Palaeozoic vs. post-Palaeozoic Stenolaemata: Phylogenetic relationship or morphological convergence?

CFS Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg

Volumn , Issue 257, 2006, Pages 49-63

  Ernst, Andrej ^a   Schäfer, Priska ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KIEL   (Germany)

Author keywords

Evolution; Phylogeny; Skeletal morphology; Stenolaemata

Indexed keywords

BRYOZOAN; MORPHOLOGY; PALEOZOIC; PHYLOGENETICS; SKELETON; TAXONOMY;

BRYOZOA; STENOLAEMATA;

EID: 33947374687     PISSN: 03414116     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Allman, G. J. (1856): A monograph of the freshwater Polyzoa, including all the known species, both British and foreign. - vii + 119 pp; London (The Ray Society).
2. Anstey, R. L. (1990): Bryozoans. - In: McNamara, K. J. (Ed.): Evolutionary trends. - 232-252; London (Belhaven Press).
3. Anstey, R. L., & Pachut, J. F. (1995): Phylogeny, diversity history, and speciation in Paleozoic bryozoans. - In: Erwin, D. H., & Anstey, R. L. (Eds.): New approaches to speciation in the fossil record. - 239-284; New York & Chichester (Columbia University Press).
4. Astrova, G. G. (1978): The history of development, system, and phylogeny of the Bryozoa: Order Trepostomata. - Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR, 169: 1-240. [In Russian]
5. Bancroft, A. J. (1986): Ovicells in the Palaeozoic Bryozoan order Fenestrata. - Palaeontology, 29 (1): 155-164.
6. Bancroft, A. J. (1988): Ovicells in Rectifenestella from the Lower Carboniferous of Ireland. - Irish Journal of Earth Sciences, 9: 19-22.
7. Bassler, R. S. (1911 a): Corynotrypa, a new genus of tubuliporid Bryozoa. - Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 39: 497-529.
8. Bassler, R. S. (1911 b): The Early Paleozoic Bryozoa of the Baltic Provinces. - Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 77: 1-382.
9. Bassler, R. S. (1939): The Hederelloidea, a suborder of Paleozoic cyclostomatous Bryozoa. - Proceedings of the United State Natural History Museum, 87: 25-29.
10. Bizzarini, F., & Braga, G. (1976): I Briozoi del Trias Superiore (Formazione di S. Cassione) dell'Alpe de species (prov. di Balzano) Nota preliminare. - Atti e Memorie dell'Accademia Patavina di Scienze Lettere ed Arti, 88: 55-65.
11. Bizzarini, F., & Braga, G. (1981): Prima segnalazione del genere Stomatopora (Bryozoa, Cyclostomata) nel Trias superiore delle Dolomiti orientali (Italia). - Estrato da Societa Veneziana di Scienze Naturali-Lavori, 6: 135-144.
12. Bizzarini, F., & Braga, G. (1982): The Triassic Bryozoa of the Western Tethyan Basin. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 21: 223-234.
13. Bizzarini, F., & Braga, G. (1985): Braiesopora voigti n. gen. n. sp. (cyclostome bryozoan) in the S. Cassiano Formation in the Eastern Alps (Italy). - In: Nielsen, C., & Larwood, G. P. (Eds.): Bryozoa: Ordovician to Recent. - 25-33; Fredensborg (Olsen & Olsen).
14. Bizzarini, F., & Braga, G. (1994): Corynotrypoides ladina gen. et sp. nov., a questionable cyclostomatous bryozoan from the Upper Triassic of the Eastern Dolomites (NE Italy). - In: Hayward, P. J., Ryland, J. S., & Taylor, P. D. (Eds.): Biology and palaeobiology of bryozoans. - 29-32; Fredensberg (Olsen & Olsen).
15. Boardman, R. S. (1983): General features of the class Stenolaemata. - In: Moore, R. C. (Ed.): Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part G (1): Bryozoa (revised). - 49-137; Boulder (Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press).
16. Boardman, R. S. (1984): Origin of the Post-Triassic Stenolemata (Bryozoa): a taxonomic oversight. - Journal of Paleontology, 58 (1): 19-39.
17. Boardman, R. S. (1998): Reflections on the morphology, anatomy, evolution, and classification of the Class Stenolemata (Bryozoa). - Smithsonian Contributions to Palcobiology, 86: 1-51.
18. Boardman, R. S., & Chetham, A. H. (1973): Degrees of colony dominance in Stenolaemate and Gymnolaernate Bryozoa. - In: Boardman, R. S., Cheetham, A. H., & Oliver, W. A. (Eds.): Animal Colonies. Development and function through time. - 121-220; Stroudsburg (Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross).
19. Bobin, G. (1977): Interzooecial communications and the funicular system. - In: Woolacott, R. M., & Zimmer, R. L. (Eds): Biology of Bryozoans. - 307-333; New York (Academic Press).
20. Borg, F. (1926): Studies on recent cyclostomatous Bryozoa. - Zoologiska Bidrag firan Uppsala, 10: 181-507.
21. Bronn, H. G. (1825): System der urweltlichten Pflanzenthiere durch Diagnose, Analyse und Abbildung der Geschlechter erläutert. - 48 p.; Heidelberg Q.C.B. Mohr).
22. Brood, K. (1973): Palaeozoic Cyclostomata (a preliminary report). - In: Larwood, G. P. (Ed.): Living and Fossil Bryozoa. - 247-256; London (Academic Press).
23. Brood, K. (1975): Cyclostomatous Bryozoa from the Silurian of Gotland. - Stockholm Contributions in Geology, 28: 45-119.
24. Brood, K. (1976): Wall structure and evolution in cyclostomate Bryozoa. - Lethaia, 9: 377-389.
25. Buttler, C. J. (1989): New information on the morphology and skeletal ultrastructure of the Ordovician cyclostome genus Kukersella Toots, 1922. - Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 63: 215-227.
26. Buttler, C. J. (1991): Possible brooding structures in rhinoporid cystoporate bryozoans. - In: Bigey, F. P., & D'Hondt J. L. (Eds.): Bryozoa living and fossil; papers presented at the 8 th international conference on Bryozoa. Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles de l'Ouest de la France (1983). - Hors Serie 1: 61-70; Nantes (Societe des Sciences Naturelles de l'Ouest de la France).
27. Canu, F., & Bassler, R. S. (1929): Études sur les ovicelles des Bryozoaires Jurassiques. - Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Normandie 2 (8): 113-131.
28. Cheetham, A. H., & Cook, P. L. (1983): General features of the Class Gymnolaemata. - In: Boardman, R. S., Cheetham, A. H., Blake, D. B., Utgaard, J., Karklins, O. L., Cook, P. L., Sandberg, P. A., Lutaud, G., & Wood, T. S., (Eds.): Bryozoa. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part G (Revised): 138-207; Boulder and Lawrence (Geological Society of America and University of Kansas).
29. Collins, A. G., & Valentine, J. W. (2001): Defining phyla: evolutionary pathways to metazoan body plans. - Evolution & Development, 3: 432-442.
30. Cuffey, R. J., & Blake, D. B. (1991): Cladistic analysis of the Phylum Bryozoa. - In: Bigey, F. P., & d'Hondt, J. L. (Eds.): Bryozoaires Actuels et Fossiles: Bryozoa Living and Fossil. - Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles de l'Ouest de la France Mémoirs HS 1: 97-108; Nantes (Société des Sciences Naturelles de l'Ouest de la France).
31. Dick, M. H., Freeland, J. R., Williams, L. P., & Coggeshall-Burr, M. (2000): Use of 16 S mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences to investigate sister-group relationships among gymnolaemate bryozoans. - In: Herrera, C. A., & Jackson, J. B. C. (Eds.): Proceedings of the 11th International Bryozoology Association Conference (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, R. P.) 197-210.
32. Dzik, J. (1975): The origin and early phylogeny of the cheilostomatous Bryozoa. - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 20 (3): 395-423.
33. Dzik, J. (1981): Evolutionary relationships of the Early Palaeozoic "Cyclostomatous" Bryozoa. - Palaeontology, 24 (4): 827-861.
34. Dzik, J. (1992): Early astogeny and relationships of the Ordovician rhabdomesine bryozoans. - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 37 (1): 37-54
35. Dzik, J. (1994): Bryozoa of the Mojcza Limestone. - Palaeontologia Polonica, 53: 253-282.
36. Gordon, D. P. (1975): Ultrastructure of communication pore areas in two bryozoans. - In: Pouyet, S. (Ed.): Bryozoa 1974. - 197-192; Lyon (Université Claude Bernard).
37. Hall, J. (1847): Organic remains of the lower division of the New York system: Natural History of New York, Part 6: Paleontology of New York, 1: xxiv + 338.
38. Hall, J. (1852): Organic remains of the lower middle division of the New York system. - Natural History of New York Part 6: Palaeontology of New York, 2: 40-52, 144-173.
39. Harmelin, J.-G. (1974): A propos d'une forme stomatoporienne typique, Stomatopora gingrina Jullien, 1882 (Bryozoaires Cyclostomes), et de son gonozooide. - Journal of Natural History, 8: 1-9.
40. Hillmer, G., & Schallreuter, R. (1985): Voigtia octoginta n. g. n. sp. (Bryozoa, Cyclostomata) aus Backsteinkalk-Geschieben (Mittelordoviz) Norddeutschlands. - Mitteilungen aus dem Geologisch-Paläontologischen Institut der Universität Hamburg, 59: 1-14.
41. Hu Z.-X., & Spjeldnaes, N. (1991): Early Ordovician bryozoans from China. - In: Bigey, F. P., & d'Hondt, J. L. (Eds.): Bryozoaires Actuels et Fossiles: Bryozoa Living and Fossil. Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles de l'Ouest de la France Mémoire HS 1: 179-185; Nantes (Société des Sciences Naturelles de l'Ouest de la France).
42. Kiepura, M. (1973): Devonian Bryozoa of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Part II. Cyclostomata. - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 18 (1): 323-400.
43. King, W. (1848): A catalogue of the organic remains of the Permian rocks of Northumberland and Durham. - 16 p.; Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
44. King W. (1850): Monograph of the Permian Fossils of England. - 258 p.; London (Paleontological Socoiety).
45. Lamouroux, J. (1821): Exposition méthodique des genre de l'ordre des Polypiers. - Agase edit, pp. 115, Paris.
46. Langer, M. (1980): Über Lagenosypho Spandel (Bryozoa) und einige andere karbonatische Mikrofossilen aus dem westdeutschen Devon. - Münstersche Forschungen zur Geologie und Palaeontologie, 52: 97-118.
47. Larwood, G. P., & Taylor, P. D. (1979): Early structural and ecological diversification in the Bryozoa. - In: House, M. R. (Ed.): The origin of major invertebrate groups. - 209-234; London (Academic Press).
48. Lonsdale, W. (1839): Corals. - In: Murchison, R. I.: The Silurian System. - 768 pp; London (John Murray).
49. Morozova, I. P. (1981): Late Paleozoic Bryozoans of the north-west of the USSR. - Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR, 188: 1-119; Moscow (Nauka). [In Russian].
50. Nielsen, C., & Pedersen, K. J. (1979): Cystid structure and protrusion of the polypide in Crisia (Bryozoa, Cyclostomata). - Acta Zoologica Stockholm, 60 (2): 65-88.
51. Orbigny, d'A. (1850): Bryozoaires. - In: Paleontologie: Francaise, 5: 1192; Paris.
52. Prantl, F. (1938): Erster Fund von Bryozoen im karpathischen Rhät. - Zentralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlung B, 7: 262-264.
53. Pushkin, V. I., & Popov, L. E. (1999): Early Ordovician Bryozoans from the North-Western Russia. - Palaeontology, 42 (1): 171-189.
54. Schäfer, P. (1991): Brutkammern der Stenolaemata (Bryozoa): Konstruktionsmorphologie und phylogenetische Bedeutung. - Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 136: 1-263.
55. Schäfer, P. (1994): Bryozoen der Trias - eine Übersicht. - Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundesantsalt, 50: 387-397.
56. Schäfer, P., & Fois-Erickson, E. (1986): Triassic Bryozoa and the evolutionary crisis of Paleozoic Stenolaemata. - In: Walliser, O. H. (Hrsg.): Global Bio-Events. - 251-255; Berlin-Heidelberg (Springer).
57. Schäfer, P., & Fois-Erickson, E. (1987): Systematics and evolution of Triassic Bryozoa. - Geologica et Paleontologica, 21: 173-225.
58. Schäfer, P., Cuffey, R. J., & Young, A. R. (2003a): New trepostome Bryozoa from the Early Triassic (Smithian/Spathian) of Nevada. - Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 77 (2): 323-340.
59. Schäfer, P., Senowbari-Daryan, B., & Hamedani A. (2003b): Stenolaemate Bryozoans from the Upper Triassic (Norian-Rhaetian) Nayband Formation, Central Iran. - Facies, 48: 135-150.
60. Schlotheim, E. F. (1820): Die Petrefactenkunde auf ihrem jetzigen Standpunckte dutch die Beschreibung seiner Sammlungen erlauter. - 437 p.; Gotha.
61. Southwood, D. A. (1985): Ovicells in some Fenestrata from the Permian of N.E. England. - In: Nielsen, C., & Larwood, G. P. (Eds.): Bryozoa: Ordovician to Recent. - 301-310; Fredensborg (Olsen & Olsen).
62. Spandel, E. (1898): Die Echinodermen des deutschen Zechsteins. - Abhandlungen der Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft von Nürnberg, 11: 19-45.
63. Stratton, J. F. (1981): Apparent ovicells and associated structures in the fenestrate bryozoan Polypora schumardii Prout. - Journal of Paleontology, 55 (4): 880-884.
64. Tavener-Smith, R. (1966): Ovicells in fenestrate cryptostomes of the Visean age. - Journal of Paleontology, 40 (1): 190-198.
65. Tavener-Smith, R., & Williams, A. (1972): The secretion and structure of the skeleton of living and fossil Bryozoa. - Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London, 264: 97-159.
66. Taylor, P. D. (1980): Stomatopora voigtiana (King 1850): a cyclostome bryozoan from Permian of County Durham. - Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society, 42: 621-626.
67. Taylor, P. D. (1985): Carboniferous and Permian species of the cyclostome bryozoan Corynotrypa Bassler 1911 and their clonal propagation. - Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Geol.), 38 (5): 359-372.
68. Taylor, P. D. (1990): Preservation of soft-bodied and other organismus by bioimmuration - a review. - Palaeontology, 33 (1): 1-17.
69. Taylor, P. D. (2000): Cyclostome systematics: Phylogeny, suborders and the Problem of skeletal organisation. - In: Herrera, C. A., & Jackson, J. B. C. (Eds.): Proceedings of the 11th International Bryozoology Association Conference (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, R.P.): 87-103.
70. Taylor, P. D., & Cope, C. W. (1987): A trepostome bryozoan from the Lower Arenig of south Wales: Imlications of the oldest described bryozoan. - Geological Magazine, 124 (4): 367-371.
71. Taylor, P. D., & Curry, G. B. (1985): The earliest known fenestrate bryozoan, with a short review of Lower Ordovician Bryozoa. - Palaeontology, 28 (1): 147-158.
72. Taylor, P. D., & Ernst, A. (2004): Bryozoan diversification during the Ordovician. - In: Webby, B. D., Droser, M. L., & Paris, F: The great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. - 147-156; New York (Columbia University Press).
73. Taylor, P. D., & Larwood, G. P. (1988): Mass extinctions and the pattern of bryozoan evolution. - In: Larwood, G. P. (Ed.): Extinction and survival in the fossil record. Systematics Association special volume, 34: 99-119.
74. Taylor, P. D., & Larwood, G. P. (1990): Major evolutionary radiations in the Bryozoa. - In: Taylor, P. D., & Larwood, G. P. (Eds.): Major Evolutionary Radiations. Systematic Association Special Volume 42: 209-233; Oxford (Clarendon Press).
75. Taylor, P. D., & Michalik, J. (1991): Cyclostome bryozoans from the late Triassic (Rhaetian) of the West Carpathians, Czechoslovakia. - Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, 182: 285-302.
76. Taylor, P. D., & Rozhnov, S. (1996): A new early cyclostome bryozoan from the Lower Ordovician (Volkhov Stage) of Russia. - Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 70 (1/2): 171-180.
77. Taylor, P. D., & Weedon, M.J. (2000): Skeletal ultrastructure and phylogeny of cyclostome bryozoans. - Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 128: 337-399.
78. Taylor, P. D., & Wilson, M. A. (1994): Corynotrypa from the Ordovician of North America: Colony growth in a primitive stenolaemate bryozoan. - Journal of Paleontology, 68 (2): 241-257.
79. Taylor, P. D., & Wilson, M. A. (1996): Cuffeyella, a new bryozoan genus from the Late Ordovician of North America, and its bearing on the origin of the post-Paleozoic cyclostomates. - In: Gordon, D.P., Smith, A.M., & Grant-Mackie, J.A. (Eds.): Bryozoans in Space and Time. - 351-360; Wellington (NIWA).
80. Todd, J. A. (2000): The central role of ctenostomes in bryozoan phylogeny. - In: Herrera, C. A., & Jackson, J. B. C. (Eds.): Proceedings of the 11th International Bryozoology Association Conference. - 104-135; Balboa, R.P. (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute).
81. Toots, H. (1952): Bryozoen des estnischen Kuckersits. - Mitteilungen aus dem. Geologischen Staatsinstitut in Hamburg. 21: 113-135.
82. Ulrich, E. O. (1989): Contributions to micropalaeontology of the Cambro-Silurian rocks of Canada. Part 2. - The Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada. - 26-48; Montreal (William Poster Brown & Co.).
83. Viskova, L. A. (1992): Marine post-Paleozoic Bryozoa. - Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta, 250: 1-187. [In Russian]