Stone properties and weathering induced by salt crystallization of Maltese Globigerina Limestone

Geological Society Special Publication

Volumn 271, Issue , 2007, Pages 189-198

  Rothert, E ^a   Eggers, T ^a   Cassar, J ^b   Ruedrich, J ^a   Fitzner, B ^c   Siegesmund, S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MALTA   (Malta)

^c RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUILDING STONE; CRYSTALLIZATION; LIMESTONE; MONUMENT; ROCK PROPERTY; SALT; WEATHERING;

EURASIA; EUROPE; MALTA; SOUTHERN EUROPE;

GLOBIGERINA;

EID: 33947389160     PISSN: 03058719     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1144/GSL.SP.2007.271.01.19     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. Arnold, A. & Zehnder, K. 1990. Salt weathering on monuments. In: Advanced Workshop Analytical Methodologies for the Investigation of Damaged Stones, 14-21 September 1990, La Goliardica Pavese srl, Italy.
2. Birch, F. 1960. The velocity of compressional waves in rocks up to 10 kilobars. Part I. Journal of Geophysical Research, 65, 1083-1102.
3. Birch, F. 1961. The velocity of compressional waves in rocks up to 10 kilobars. Part 2. Journal of Geophysical Research, 66, 2199-2224.
4. Brakel, J. van, Modry, S. & Svata, M. 1981. Mercury porosimetry: State of the art. Powder Technology, 29, 1-12.
5. Cassar, J. 1999. Geochemical and mineralogical characterisation of the Lower Globigerina Limestone of the Maltese Islands with special reference to the 'soll' facies. Ph.D. thesis, University of Malta.
6. Cassar, J. 2002. Deterioration of the Globigerina limestone of the Maltese Islands. In: Siegesmund, S., Weiss, T. & Vollbrecht, A. (eds) Natural Stone, Weathering Phenomena, Conservation Strategies and Case Studies. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 205, 25-41.
7. Cassar, J. 2004. Composition and property data of Malta's building stone for the construction of a database. In: Přikryl, R. & Siegl, P. (eds) Architectural and Sculptural Stone in Cultural Landscape. Karolinum Press, Prague, 11-28.
8. Cassar, J. & Vannucci, S. 2001. Petrographical and chemical research on the stone of the megalithic temples. Malta Archaeological Review, 5, 40-45.
9. Cassar, J. & Vella, A. J. 2003. Methodology to identify badly weathering limestone using geochemistry: case study on the Lower Globigerina Limestone of the Maltese Islands. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 36, 85-96.
10. Farrugia, P. 1993. Porosity and related properties of local building stone. B.E. & A. dissertation, University of Malta.
11. Fassina, V., Mignucci, A., Naccari, A., Stevan, A., Cassar, J. & Torpiano, A. 1996. Investigation on the moisture and salt migration in the wall masonry and on the presence of salt efflorescences on stone surface in the church of Sta. Marija Ta'Cwerra at Siggiewi, Malta. In: Zezza, F. (ed.) Origin, Mechanisms and Effects of Salt on Degradation of Monuments in Marine and Continental Environments. Proceedings, European Commission Research Workshop on Protection and Conservation of the European Cultural Heritage, Bari, Italy. Research Report, 4, 89-100.
12. Fitzner, B. & Kownatzik, R. 1990. Bauwerkskartierung - Schadensaufnahme an Naturwerksteinen. Der Freiberufliche Restaurator, 4, 25-40.
13. Fitzner, B. & Kownatzki, R. 1991. Klassifizierung der Verwitterungsformen und Kartierung von Natursteinbauwerken. Jahresberichte aus dem BMFT-Forschungsprogramm Steinzerfall - Steinkonservierung, 1, 1-13.
14. Fitzner, B., Heinrichs, K. & Kownatzki, R. 1992. Classification and mapping of weathering forms. In: Delgado Rodrigues, J., Henriques, F. & Telmo Jeremias, F. (eds) Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, 15-18 June, Lisbon, Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon, Portugal, 957-968.
15. Fitzner, B., Heinrichs, K. & Kownatzki, R. 1995. Weathering forms-classification and mapping. In: Snethlage, R. (ed.) Denkmalpflege und Naturwissenschaft, Natursteinkonservierung I. Ernst and Sohn, Berlin, 41-88.
16. Fitzner, B., Heinrichs, K. & Volker, M. 1996. Model for salt weathering at Maltese Globigerina Limestones. In: Zezza, F. (ed.) Origin, Mechanisms and Effects of Salt on Degradation of Monuments in Marine and Continental Environments. Proceedings, European Commission Research Workshop on Protection and Conservation of the European Cultural Heritage, Bari, Italy. Research Report, 4, 333-344.
17. Galan, E., Aires-Barros, L., Christaras, B., Kassoli-Fournaraki, A., Fitzner, B. & Zezza, F. 1996. Representative stones from the Sanctuary of Demeter in Eleusis (Greece), Sta. Marija Ta' Cwerra of Siggiewi (Malta) and Bari (Italy) and Cadiz (Spain) Cathedrals: petrographic characteristics, physical properties and alteration products. In: Zezza, F. (ed.) Origin, Mechanisms and Effects of Salt on Degradation of Monuments in Marine and Continental Environments. Proceedings, European Commission Research Workshop on Protection and Conservation of the European Cultural Heritage, Bari, Italy. Research Report, 4, 77-85.
18. Kownatzki, R. 1997. Verwitterungszustandserfassung von Natursteinbauten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung phänomenologischer Verfahren. Aachener Geowissenschaftliche Beiträge, 22.
19. Pedley, M., Clarke, M. H. & Galea, P., 2002. Limestone Isles in a Crystal Sea. The Geology of the Maltese Islands. P.E.G., Malta.
20. Price, C. & Brimblecombe, P. 1994. Preventing salt damage in porous materials. In: Roy, A. & Smith, P. (eds) Preprints of the Contributions to the Ottawa Congress, Preventive Conservation - Practice, Theory and Research. IIC, London, 90-93.
21. Rothert, E., 2004. Gefügeabhängige Verwitterung von Kalksteinen durch Salzkristallisation im Porenraum. MSc. thesis, Universität Göttingen.
22. Snethlage, R. 1984. Steinkonservierung. Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, Arbeitshefte, 22.
23. Torfs, K., Van Grieken, R. & Cassar, J. 1996. Environmental effects on deterioration of monuments: case study of the Church of Sta. Marija Ta' Cwerra, Malta. In: Zezza, F. (ed.) Origin, Mechanisms and Effects of Salt on Degradation of Monuments in Marine and Continental Environments. Proceedings, European Commission Research Workshop on Protection and Conservation of the European Cultural Heritage, Bari, Italy. Research Report, 4, 441-451.
24. Vannucci, S., Alessandrini, G., Cassar, J., Tampone, G. & Vannucci, M. L. 1994. The prehistoric megalithic temples of the Maltese Islands: causes and processes of deterioration of Globigerina Limestone. In: Fassina, V., Ott, H. & Zezza, F. (eds) Conservation of Monuments in the Mediterranean Basin. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium, Venice, Italy, Sopritendenza di Beni Artistici e Storici di Venezia, Italy, 555-565.
25. Vannucci, S., Cassar, J., Tampone, G. 1985. The treatment of a typical soft limestone with different consolidants: a comparative study. In: Bollettino Ingegnieri, Florence, Italy, Collegio degli Ingegnieri della Toscana, Florence, Italy, 3-11.