Bureaucracy meets the environment: Elite perceptions in six Chinese cities

China Quarterly

Volumn , Issue 189, 2007, Pages 100-121

  Tong, Yanqi ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUREAUCRACY; ECONOMIC GROWTH; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; LOCAL GOVERNMENT; PERCEPTION;

ASIA; CHINA; EURASIA; FAR EAST;

EID: 33947380484     PISSN: 03057410     EISSN: 14682648     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0305741006000828     Document Type: Article

References (48)

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2. Li Rongxia, "Environment becoming of more concern to the public," Beijing Review, 3-9 May 1999, pp. 16-20
3. World Bank, Clear Water, Blue Skies: China's Environment in the New Century (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1997);
4. Li Wen, "China's environmental conditions in 1998," Beijing Review, 12 July 1999, pp. 13-18;
5. Agenda 21: China's White Paper on Population, Environment and Development in the 21st Century (Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 1994).
6. As of 1999, China has six comprehensive laws on environmental protection, nine laws on conservation of resources and 28 administrative regulations on environmental protection. Local governments have also issued over 900 regulations on environmental protection. China has also formed environmental protection agencies at all five administrative levels from the central authority to localities, and it has over 2,000 environmental monitoring stations.
7. Barbara Sinkule and Leonard Ortolano, Implementing Environmental Policy in China (London: Praeger, 1995).
8. For the more active environmental movements, see Yanqi Tong "Environmental movements in transitional societies: A comparative study of Taiwan and China," Comparative Politics (January 2005), pp. 167-88.
9. For the role of the state in environmental protection, see Abigail R. Jahiel, "The contradictory impact of reform on environmental protection in China," The China Quarterly, No. 149 (1997), pp. 81-103;
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11. Jonathan Schwartz, "The impact of state capacity on enforcement of environmental policies: The case of China," Journal of Environment & Development, Vol. 12, No. 1 (2003), pp. 50-81.
12. The project was designed and carried out by the Research Centre for Contemporary China at Peking University in collaboration with the State Environmental Protection Bureau and the Environmental Protection Bureaus of Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenyang, Lanzhou and Chengdu, and Stanford University. It was funded by the Japan Foundation and Smith Richardson Foundation.
13. The high response rate, in the author's opinion, is the result of two factors. The first is the involvement of the environmental protection bureaus at both the national and local levels with the project. Secondly, Peking University is regarded as the top academic institution of the country and enjoys respect from the bureaucrats.
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15. Carlos Wing Hung Lo and Sai Wing Leung, "Environmental agency and public opinion in Guangzhou: The limits of a popular approach to environmental governance," The China Quarterly, No. 163 (2000), pp. 677-704;
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17. and Shui-Yan Tang, Carlos Wing-Hung Lo and Gerald Fryxell, "Enforcement styles, organizational commitment, and enforcement effectiveness: An empirical study of local environmental protection officials in urban China," Environment and Planning, No. 35 (2003), pp. 75-94.
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19. and Chun Chieh Chi, "Growth with pollution: Unsustainable development in Taiwan and its consequences," Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol. 29, No. 2 (1994), pp. 23-47.
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22. Robert C. Paehlke, Environmentalism and the Future of Progressive Politics (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), p. 9;
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26. David I. Stern, "The rise and fall of the environmental Kuznets curve," World Development, Vol. 32, No. 8 (2004), pp. 1419-39;
27. and Majid Ezzati, Burton Singer and Daniel Kammen, "Towards an integrated framework for development and environment policy: The dynamics of environmental Kuznets curves," World Development, Vol. 29, No. 8 (2001), pp. 1421-34.
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29. and David E. Bloom, "International public opinion on the environment," Science, No. 269 (21 July 1995), pp. 354-58.
30. Lee and So, "Introduction."
31. Chantal Seguin, Luc G. Pelletier and John Hunsley, "Toward a model of environmental activism," Environment and Behavior, Vol. 30, No. 5 (1998), pp. 628-52;
32. and H. Kunreuther and P. Slovic, "Challenges in risk assessment and risk management," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, No. 545 (1996), pp. 1-220.
33. Newspapers in China started to report the air quality index of the major cities in recent years but no such reports are available on water quality. Admittedly, people in the north may be more aware of air problems while people in the south care more about water pollution.
34. Water A. Rosenbaum, Environmental Politics and Policy (2nd ed.) (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1991).
35. Kenneth Lieberthal (ed.), Bureaucracy, Politics, and Decision Making in Post-Mao China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992).
36. Interview with environmental officials in China, February 1999.
37. Robert Emmet Jones and Riley Dunlap, "The social bases of environmental concern: Have they changed over time?" Rural Sociology, No. 57 (1992), pp. 28-47;
38. and Kent D. Van Liere and Riley E. Dunlap, "The social basis of environmental concern," Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 44, No. 2 (1980), pp. 181-97.
39. Robyn Eckersley, Environmentalism and Political Theory: Toward an Ecocentric Approach (New York: SUNY Press, 1992).
40. "Conquer" may sound harsh in English. Yet the Chinese version was so commonly used in propaganda materials, especially under Mao, that it represented a Chinese understanding of Marxist progressive philosophy. See also, Judith Shapiro, Mao's War Against Nature: Politics and the Environment in Revolutionary China (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
41. To avoid answering inertia, we placed these questions in separate groups and combined with other questions.
42. Peter Ho, "Greening without conflict? Environmentalism, NGOs and civil society in China," Development and Change, No. 32 (2001), pp. 893-921.
43. Yang Ming, "Zhongguo gongzhong huanjing yishi de tezheng" ("The characteristics of China's public environmental awareness"), in Yang Ming (ed.), Huanjing wenti yu huangjing yishi (Environmental Problems and Environmental Awareness) (Beijing: Huaxia Press, 2002), p. 81.
44. Gerd Langguth, trans. Richard Straus, The Green Factor in German Politics: From Protest Movement to Political Party (Boulder, Co: Westview Press, 1986);
45. and Inglehart, Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society.
46. Karl-Werner Brand, "Environmental consciousness and behavior: The greening of lifestyles," in Michael Redclift and Graham Woodgate (eds.), The International Handbook of Environmental Sociology (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1997), pp. 204-17.
47. Lo and Leung, "Environmental agency and public opinion in Guangzhou."
48. Lo and Fryxell, "Enforcement styles among environmental protection officials."