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1
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0002380306
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Political Education
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Timothy Fuller (ed.) New Haven and London: Yale, 1989
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Michael Oakeshott (1951) 'Political Education', in Timothy Fuller (ed.) The Voice of Liberal Learning, p. 151. New Haven and London: Yale, 1989.
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(1951)
The Voice of Liberal Learning
, pp. 151
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Oakeshott, M.1
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2
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0003973418
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New Brunswick, NJ, and London: Transaction
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Not even in exile after 1933 did Mannheim fit the cartoon figure of a stock rationalist that is generally conjured up by his name, especially in the writings of Karl Popper and Friedrich Hayek. It should be noted that his later 'planning' theses were developed and amended in sustained discussions with a group of rather conservative religious thinkers (The Moot) and that they were conceived as applying in complementarity to their Christian conceptions. Mannheim's substantive exchanges with T.S. Eliot and A.D. Lindsay in these connections have not yet been studied with care, but see David Kettler and Volker Meja ( 1995) Karl Mannheim and the Crisis of Liberalism. The Secret of the New Times. New Brunswick, NJ, and London: Transaction. Mannheim wanted to commission Oakeshott to prepare a volume on 'ideologies' for his International Library of Sociology and Social Reconstruction in 1944, but failed to reach him and assumed that he was in the services. Mannheim died in January 1947.
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(1995)
Karl Mannheim and the Crisis of Liberalism. the Secret of the New Times
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Kettler, D.1
Meja, V.2
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3
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84958374885
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Michael Oakeshott's Philosophy of Education
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Preston King and B.C. Parekh (eds) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
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J.S. Peters (1968) 'Michael Oakeshott's Philosophy of Education', in Preston King and B.C. Parekh (eds) Politics and Experience, p. 50. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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(1968)
Politics and Experience
, pp. 50
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Peters, J.S.1
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4
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52649136209
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The Universities
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Michael Oakeshott (1949) 'The Universities', in Fuller (n. I), 105-35.
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(1949)
Fuller
, pp. 105-135
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Oakeshott, M.1
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5
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0347767056
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The Study of "Politics" in a University
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Michael Oakeshott, New York: Basic Books, 1962.
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Oakeshott (1961) 'The Study of "Politics" in a University', in Michael Oakeshott, Rationalism in Politics, pp. 301-33. New York: Basic Books, 1962.
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(1961)
Rationalism in Politics
, pp. 301-333
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Oakeshott1
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6
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55449084639
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tr. and ed. Colin Loader and David Kettler. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction
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Karl Mannheim (2001) Sociology as Political Education, tr. and ed. Colin Loader and David Kettler. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
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(2001)
Sociology As Political Education
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Mannheim, K.1
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7
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85033640955
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note
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Since Mannheim died in 1947 and his reputation faded quickly in Britain, he does not appear often by name in Oakeshott's writings of the 19505 and 19605. Oakeshott's vigorous polemic (1949) against Sir Walter Moberly's The Crisis in the Universities, however, in which he develops his educational programme, is aimed at a fervent supporter of Mannheim and his educational ideas, the Moot member responsible for Mannheim's appointment in 1944 to a new chair in the Sociology of Education in the University of London.
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8
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1642362774
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New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction
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Mannheim's Habilitation was an inquiry into conservatism (1986) Conservatism, tr. and ed. David Kettler and Volker Meja. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. This was designed precisely to move this 'style of thought' towards synthesis with its liberal and socialist counterparts. Later in the Weimar years, Mannheim vainly appealed to the conservative cultural critic, Eduard Spranger, as a kindred spirit, while Spranger harshly denounced his 'sociologism', in an argument similar to Oakeshott's assault against 'political theory' as a pseudo-philosophical misnomer for ideology. See Colin Loader and David Kettler (2002) Karl Mannheim's Sociology as Political Education. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, pp. 58-62.
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(2002)
Karl Mannheim's Sociology As Political Education
, pp. 58-62
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Loader, C.1
Kettler, D.2
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9
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52649138034
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Praxis als soziale Pflicht: Korsch und die freistudentische ewegung
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Karl Korsch, Frankfurt/M.: Europäische Velagsanstalt
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Michael Buckmiller (1980) 'Praxis als soziale Pflicht: Korsch und die freistudentische ewegung', in Karl Korsch, Gesamtausgabe: Recht, Geist und Kultur, p. 20. Frankfurt/M.: Europäische Velagsanstalt.
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(1980)
Gesamtausgabe: Recht, Geist und Kultur
, pp. 20
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Buckmiller, M.1
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10
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0009647047
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n. 185. Reinbek: Rohwolt
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Lutz Niethammer distinguishes Mannheim from both Georg Lukacs and Carl Schmitt precisely on the set of issues around 'collective identity'. Niethammer (2000) Kollektive Identität, p. 155 n. 185. Reinbek: Rohwolt.
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(2000)
Kollektive Identität
, pp. 155
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Niethammer1
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11
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4043078909
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Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp.
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Wolfgang Schluchter (1980) Rationalismus der Weltbeherrschung, pp. 236-41. Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp. He dates the lectures and discusses their provenance. Buckmiller (n. 8), p. 20, summarizes the 'pedagogical' objectives and programmes of the Free Students. He points out that the organization sponsored lecture series in order to experiment with teaching situations directed towards cultivation rather than specialization, as well as democratic modes of conduct. For the sake of this 'collective self-education', he writes, they organized 'scientific sections . . . that were supposed to close the gap among individual disciplines and to further, to the greatest degree possible, the development of a personality of many-sided cultivation'.
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(1980)
Rationalismus der Weltbeherrschung
, pp. 236-241
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Schluchter, W.1
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12
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0003613732
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tr. Talcott Parsons, New York: Scribner
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Note that I refer to 'calling' rather than Vocation' in connection with Weber's lectures, although standard English translations prefer the Latin term, and I will naturally cite published versions by the translator's titles. Weber himself associates 'Beruf with 'calling' in the first sentence of the chapter dealing with the concept. Max Weber (1958) The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, tr. Talcott Parsons, p. 79. New York: Scribner.
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(1958)
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
, pp. 79
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Weber, M.1
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13
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0003676503
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Tübingen: C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck).
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(1922) Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Religionssoziologie, p. 63. Tübingen: C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck). In 'Science as a Vocation', Weber begins with a discussion of the scientific calling strictly in the sense of a career, but then changes direction: 'But I believe that you actually wish to hear of something else, namely the inward calling for science'
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(1922)
Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Religionssoziologie
, pp. 63
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14
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52649113929
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ed. and tr. H.H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, New York: Oxford University Press
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(1946) From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, ed. and tr. H.H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, p. 134. New York: Oxford University Press. The rest of the lecture, then, deals with the concept in its ethical sense. Whenever Weber directly addresses his audience in these texts, he should be understood, I think, to be speaking responsively to the members of the Freien Studentenschaft, whose cultivational aspirations were known to him from informal discussions. See Schluchter (n. 10).
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(1946)
From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology
, pp. 134
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15
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85033658426
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Weber (1946, in n. 11), p. 152, tr. modified
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Weber (1946, in n. 11), p. 152, tr. modified.
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16
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0012640249
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On Liberty
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Toronto: University of Toronto Press
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It is instructive to compare Weber's approach to science teaching with the strikingly similar educational advocacy that J.S. Mill derived from his philosophically moderated reading of Humboldt. See Mill (1977) 'On Liberty', Essays on Politics and Society. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, vol. 2, pp. 140-7.
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(1977)
Essays on Politics and Society
, vol.2
, pp. 140-147
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Mill1
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17
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0010208081
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ed. David Kettler, Volker Meja and Nico Stehr, tr. David Kettler and Volker Meja. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986
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Karl Mannheim (1925) Conservatism: A Contribution to the Sociology of Knowledge, ed. David Kettler, Volker Meja and Nico Stehr, tr. David Kettler and Volker Meja. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986.
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(1925)
Conservatism: A Contribution to the Sociology of Knowledge
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Mannheim, K.1
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18
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0009451016
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London: Unwin Hyman
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See the articles by Kahler and Troeltsch in Peter Lassman, Irving Velody and Herminio Martins (1989) Max Weber's 'Science as a Vocation', pp. 35-46, 58-69. London: Unwin Hyman.
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(1989)
Max Weber's 'Science As A Vocation
, pp. 35-46
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Velody, I.1
Martins, H.2
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19
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85033642767
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note
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In a letter supporting a Rockefeller grant to the Hochschule für Politik in 1932, the key official of the Foundation's Paris office writes: 'as a teaching institution the Hochschule . . . is important in the promotion of the fundamental attitudes which . . . count so heavily in the development of scientific work in the social field. . . . [It] has the objective attitude and scientific spirit in problems in the social sciences' (E.T. Gunn to E.E. Day, 10 March 1932. RF). The institution began with short courses and evening programs for officials, teachers and employees of interested groups, but its two- to three-year certificate program became important enough to supply two-thirds of its audience by 1932. Students seeking university degrees submitted their theses and sat examinations at the University of Berlin.
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85033655910
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note
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In the notes assembled for a memoir that he did not live to write (SLB), Salomon recalls that he joined together with Georg Lukács, Emil Lederer and Gustav Radbruch in 1912/13 'in the adventurous idea of doing something for the aesthetic future of film' by offering to write movie criticisms for the local newspaper. Salomon's relationship to Mannheim was complex. He recalls Mannheim and his wife with gratitude for many kindnesses and credits him (and Lederer) with intervening with Johnson to secure him his position at the New School in 1935. In the same notes, however, he also emphasizes their 'fundamental disagreement' about the tasks of sociology, notably in the period of exile, where his own 'theoretical-contemplative' attitude clashed with Mannheim's 'pragmatic-political' one. This specification of their differences is put in doubt, at least for the Weimar years, when Salomon recalls with special pride that his acting editorship of the periodical, Die Gesellschaft, gave him an opportunity of publishing a 'collective issue against Mannheim's Ideologie und Utopie -against the weakening of radical thought'. In a review of the second volume of the Jahrbuch für Soziologie (1926), ed. Gottfried Salomon-Delatour (SLB), Salomon pairs Mannheim's essay on 'The Sociological and Ideological Interpretation of Cultural Phenomena' with an essay by Salomon-Delatour called 'Historical Materialism and the Theory of Ideology'. He calls the former 'the most important contribution to the methodology of cultural sociology appearing in recent years', but reserves judgement until Mannheim explains whether the social or immanent interpretation is supposed to give the appropriate determination of the essence of a cultural product. He is more reserved about the second contribution, proposing to wait until this first installment is continued. Leaving personal relations aside, the main point is, on the one hand, that Salomon sided with von Schelting against Mannheim on the question of value-freedom (see draft review in SLB), but, on the other, that he oriented to Mannheim in his programmatic statements about the relationship between political education and intellectuals. In a review of Carl Schmitt's admiring monograph on Hugo Preuss, written in 1931, Salomon quotes Preuss on the indispensability to a state under rule of law of a cultivated intelligentsia 'over the walls of the party barracks' and concludes: 'This role of the intelligentsia corresponds largely to the place that Mannheim assigns them in Ideology und Utopia . . . that "free-floating intelligentsia" that alone has a chance of true consciousness', adding only that at the time of writing it would be the SPD that could better represent German cultivation and spiritual freedom than any of the other parties, a point with which Mannheim would not have disagreed in 1931.
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"Im Schatten einer endlosen grossen Zeit." Etappen der intellektuellen Biographie Albert Salomons
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Ilja Srubar (ed.) Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp
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Ulf Matthiesen (1988) '"Im Schatten einer endlosen grossen Zeit." Etappen der intellektuellen Biographie Albert Salomons', in Ilja Srubar (ed.) Exil. Wissenschaft. Identität. Die Emigration deutscher Wissenschaftler, 1933-1945, pp. 299-350. Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp.
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(1988)
Exil. Wissenschaft. Identität. Die Emigration Deutscher Wissenschaftler, 1933-1945
, pp. 299-350
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Matthiesen, U.1
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24
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'Zur Soziologie des Geniebegriffs
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Albert Salomon (1926) 'Zur Soziologie des Geniebegriffs', Die Gesellschaft 1: 504ff. Salomon is more vehement than Mannheim in drawing the line between, on one side, elitist versions of humanism, whether presented as return to classical models or as Nietzschean breakthrough to a 'New Man', and, on the other, the possibilities of a heroic model for a cultivation congruent with the democratic age. This work by Salomon comprises a laudatory review-essay of Edgar Zilsel's Marxist critique of the concept of genius. In 1930, Salomon skewered a book by Friedrich Glum, 'The Secret Germany', concluding that this pseudo-aristocratic concept was nothing but a Utopian cover for bourgeois hostility to the labor movement: Salomon (1930) '[Review of]
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(1926)
Die Gesellschaft
, vol.1
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Salomon, A.1
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25
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85033636297
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Das geheime Deutschland. Die Aristokratie der demokratischen Gesinnung
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Friedrich Glum, Das geheime Deutschland. Die Aristokratie der demokratischen Gesinnung', Die Gesellschaft 5: 571-4. For the political uses of classical humanism in the end phase of the Weimar Republic,
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Die Gesellschaft
, vol.5
, pp. 571-574
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Glum, F.1
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27
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0003762026
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Cambridge/MA: MIT Press, 1968.
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Salomon in effect accepts Weber's argument against Marxist Weltanschauung, notably as it might be represented by Georg Lukacs (1923) History and Class Consciousness. Cambridge/MA: MIT Press, 1968. He sees it as distinct from what I am calling his 'Marxistic sociology', which he claims in 1926 to find effectively prefigured in Weber's own work. In addition to calling Weber a bourgeois Marx, he also refers to him as a 'bourgeois Marxist'. Salomon (n. 19), p. 151. In the three-part series on Max Weber with which Salomon introduces himself- and Weber -to American scholars in 1934-5, he aligns himself wholeheartedly with Weber against Marxist 'revolutionary sociology', a term he also uses against Karl Mannheim in his sharply critical but personally warm obituary notice, published in 1947.
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(1923)
History and Class Consciousness
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Lukacs, G.1
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Max Weber's Methodology
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Salomon (1934) 'Max Weber's Methodology', Social Research 1: 147-68.
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(1934)
Social Research
, vol.1
, pp. 147-168
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Salomon1
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29
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85055897406
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Max Weber's Sociology
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1935
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(1935) 'Max Weber's Sociology', Social Research 2: 60-73. (1935)
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(1935)
Social Research
, vol.2
, pp. 60-73
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Max Weber's Political Ideas
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'Max Weber's Political Ideas', Social Research 2: 368-83. (1947)
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(1947)
Social Research
, vol.2
, pp. 368-383
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31
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Karl Mannheim. 1893-1947
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'Karl Mannheim. 1893-1947', Social Research 14: 350-64.
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Social Research
, vol.14
, pp. 350-364
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34
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Salomon (n. 19), p. 508. Matthiesen (n. 18), p. 319
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Salomon (n. 19), p. 508. Matthiesen (n. 18), p. 319.
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note
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In his study of Max Weber, Salomon contends that, for Weber, sociology ultimately came down to a method for engaging in historical and contemporary studies. That the posthumous Economy and Society did not constitute a system, he argues, was not an accidental effect of his early death, but a necessary consequence of his approach (Salomon (n. 19); Salomon 1934-5 (in n. 22). But Mannheim, he pointed out, 'felt that it was his duty to systematize and integrate Weber's suggestions, ideas, and methodological principles in order to put forth convincingly the claims of sociology. He wanted to demonstrate that sociology has systematic unity and cohesion' (Salomon 1947, in n. 22: 353). In his late writings, Salomon considered this ambition a key to what he considered to be the fatal fault of Mannheim's theory of sociology, its aim to displace philosophy as the basic science.
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Salomon (n. 24), p. 110.
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Salomon (n. 24), p. 110.
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39
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0004051916
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London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
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Karl Mannheim (1936) Ideology and Utopia, p. 157. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
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(1936)
Ideology and Utopia
, pp. 157
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Mannheim, K.1
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41
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85033636110
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In this context, Mannheim challenged the ideal of contemplation in a manner reminiscent of Georg Lukács
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In this context, Mannheim challenged the ideal of contemplation in a manner reminiscent of Georg Lukács.
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42
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0009946654
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Tübingen: C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), tr. in Mannheim (n. 5)
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There are implicit qualifications to this general view, but these did not become prominent in Mannheim's thought until he was confronted more directly with the thoroughly politicized sociology of the left and - especially - the right. Setting those limits is an important theme in his treatments of the university curriculum. Mannheim (1932) Die Gegenwartsaufgaben der Soziologie. Tübingen: C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), tr. in Mannheim (n. 5).
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(1932)
Die Gegenwartsaufgaben der Soziologie
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Mannheim1
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43
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Mannheim (n. 31)
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Mannheim (n. 31).
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44
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He has nothing to say on the last of these, perhaps for lack of time
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He has nothing to say on the last of these, perhaps for lack of time.
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Zur Bildungskrise der Gegenwart
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Hans Freyer (1931) 'Zur Bildungskrise der Gegenwart', Die Erziehung 6: 597-8, 601-4.
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(1931)
Die Erziehung
, vol.6
, pp. 597-598
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Freyer, H.1
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47
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0011355240
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The Spirit of the Age
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ed. Gertrude Himmelfarb, Garden City, NY: Anchor
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J.S. Mill (1963) 'The Spirit of the Age', in Essays on Politics and Culture, ed. Gertrude Himmelfarb, pp. 1-44. Garden City, NY: Anchor.
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(1963)
Essays on Politics and Culture
, pp. 1-44
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Mill, J.S.1
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49
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Karl Mannheim
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It is arguable that Mannheim often wavered on this point, especially after 1933, but his antipathy for the kind of uniformity that fatally attracted Freyer makes it unjust, as some have done, to label him as another 'Utopian of the Right'. Jean Floud (1966) 'Karl Mannheim', New Society 29 (Dec.): 96-8.
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(1966)
New Society
, vol.29
, Issue.DEC
, pp. 96-98
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Floud, J.1
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50
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The concept of enactment (Vollzug), derived from Heidegger, embodies the activist core of Freyer's conception. It also plays an important part in Mannheim's thought at the time, witnessing to the affinities between Freyer's and Mannheim's projects and heightening the importance to Mannheim of establishing the fundamental differences between the two receptions of Heidegger. See Loader and Kettler (n. 7)
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The concept of enactment (Vollzug), derived from Heidegger, embodies the activist core of Freyer's conception. It also plays an important part in Mannheim's thought at the time, witnessing to the affinities between Freyer's and Mannheim's projects and heightening the importance to Mannheim of establishing the fundamental differences between the two receptions of Heidegger. See Loader and Kettler (n. 7).
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Jena: Eugen Diederich.
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Hans Freyer (1933) Das politische Semester: Ein Vorschlag zur Universitätsreform, pp. 8, 16-18, 37, 39. Jena: Eugen Diederich. Freyer was rather traditional when it came to the actual implementation of political cultivation. In an article published after the Nazi seizure of power, he proposed a 'political semester' that consisted of a series of lectures with three goals: to awaken the sense of political greatness ('Frederick the Great Battles for Silesia'; 'Bismarck Founds the Empire'), to provide insight into the dynamics of political happening ('The Establishment of the English World Empire'; 'Prussia and Germany') and to provide the factual foundation for understanding the current political situation of Germany ('The System of Versailles'; 'The German Nationality in Middle and East Europe'). The political semester would supposedly provide unity for the university otherwise divided according to specialization (ibid. 21-3).
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(1933)
Das Politische Semester: Ein Vorschlag zur Universitätsreform
, pp. 8
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Freyer, H.1
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Berlin: Heymanns
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Schmitt elaborates his position against 'dilatory compromise', especially in his conflicts with other jurists about the Weimar constitution. His paradoxical conclusion in that context is often an insistence that the Weimar constitution in fact embodies a decision for bourgeois liberalism, by virtue of its guarantees of property rights and rule of law, whatever verbal concessions might have been made to Catholic or Socialist ideologies. He uses this approach to defend conservative political interests, as with the presumed constitutional prohibition against expropriating the royal houses. Some of the young Socialist jurists who are attracted by his anti-liberal radicalism, among other things, occasionally try to turn the argument the other way, with the Weimar 'decision' construed as favoring socialism. Otto Kirchheimer, (1932) 'Legalität und Legitimität', in Kirchheimer, Politische Herrschaft, pp. 7-29. Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp, 1967. Another of that group, Franz Neumann, who will be one of Mannheim's students in exile, argued as Mannheim might have done, that the constitution sets up a dynamic process that will integrate antithetical elements in a 'rule of social law', taking up Hermann Heller's key concept. Franz L. Neumann (1932) Koalitionsfreiheit und Reichsverfassung: Die Stellung der Gewerkschaften im Verfassungssystem. Berlin: Heymanns. Schmitt's constitutional arguments, as we have seen, are ever more overshadowed by his fascination with dictatorship.
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(1932)
Koalitionsfreiheit und Reichsverfassung: Die Stellung der Gewerkschaften im Verfassungssystem
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Neumann, F.L.1
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Mannheim is reprocessing materials developed in his more nuanced study of conservative thought (n. 14). The generalizations in our account stereotype the historical variations recognized by his treatment, even as attempts, in the present context, to state an ideal type
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Mannheim is reprocessing materials developed in his more nuanced study of conservative thought (n. 14). The generalizations in our account stereotype the historical variations recognized by his treatment, even as attempts, in the present context, to state an ideal type.
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Mannheim (n. 43), pp. 183, 196, 199, 239; (31), p. 37
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Mannheim (n. 43), pp. 183, 196, 199, 239; (31), p. 37.
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Mannheim (n. 43), pp. 174, 191.
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Beyond Transnational Governance
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Amitai Etzioni (2001) 'Beyond Transnational Governance', International Journal, 56(4): 595-610.
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(2001)
International Journal
, vol.56
, Issue.4
, pp. 595-610
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Etzioni, A.1
|