derive an appropriate denominator to calculate central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infection rates. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1998;19:28-31.
110. Wright SB, Huskins WC, Dokholyan RS, Goldmann DA, Platt R. Administrative databases provide inaccurate data for surveillance of long-term central venous catheter-associated infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2003;24:946-949.
111. McKibben L, Horan T, Tokars JI, et al. Guidance on public reporting of healthcare-associated infections: recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Am J Infect Control. 2005; 33:217-226.
112. Sellick JA Jr. The use of statistical process control charts in hospital epidemiology. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1993;14:649-656.
113. Humble C. Caveats regarding the use of control charts. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1998;19:865-868.
114. Benneyan JC. Statistical quality control methods in infection control and hospital epidemiology. Part II. Chart use, statistical properties, and research issues. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1998;19:265-283.
115. Morton AP, Whitby M, McLaws ML, et al. The application of statistical process control charts to the detection and monitoring of hospital-acquired infections. J Qual Clin Pract. 2001;21:112-117.
116. Farrington CP, Andrews NJ, Beale AD, Catchpole MA. A statistical algorithm for the early detection of outbreaks on infectious disease. J R Statist Soc A. 1996;159:547-563.
117. Wagner MM, Tsui FC, Espino JU, et al. The emerging science of very early detection of disease outbreaks. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2001;7:51-59.
118. Urrea M, Rives S, Cruz O, Navarro A, Garcia JJ, Estella J. Nosocomial infections among pediatric hematology/oncology patients: results of a prospective incidence study. Am J Infect Control. 2004;32:205-208.
119. Richardson MD, Rennie S, Marshall I, et al. Fungal surveillance of an open haematology ward. J Hosp Infect. 2000;45:288-292.
120. Pope J, Counahan M. Evaluating the utility of surveillance data to decision makers in Victoria, Australia. Sex Health. 2005;2:97-102.
121. Lee TB. Surveillance in acute care and nonacute care settings: current issues and concepts. Am J Infect Control. 1997;25:121-124.