Hizballah and Syria: Outgrowing the proxy relationship

Washington Quarterly

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 35-52

  El Hokayem, Emile ^a  

^a Henry L Stimson Center   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33947371660     PISSN: 0163660X     EISSN: 15309177     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/wash.2007.30.2.35     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. For a discussion of Shi'ite awakening and rise in Lebanon, see Fouad Ajami, The Vanished Imam: Musa Al-Sadr and the Shia of Lebanon (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1986);
2. Augustus Richard Norton, Amal and the Shi'a: Struggle for the Soul of Lebanon (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1987).
3. For a discussion of the Iran-Hizballah relationship, see Graham E. Fuller, "The Hizballah-Iran Connection: Model for Sunni Resistance," The Washington Quarterly 30, no. 1 (Winter 2006-07): 139-150.
4. Former Syrian intelligence officer, interview with author, Beirut, summer 2003.
5. See Magnus Ranstorp, Hezbollah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997).
6. See Amal Saad-Ghorayeb, Hizbu'llah: Politics and Religion (Sterling, Va.: Pluto Press, 2002);
7. Nizar Hamzeh, "Lebanon's Hizballah: From Revolution to Parliamentary Accommodation," Third World Quarterly 14, no. 2 (1993): 321-337.
8. Dennis Ross, The Missing Peace: The Inside Story of the Fight for Middle East Peace (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2004);
9. Itamar Rabinovich, Waging Peace (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004);
10. Helena Cobban, The Israeli-Syrian Peace Talks: 1991-96 and Beyond (Washington, D.C.: USIP Press Books, 1999).
11. European and Arab diplomats, interviews with author, Paris, Beirut, and Damascus, summer 2003 and May 2005; former U.S. negotiator, interview with author, Washington, D.C., December 2006.
12. Eli Carmeli and Yotan Feldner, "Lebanon and the Armed Struggle After Israel's Withdrawal," MEMRI Inquiry and Analysis Series, no. 26 (March 31, 2006), http://memri.org/bin/ articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=ia&ID=IA2600.
13. Syrian official, interviews with author, Beirut, summer 2003; former Syrian official, interview with author, Europe, November 2006.
14. European and Arab diplomats, interviews with author, Paris, Beirut, and Damascus, summer 2003 and May 2005.
15. Nadim Shehadi, "Riviera vs. Citadel: The Battle for Lebanon," openDemocracy.net, August 22, 2006, http://www.opendemocracy.net/ conflict-middle_east_politics/rivierat̂adel_3841.jsp#.
16. Judith Palmer Harik, Hezbollah: The Changing Face of Terrorism (New York: I.B. Tauris, 2004), p. 47.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. For an examination of the society and culture of resistance, see Mona Harb and Reinoud Leenders, "Know Thy Enemy: Hizbullah, 'Terrorism,' and the Politics of Perception," Third World Quarterly 26, no. 1 (February 2005): 173-197.
20. Hizballah officials, interviews with author, Beirut, July 2003.
21. Syrian analyst, interview with author, Damascus, May 2005.
22. Former Syrian official, interview with author, Paris, November 2006.
23. See Volker Perthes, "The Syrian Solution," Foreign Affairs 85, no. 6 (November/December 2006): 33-40.
24. Syrian regime insider, interview with author, Damascus, May 2005.
25. Seth Colter Walls, "Striking a Syrian Pose?" Weekly Standard, November 17, 2005, http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/ 000/000/006/369xrvlb.asp?pg=1.
26. See Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, "Statement on Condemnation of Hizballah Kidnapping of Two Israeli Soldiers," July 12, 2006, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/07/20060712.html.
27. Hizballah militants, interview with author, Beirut, May 2005.
28. See also Augustus Richard Norton, "Hizballah in a National and Regional Context, From 2000 to 2006," Journal of Palestine Studies, no. 141 (Fall 2006), http://www.palestine-studies.org/final/en/journals/ issue.php?iid=141&jid=1&vid=XXXVI&vol=203.
29. Former Hizballah activist, interview with author, Beirut, November 2006.
30. "Nasrallah New TV Interview Excerpts," Mideastwire.com, September 4, 2006, http://www.mideastwire.com/topstory.php?id=10401.
31. Emile El-Hokayem, "Hizbollah's Enduring Myth," Arab Reform Bulletin 4, no. 9 (November 2006), http://www.carnegieendowment.org/ publications/ index.cfm?fa=view&id=18857&prog=zgp&proj=zme#hizbollah.
32. Hizballah official, interview with author, Beirut, November 2006.
33. Scheherezade Faramarzi, "Hezbollah Seeks More Power in Lebanon," Associated Press, December 15, 2006.
34. Itamar Rabinovich, "Courting Syria," Ha'aretz, November 30, 2006, http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/791583.html.
35. David E. Sanger, "Dueling Views Pit Baker Against Rice," New York Times, December 8, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/08/world/ middleeast/08diplo.html?th&emc=th.
36. Robert Malley and Peter Harling, "Talks With Iran and Syria Will Not Be an Easy Ride," Financial Times, December 13, 2006, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/f03dea38-8ad811db-8940-0000779e2340.html.
37. Christian demonstrators allied with Hizballah, interview with author, Beirut, December 2006.