Continuity and change: Prospects for civil-military relations in Turkey

International Affairs

Volumn 83, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 339-355

  Jenkins, Gareth ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33947395691     PISSN: 00205850     EISSN: 14682346     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2007.00622.x     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Albert Howe Lybyer, The government of the Ottoman empire in the age of Suleiman the Magnificent (Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press, 1913), p. 90.
2. Turkish Land Forces website, http://www.kkk.tsk.mil.tr/GenelKonular/ Tarihce, accessed 17 February 2007. In fact, there is no evidence that the Huns were Turkish by language or ethnicity.
3. Author's translation from, the TGS website, http://www.tsk.mil.tr/ genel_konular/tarihce.htm. In Turkish 'askerlik', the word meaning 'military profession', is also used for 'military service'.
4. 'You have to remember what Turkey was like in those days. We didn't just teach them to read and write, many
5. of them didn't even know how to use a knife and fork.' Author's interview with a retired high-ranking army officer who was a young lieutenant during the 19405. Istanbul, Sept. 1999.
6. The origins of this phrase and the social realities of the period have been overlooked in Ayşe Gül Altinay's otherwise informative The myth of the military-nation: militarism, gender and education in Turkey (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), pp. 119-40.
7. This can be seen in the most literal sense at Atatürk's mausoleum, the Anitkabir, in Ankara. Law No. 2524 of 11 Sept. 1981 on the provision of services at Anitkabir ensures that the mausoleum is controlled, maintained and secured by the TGS.
8. Following the coup 587 people were tried on charges ranging from corruption to murder and violating the constitution. Three were hanged in Sept. 1961 : Menderes, Foreign Minister Fatin Rüştü Zorlu (1910-1961) and Finance Minister Hasan Polatkan (1915-01).
9. The chief of staff was thus elevated to rank fourth in the state protocol behind the president, prime minister and speaker of parliament : Şaban İba, Ordu, devlet, siyaset (Istanbul: Çiviyazilar, 1998), pp. 190-92.
10. Soner Kizilkaya, 'Bir 12 Eylül bilancosu', NTV Mag, Sept. 2000, p. 77.
11. Mehmet Ali Birand, Hikmet Bila and Ridvan Akar, 12 Eylül Türkiye'nin miladi (Istanbul: Doǧan Kitap, 1999), p. 232.
12. Turkey's first constitution of 1924 named Islam as the state religion. An amendment of 10 April 1928 removed the reference to Islam. A further amendment on 5 Feb. 1937 explicitly stated that Turkey was a secular state.
13. An English translation of the 1982 constitution can be found at http://www.constitution.org/cons/turkey/turk_cons.htm, accessed 17 February 2007.
14. Author's translation. The full Turkish text of Law No. 211 is available at http://www.mevzuat.adalet.gov.tr/html/1501.html, accessed 17 February 2007.
15. The prime minister, foreign minister, interior minister and defence minister from the civilian government, and the chief of staff and the commanders of the land forces, navy, air force and gendarmerie for the military.
16. Author's interview with the late Gen. Doǧan Beyazit, former NSC secretary general, Istanbul, March 1997.
17. William Hale, Turkish politics and the military (London: Routledge, 1994), pp. 294-5.
18. The number of these schools had grown from 398 in 1982 to 467 in 1993 and 609 in 1997, when they were turning out an estimated 43,000 graduates a year.
19. Author's interviews with WP officials, 20-21 March 1997.
20. Author's interview with Gen. Doǧan Beyazit, Istanbul, Feb. 1998.
21. The first civilian NSC secretary general was appointed in Oct. 2004.
22. One of the exceptions was Abdullah Gül, who is currently foreign minister and who had been state minister and government spokesman in the WP-TPP coalition.
23. There are age limits for each rank in the Turkish military. For chief of staff the upper age limit is 67.
24. The motion passed by 264 to 250 with 19 abstentions, leaving the government three votes short of the constitutional requirement of a majority of those who participated in the vote.
25. Hürriyet, 1 May 2003 (author's translation).
26. http://www.tsk.mil.tr/genelkumay/bashalk/aciklama/2003/a08.htm, accessed 17 February 2007 (author's translation).
27. 'Askerden İmam Hatip muhtirasi', Hürriyet, 14 Oct. 2003.
28. TGS press statement no. BN-07/04 of 6 May 2004, http://www.tsk.mil.tr/ genelkumay/bashalk/aciklama/2004/a07.htm, accessed 17 February 2007 (author's translation).
29. 'Erdoǧan: YÖK'ü zorlamayiz', Radikal, 4 July 2004.
30. 'Asker çekilemez', Radikal, 26 Jan. 2005.
31. Author's interviews with sources close to Erdoǧan, Istanbul and Ankara, Oct. 2005-Dec. 2006.
32. Many of these columnists had also been among those who gave the military a standing ovation at the press briefing in spring 1997.
33. 'Güverçin yürekli şahin', Tempo, 27 July 2006.
34. 'Cumhuriyet en riskli döneminde', Radikal, 15 February, 2007 (author's translation).