Effects of tillage on invertebrates in soil ecosystems

Soil Tillage in Agroecosystems

Volumn , Issue , 2002, Pages 261-296

  El Titi, Adel ^a  

^a State Institute for Plant Protection   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURE; ANIMALS; BACTERIA; BIOACTIVITY; ECOSYSTEMS; FUNGI; PROTOZOA;

AGRICULTURAL SOILS; DIFFERENT SHAPES; DIVERSE COMMUNITY; LIVING CONDITIONS; SOIL BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY; TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATE; WATER-FILLED PORES; WEATHER EXTREMES;

SOILS;

EID: 33947363905     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (168)

1. Karg, W., Untersuchungen über Habitatansprüche, geographische Verbreitung und Entsteheung von Raubmilbengattungen der Cohors Gamasina für Nutzung als Bio-indikatoren, Pedobiologia, 24, 241, 1982.
2. Edwards, C. and Stinner, B. R., Interactions between soil-inhabiting invertebrates and microorganisms in relation to plant growth and ecosystem processes: an introduction, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 24, 1, 1988.
3. Foissner, W., Protozoa as bioindicators in agroecosystems, with emphasis on farming practices, biocides and biodiversity, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 62, 93, 1997.
4. Hoeflich, G. et al., Influence of long-term conservation tillage on soil and rhizosphere microorganisms, Biol. Fertil. Soils, 29, 81, 1999.
5. Kennedy, A. C., Bacterial diversity in agroecosystems, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 74, 65, 1999.
6. Kruckelmann, H. W., Effects of fertilizers, soils, soil tillage and plant species on the frequency of Endogone chlamydospores of mycorrhizal infection in arable soils, in Endomycorrhizas, Sanders, F. E., Mosse, B., and Tinker, P. B., Eds., Academic Press, London, 1975, 511-525.
7. Douds, D. D. and Millner, P. D., Biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agroecosystems, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 74, 77, 1999.
8. Zak, J. C. et al., Functional diversity of bacterial communities: a quantative approach, Soil Biol. Biochem., 26, 1101, 1994.
9. Collins, W. W. and Qualset, C. O. Biodiversity in Agroecosystems, Edwards, C., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1999, Chapter 1.
10. Dunger, W., Tiere im Boden - Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei, A. Ziemsen Verlag, Wittenberg-Lutherstadt, 1983.
11. Freckman, D. W., Bacteriovorous nematodes and organic matter decomposition, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 24, 195, 1988.
12. Freckman, D. W. and Ettema, C. H., Assessing nematode communities in agroeco-systems of varying human intervention, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 45, 239, 1993.
13. Bouwman, L. A. and Zwart, K. B., The ecology of bacteriovorous protozoans and nematodes in arable soils, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 51, 145, 1994.
14. Sohlenius, B. and Bostroem, S., Colonisation, population development and metabolic activity of nematodes in burried barley straw, Pedobiologia, 27, 67, 1984.
15. Mueller, B. R., Beare, M. H., and Crossley, D. A., Jr., Soil mites in detrital food webs of conventional and no-tillage agroecosystems, Pedobiologia, 34, 389, 1990.
16. Verhoeff, H. A. and Brussaard, L., Decomposition and nitrogen mineralisation in natural and agro-ecosystems: the contribution of soil animals, Biogeochemistry, 11, 175, 1990.
17. Chen, J. and Ferris H., The effects of nematode grazing on nitrogen mineralization during fungal decomposition of organic matter, Soil Biol. Biochem., 31, 1265, 1999.
18. th Int. Soil Zool. Colloquium, Bangalore, India, August 7-13, 1988, Oxford & IBH Publishing, New Delhi, 1988, 517.
19. Bardgett, R. D. and Chan, K. F., Experimental evidence that soil fauna enhance nutrient mineralization and plant nutrient uptake in montane grassland ecosystems, Soil Biol. Biochem., 31, 1007, 1999.
20. Mebesa, K. H. and Filsera, J., Does the species composition of Collembola affect nitrogen turnover?, Appl. Soil Ecol., 9, 245, 1998.
21. Walter, D. E., Nematophagy by soil arthropods from shortgrass steppe, Chihuahuan desert and Rocky Mountains of the central United States, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 24, 307, 1988.
22. Karg, W., Die edaphischen Acarina in ihren Beziehungen zur Mikroflora und ihre Eignung als Anzeiger für Prozesse der Bodenbildung, in Soil Organisms, Docksen, J. and van der Drift, J., Eds., Amsterdam, 1963.
23. Andrewartha, H. G. and Birch, L. C., The Distribution and Abundance of Animals, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1954, 557.
24. Nickell, L. G., Plant Growth Regulators: Agricultural Uses, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer Verlag, 1982.
25. Marschner H., Role of root growth, arbuscular mycorrhiza, and root exudates for the efficiency in nutrient acquisition, Field Crops Res., 56, 203, 1998.
26. Sylvia, D. M. and Chellemi, D. O., Interactions among root-inhabiting fungi and their implications for biological control of root pathogens, Adv. Agron., 73, 1, 2001.
27. Clarholm, M. et al., Biological aspects of nitrogen mineralisation in humus from a pine forest podsol incubated under different moisture conditions, Oikos, 37, 137, 1981.
28. Karg, W., Die edaphischen Acarina in ihren Beziehungen zur Mikroflora und ihre Eignung als Anzeiger für Prosesse der Bodenbildung, in Soil Organisms, Docksen, J. and van der Drift, J., Eds., Proc. Colleq. on Soil Fauna, Soil Microflora and Their Relationships, Oosterbeck, 305, 1962.
29. Karg, W., Über die Beziehungen von edaphischen Raubmilben zur Arthropoden-und Nematodenfauna des Bodens, Ber.9, Wanderv. Dtsch. Ent. Berlin, Tagungsber., 45, 311, 1962.
30. Karg, W., Untersuchungen über die Veränderung und Wechselbeziehungen der Mikroarthropoden in kartoffelnematodenverseuchten Flächen, Nachrichtenbl. Dtsch. Pflanzenschutzd, NF, 16, 187, 1962.
31. Inserra, R. N. and Davis, D. W., Hypoaspis nr. Aculeifer: a mite predacious on Root-Knot and Cyst nematodes, J. Nematol., 15, 324, 1983.
32. Mankau, R., Biocontrol: fungi as nematode control agents, J. Nematol., 12, 244, 1980.
33. Jalata, P., Biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes, Ann. Rev. Phytopathol., 24, 453, 1980.
34. Crossley, D. A., Mueller, B. R., and Perdue, J. C., Biodiversity of microarthropods in agricultural soils: relations to processes, in Biotic Diversity in Agroecosystems, Poaletti, M. G. and Pimentel, D., Eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1992, 37-46.
35. Karg, W., Verbreitung und Bedeutung von Raubmilben der Cohors Gamasina als Antagonisten von Nematoden, Pedobiologia, 25, 419, 1983.
36. Koehler, H. H., Mesostigmata (Gamasina, Uropodina), efficient predators in agroecosystems, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 62, 105, 1997.
37. Krantz, G. W. and Ainscough, B. D., Acarina: Mesostigmata (Gamasida), in Soil Biology Guide, Dindal, D., Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1990, 583.
38. Eisenbeis, G. and Wichard, W., Atlas zur Biologie der Bodenarthropoden, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, New York, 1985.
39. Wallwork, J. A., The distribution and diversity of soil fauna, Academic Press London New fauna, Academic Press, London, 1976.
40. Freckman, D. W. and Baldwin, J. G., Nematoda, in Soil Biology Guide, Dindal, D., Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, Chichester, 1990, 155.
41. Salmon, S. and Ponge, J. F., Distribution of Heteromurus nitidus (Hexapoda, Collembola) according to soil acidity: interactions with earthworms and predator pressure, Soil Biol. Biochem., 31, 1161, 1999.
42. Chagnon, M., Effects of experimental liming on collembolan communities and soil microbial biomass in a southern Quebec sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) stand, Appl. Soil Ecol., 17, 81, 2001.
43. Prot, J. J., and van Gundy, S. D., Effect of soil texture and the clay component on migration of Meloidogyne incognita second-stage juveniles, J. Nematol., 13, 213, 1981.
44. Matt, M, Die edaphische Collembolen-Fauna in unterschiedlich bewirtschafteter Feldflur im Raum Heilbronn (Baden-Wuerttemberg), Untersuchungen im Rahmen des “Lautenbach-Projekts” zum integrierten Pflanzenschutz, Diplomarbeit, University of Tübingen, Germany, 1986, 1-136.
45. Gottfriedsen, R., Angewandt-zoologische Untersuchungen zum Integrierten Pflanzenschutz im Projekt Lautenbach, Diplomarbeit, University of Tübingen, Germany, 1987, 1-149.
46. Schmelcher, M., Untersuchungen zur Milbenfauna verschiedener Weinbergboeden im oberen Rheingau unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Raubmilben Acarina, Gamasina, Diplom Thesis, University of Bonn, Germany, 1983, 1-227.
47. Rodriguez-Kabana, R., Organic and inorganic nitrogen amendments to soil as nem-atode suppressants, J. Nematol., 18, 129, 1986.
48. Yeates, G. W. and Bongers, T., Nematode diversity in agroecosystems, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 74, 113-135, 1999.
49. Frouz, J., Use of soil dwelling Diptera (Insecta, Diptera) as bioindicators: a review of ecological requirements and response to disturbance, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 74, 167, 1999.
50. Roessner, J. and Urland, K., Mycophage Nematoden der Gattung Aphelenchoides an der Halmbasis von Getreidepflanzen und ihre Wirkun gegen Fusskrankheitserreger von Getreide, Nematologica, 29, 454, 1983.
51. Nagel, S., Einfluss mikrophager Nematoden der Gattung Aphelenchoides auf boden-bürtige Pilze unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Fusskrankheitserregern an Getreide, PhD thesis, University of Giessen, Germany, 107, 1988.
52. Moore, J. C., Walter, D. E., and Hunt, H. W., Arthropod regulation of micro- and mesobiota in below-ground detrital food webs, Ann. Rev. Entomol., 33, 419, 1988.
53. Ulber, B., Untersuchungen zum Nahrungswahl von Onychiurus fimatus Gisin (Onychiuridae, Collembola), einem Aufgangsschädling der Zuckerrübe, Z. Angew. Ent., 90, 333, 1980.
54. Hanlon, R. D. G., Influence of grazing by Collembola on the senescent fungal colonies grown on media of different nutrient concentration, Oikos, 36, 362, 1981.
55. Moore, J. C., The influence of microarthropods on symbiotic and non-symbiotic mutualism in detrital-based below-ground food-webs, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 24, 147, 1988.
56. Boucher, D. H., James, S., and Keeler, K. H., The ecology of mutualism, Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 13, 315, 1982.
57. Brussaard, L., Soil ecology of conventional and integrated arable farming systems, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 51, 1, 1994.
58. th Conf. Eur. Ecol. Soc., Wageningen, 1988, The Netherlands, September 8-12, 1986.
59. El Titi, A., Lautenbacher Hof, Abschlußbericht 1978-1994, Ein langfristiger Vergleich integrierter und konventioneller Bewirtschaftungssysteme im Ackerbau in Baden-Württemberg, Agrarforschung in Baden-Württemberg, Ulmer, 30, 1999, 103 pp.
60. EL Titi, A., Boller, E., and Gendrier, J. P., Integrated production, principles and technical guidelines, IOBC/WPRS Bull., 16, 1, 1993.
61. Vereijken, P., A methodical way of prototyping integrated and ecological arable farming systems (I/EAFS) in interaction with pilot farms, Eur. J. Agron., 7, 235, 1997.
62. Jordan, V. W. L., Scientic basis for codes of good agricultural practice, in Proc. EC Workshop, Brussels, June 23-24, 1992, 1993, diverse chapters.
63. th Symp. University Leeds, England Endomycorrhizas, Sanders, F. F., Mosse, B., and Tinker, P. B., Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1974, 605-617.
64. Ingham, R. E., Interactions between Nematodes and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 24, 169, 1988.
65. st Conf. Eur. Found. Plant Pathol., Biotic interactions and soil-borne disease, Beemster, A. B. R. et al., Eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1991, 21.
66. Kaya, H. K. and Gaugler, R., Entomopathogenic nematodes, Ann. Rev. Entomol., 38, 181, 1993.
67. Wilson, M. J. et al., Effects of soil incorporation on the efficacy of the rhabditid nematode, Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, as a biological control agent for slugs, Ann. of App. d Biol., 128, 117, 1996.
68. Glen, D. M. and Wilson, M. J., Slug-parasitic nematodes as biocontrol agents for slugs, Agro-Food-Ind. Hi-Tech, 8, 23, 1997.
69. Kerry, B. R. and Crump, D. H., Observation on fungal parasites of females and eggs of the cereal cyst-nematode, Heterodera avenae, and other cyst nematodes, Nemato-logica, 23, 193, 1977.
70. Kerry, B. R., Development of Verticillium chlamydosporium as a biological control agent for some plant-parasitic nematodes - an ecological approach., J. Nematol., 26, 105, 1994.
71. Kerry, B. R., Exploitation of the nematophagous fungal Verticillium chlamydosporium Goddard for the biological control of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), in Fungi as Biocontrol Agents Butt, T. M., Jackson, C., and Magan, N., Eds, CAB International, Wallingford, 2001, 155-167.
72. Mankau, R., Biological control of nematodes by natural enemies, Ann. Rev. Phytopathol., 24, 415, 1980.
73. Badi, M., Importance of Basidiomycetes for the biological control of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita with emphasis on the mode-of-action of nematicidal active metabolites, PhD Thesis, University of Bonn, 2000.
74. Badi, M. et al., Screening of fungi for control activity towards root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and studies on the mode of action, Med. Fac. Landbouww, Univ. Gent 65/2b, 481, 2000.
75. Duddington, C. L. and Wyborn, C. H. E., Recent research on the nematophagous Hyphomycetes, Bot. Rev., 38, 545, 1972.
76. Pyrowolakis, A., Schuster, R.-P., and Sikora, R. A., Effect of cropping pattern and green manure on the antagonistic potential and the diversity of egg pathogenic fungi of the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii, Nematology, 1, 165, 1999.
77. Pyrowolakis, A., Untersuchungen zur biotisch bedingten Suppressivität von Boeden gegenüber Zysten-und Wurzelgallennematoden unter besonderer Berücksichtigung eipathogener Pilze, PhD Thesis, University of Bonn, 2000.
78. Westphal, A. and Becker, J. O., Components of soil suppressiveness against Het-erodera schachtii, Soil Biol. Biochem., 33, 9, 2001.
79. Parkinson, D., Visser, S., and Whittacker, J. B., Effects of col1embolan grazing on fungal colonization of leaf litter, Soil Biol. Biochem., 11, 529, 1979.
80. Curl, E. A., Lartey, R. T., and Peterson, C. M., Interactions between root pathogens and soil microarthropods, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 24, 249, 1988.
81. Mills, J. T. and Sinha, R. N., Interactions between a springtail, Hypogastrura tulbergi and soil-borne fungi, J. Econ. Entomol., 64, 398, 1971.
82. Hanlon, R. D. G. and Anderson, J. M., The effects of Collembola grazing on microbial activity in decomposing leaf litter, Oecologica, 38, 93, 1979.
83. st Conf. Eur. Found. Plant Pathol., Biotic interactions and soil-borne disease, Beemster, A. B. R. et al., Eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1991, 1.
84. Sabatini, M. A. and Innocenti, G., Functional relationships between Collembola and plant pathogenic fungi of agricultural soils, Pedobiologia, 44, 467-475, 2000.
85. Sharma, R. D. Predation by Microarthropods, Meded, Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen, 71-1, 98, 1971.
86. Binns, E. S., Fungus gnats (Diptera: Mycetophylidae/Sciaridae) and the role of mycophagy in soil: a review, Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol, 18, 77, 1981.
87. Nielsen, B. O. et al., Winter abundance of soil Diptera larvae in arable soils, Pedobiologia, 38, 208, 1994.
88. Heynen, C. and Wuebbeler, H., Integrierter Pflanzenschutz im Ackerbau: Das Lautenbach-Projekt.V.: Schlagspezifischer Vergleich der Dipteren-Fauna (Larven, Imagines) auf integriert und konventionell bewirtschafteten Flächen, Z.Pfl.Krankh. Pfl.schutz, 97, 367, 1990.
89. Froese, A., Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Biologie und OEkologie der Dipteren auf integriert und konventionell bewirtschafteten Flächen, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Giessen, Germany, 1992, pp. 248.
90. Hoevmeyer, K., Die Dipterengemeinschaft eines Buchenwaldes auf Kalkstein: Production an Imagines, Abundanz and räumliche Verteilung der Larven, Pedobiologia, 26, 1, 1984.
91. Koehler, H. H., Predatory mites (Gamasina, Mesostigmata), Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 74, 395, 1999.
92. Neavea, P. and Fox, C. A., Response of soil invertebrates to reduced tillage systems established on a clay loam soil, Appl. Soil Ecol., 9, 429, 1998.
93. Stinner, B. R. and House, G. J., Arthropods and other invertebrates in conservation-tillage agriculture, Ann. Rev. Entomol., 35, 299, 1990.
94. McBayer, J. F. et al, Decomposer invertebrates populations in U.S. forest biomes, Pedobiologia, 17, 89, 1977.
95. Larink, O., Springtails and mites: Important knots in the food web of soils, in Fauna in Soil Ecosystems, Beneckiser, G., Ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1997, pp. 225-264.
96. Ehrnberger, R. and Butz-Strazny, F., Auswirkungen von unterschiedlicher Bodenbear-beitung (Grubber und Pflug) auf die Milbenfauna, in: Bodenmesofauna und Naturschutz, Ehrnsberger, R., Ed., Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege in Norddeutschland, Band 6, Druckerei Runge GmbH, Cloppenburg, Deeutschland, 188, 1993.
97. Karg, W., Oekologische Untersuchungen von edaphischen Gamasiden (Acarina, Parasitiformes), 2.Teil, Pedobiologia, 1, 77, 1961.
98. Karg, W. und Freier, B., Parasitiforme Raubmilben als Indikatoren fuer den oekologischen Zustand von Oekosystemen (Parasitiforme predatory mites as indicator species for the ecological situation of ecosystems), Mittl. BBA, 51, 93, 1995.
99. Dhillon, B. S. and Gibson, N. H. E., A study of the Acarina and Collembola of agricultural soils. I. Numbers and distribution in undisturbed grassland, Pedobiologia, 1, 189, 1962.
100. Aritajat, U., Madge, D. S., and Goaterham, P. T., The effect of compaction of agricultural soil on soil fauna. I. Field investigation. 2. Laboratory investigations, Pedobiologia, 17, 262, 283, 1977.
101. Heisler, C., Auswirkungen von Bodenverdichtungen auf die Bodenmesofauna: Collembola und Gamasina-ein dreijähriger Feldversuch, Pedobiologia, 38, 566, 1994.
102. Vreeken-Buijs, M. J., Hassink, J., and Brussaard, L., Relationships of soil microar-thropod biomass with organic matter and pore size distribution in soils under different land use, Soil Biol. Biochem., 301, 97, 1998.
103. Hülsmanna, A. and Woltersa, V., The effects of different tillage practices on soil mites, with particular reference to Oribatida, Appl. Soil Ecol., 9, 331, 1998.
104. El Titi, A., The effects of three tillage systems on soil inhabiting Gamasina (mesos-tigmata, Acarina in arable soil), Pedobiologia, 27, 79, 1984.
105. El Titi, A., The Lautenbach Project 1978-1989: integrated wheat production on a commercial arable farm, south-west of Germany, in The Ecology of Temperate Cereal Fields, Firbank, L. G. et al., Eds., Blackwell Scientific Publications, London, 1991, 399-411.
106. Loring, S. J., Snider, R. J., and Robertson, L. S., The effects of three tillage practices on Collembola and Acarina, Pedobiologia, 22, 172, 1981.
107. Moore, J. C., Snider, R. J., and Robertson, L. S., Effects of different management practices on Collembola and Acarina in corn production, Pedobiologia, 26, 143, 1984.
108. Butz-Strazny, F. and Ehrnsberger, R., Auswirkungen von mineralischer und organischer Duengung auf Mesostigmata (Raubmilben) und Collembola (Springschwaenze) im Ackerboden, in Bodenmesofauna und Naturschutz, Ehrnsberger, R., Ed., Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege in Norddeutschland, Band 6, Druckerei Runge GmbH, Cloppenburg, Deutschland, 1993, 220.
109. Hulugallea, N. R., Lobry de Bruync, L. A., and Entwistlea, P., Residual effects of tillage and crop rotation on soil properties, soil invertebrate numbers and nutrient uptake in an irrigated Vertisol sown to cotton, Appl. Soil Ecol., 7, 11, 1997.
110. Heiber, T. and Eisenbeis, G., Vergleich wendender und nichtwendender Bodenbear-beitung im oekologischen Landbau: Messungen zum Strohabbau mit Minicontainern bei Vertikalexposition, Mitt. Dtsch. Bodenkundl. Ges., 91, 621, 1999.
111. Edwards, C. A. and Lofty, J. R., The influence of agricultural practice on soil microar-thropod populations, in The Soil Ecosystem, Sheals, J. G., Ed., Systematics Association, Publication No. 8, London, 1969, 237.
112. Fox, C. A. et al., The influence of row position and selected soil attributes on Acarina and Collembola in no-till and conventional continuous corn on a clay loam soil, Appl. Soil Ecol., 13, 1, 1999.
113. Van den Bund, C., Influence of crop and tillage on mites and springtails in arable soils, Neth. J. Agric. Sci., 18, 308, 1970.
114. Garbe, V., Verunkrautung und Auftreten von Schädlingen bei unterschiedlichen Systemen der Bodenbearbeitung zu Zuckerrüben, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Göttingen, Germany, 1987.
115. Friebe, B., Einfluß langfristig differenzierter Bodenbearbeitung auf Entwicklung der Meso-, Makro- and Megafauna, in: Beurteilung von Bodenbearbeitungssystemen hinsichtlich ihrer Arbeitseffekte und deren langfristige Auswirkungen auf den Boden, Tebrügge, F. and Dreier, M., Eds., 191, 1994.
116. Friebe, B., Auswirkungen verschiedener Bodenbearbeitungsverfahren auf die Boden-tiere und ihre Abbauleistung, in Bodenmesofauna und Naturschutz, Ehrnsberger, R., Ed., Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege in Norddeutschland, Band 6, Druckerei Runge GmbH, Cloppenburg, Deutschland, 171, 1993.
117. Alvarez, T., Frampton, G. K., and Goulson, D., Epigeic Collembola in winter wheat under organic, integrated and conventional farm management regimes, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 83, 95, 2001.
118. Lenz, R. and Eisenbeis, G., Short-term effects of different Tillage in a sustainable farming syzstem on nematode community structure, Biol. Fert. Soils, 31, 237, 2000.
119. All, J. N., Hussey, R. S., and Cummins, D. G., Southern corn billbug (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and plant-parasitic nematodes: influence of no-tillage, coulter-in-row-chiseling, and insecticides on severity of damage to corn, J. Econ. Entomol., 77, 178, 1984.
120. Minton, N. A., Impact of conservation tillage on Nematode populations, J. Nematol., 18, 135-140, 1986.
121. Parmelee, R. W. and Alston, D. G., Nematode trophic structure in conventional and no-tillage agroecosystems, J. Nematol, 18, 403, 1986.
122. Tyler, D. D., Chambers, A. Y., and Young, L. D., No-tillage effects on population dynamics of soybean cyst nematode, Agron. J., 79, 799, 1987.
123. Alby, T., Ferris, J. M., and Ferris, V. R., Dispersion and distribution of Pratylenchus scribneri and Hoplolaimus galeatus in soybean fields, J. Nematol., 15, 418, 1983.
124. Herschman, D. E. and Bachi, P. R., Effect of wheat residues on Heterodera glycines and yield of double crop soybean in Kentucky, Plant Dis., 79, 631, 1995.
125. Riggs, R. D. and Schuster, R. P., Management, in The Cyst Nematodes, Sharma, S. B., Ed., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1998, 401.
126. Sharma, S. B., The Cyst Nematodes, Sharma, S. B., Ed., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1998, several chapters.
127. Gavassoni, W. L., Tylka, G. L., and Munkvold, G. P., Relationships between tillage and spatial patterns of Heterodera glycines, Phytopathology, 91, 534, 2001.
128. Villenave, C. et al., Changes in nematode communities following cultivation of soils after fallow periods of different length, Appl. Soil Ecol., 17, 43, 2001.
129. Yuen, P. H., The nematode fauna of the regenerated woodland and grassland of Broadbalk Wilderness, Nematologica, 12, 195, 1966.
130. Egunjobi, O. A., Soil and litter nematodes of some New Zealand forests and pastures, N.Z. J. Sci., 14, 568, 1971.
131. Yeates, G. W. and Bird, A. F., Some observations on the influence of agricultural practice on the nematode faunae of some South Australian soils, Fund. Appl. Nematol., 17, 133, 1994.
132. Hodda, M. and Wanless, F. R., Nematodes from an English chalk grassland: species distributions, Nematologica, 40, 116, 1994.
133. Overhoff, A. and Roessner, J., Einfluss der Bodenbearbeitung auf die Populations-dichte ektoparasitaerer wandernder Wurzelnematoden, Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkh.und Pfl.schutz, 98, 438, 1991.
134. Corbett, D. C. M. and Webb, R. M., Plant and soil nematode changes in wheat grown continuously in plowed and unplowed soil, Ann. Appl. Biol., 65, 327, 1970.
135. Yeates, G. W., Wardle, D. A., and Watson, R. N., Responses of soil nematode populations, community structure, diversity and temporal variability to agricultural intensification over a seven-year period, Soil Biol. Biochem., 31, 12, 1721, 1999.
136. El Titi, A. and Ipach, U., Soil fauna in sustainable agriculture: Results of an integrated farming system at Lautenbach, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 27, 561, 1989.
137. Knuth, P. and El Titi, A., Auswirkungen integrierter Bewirtschaftung auf Wurzelnematoden-Pratylenchus spp.: mehrjährige Ergebnisse aus dem Lautenbach-Projekt 1984-1993, Gesunde Pflanzen, 49, 260, 1997.
138. Kammenga J. E. et al., A toxicity test in artificial soil based on the life-history strategy of the nematode Plectus acuminatus, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 15, 722, 1996.
139. Korthals G. W. et al., Short-term effects of cadmium, copper, nickel and zinc on soil nematodes from different feeding and life-history groups, Appl. Soil Ecol., 4, 107, 1996.
140. Altmüller, R., Untersuchungen über den Energieumsatz von Dipterenpopulationen in Buchenwald (Luzulo-Fagetum), Pedobiologia, 19, 245, 1979.
141. Hammond, R. B., Long-term conservation tillage studies: impact of no-till on seed-corn maggot (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), Crop Prot., 16, 221, 1997.
142. Delettre, Y. R. and Lagerloef, J., Abundance and life history of terrestrial Chirono-midae (Diptera) in 4 Swedish agricultural cropping systems, Pedobiologia, 36, 69, 1992.
143. Froese, A., Über die Abundanz der epigäischen Raubarthropoden unterschiedlich bewirtschafteter Winterroggenfelder unter Berücksichtigung des Feldrandes, Diplom Thesis, University of Giessen, Germany, 1987, pp. 181.
144. Price, D. W. and Benham, G. S., Jr., Vertical distribution of soil-inhabiting microar-thropods in an agricultural habitat in California, Environ. Entomol., 6, 575, 1977.
145. El Titi, A. and Landes, H., Integrated Farming System of Lautenbach: a practical contribution towards sustainable agriculture in Europe, in Sustainable Agricultural Systems, Edwards, et al., Eds., Soil and Water Conservation Society publisher, 265, 1990.
146. Basedow, T., Der Einfluß epigäischer Raubarthropoden auf die Abundanz phytophager Insekten in der Agrarlandschaft, Pedobilogia, 13, 410, 1973.
147. Basedow, T., Predaceous athropods in agriculture, their influence upon insect pests, and how to spare them while using insecticides, in Proc. Semain d’etude agriculture et hygiene des plantes, 8-12. Septembre 1995, Publ. Centre de Recherches Agronomiques, Gembloux, Belgium.
148. Wübbeler, H., Die edaphische Dipteren-Fauna unterschiedlich bewirtschafter Ackerflächen im Raum Heilbronn (Baden-Württemberg), Untersuchungen im Rahmen des Lautenbach-Projektes zum integrierten Pflanzenschutz, Diplom Thesis, University of Tübingen, 1988.
149. Kajak, A. et al, Long term changes in grassland communities of heterotrophic organisms on drained fens, Pol. Ecol. Stud., 11, 1985, 21-52.
150. Frouz, J. and Syrovatka, O., The effect of peat meadow drainage on soil dwelling dipteran communities-a preliminary report, Dipterologica Behemoslovaca 7, 47, 1995.
151. Bolger, T. and Curry, J. P., Effect of cattle slurry on arthropods in grassland, Pedo-biologia, 20, 246, 1980.
152. Weber, G., Die Nematocera (Insecta: Diptera) eines klärschlammgedüngten und schwermetallbelasteten Ackers: OEkologie und Larvalbiologie, Ph.D. Thesis, Technical University of Berlin, Germany, 1993, 162.
153. th Int. Congr. Soil. Sci., Bucharest, Romania, 1964, 879.
154. Edwards, C. A. and Thompson, A. R., Pesticides and the soil fauna, Res. Rev., 45, 1, 1973.
155. Luebben, B. and Glockermann, B., Untersuchungen zum Einfluß von Klärschlamm und Schwermetallen auf Collembolen und Gamsiden im Ackerboden, in Bodenme-sofauna und Naturschutz, Ehrnsberger, R., Ed., Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege in Norddeutschland, Band 6, Druckerei Runge GmbH, Cloppenburg, Deutschland, 1993, 261-279.
156. th Int. Col1oquium Soil Zool., Louvain. la. Neuve, Belgium, 1983, 261-268.
157. Shaw, P. J. H., A consistent hierarchy in the fungal feeding preference of the Collembola Onychiurus armatus, Pedobiologia, 31, 179, 1988.
158. Visser, S. and Whittacker, J. B., Feeding preferences for certain litter fungi by Onychiurus subtenuis (Collembola), Oikos, 29, 320, 1975.
159. Schenk, N. C. and Kinloch, R. A., Pathogenic fungi, parasitic nematodes and endo-mycorrhizal fungi associated with soybean roots in Florida, Plant Dis. Rep., 58, 169, 1974.
160. Hofman, T. W., Effects of granular nematicides on the infection of potatoes by Rhizoctonia solani, Ph.D.Thesis Landbauuniversitaet Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1988, 125.
161. Lootsma, M. and Scholte, R., Effects of the springtail Folsomia fimetaria and the nematode Aphelenchus avenae on Rhizoctonia solani stem infestation of potato at temperature of 10 and 151C, Plant Pathol., 46, 203, 1997.
162. Rabatin, S. C. and Stinner, B. R., Indirect effects of interactions between VAM fungi and soil inhabiting invertebrates of plant processes, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 24, 135, 1988.
163. McLean, M. A., Kaneko, N., and Parkinson, D., 1996: Does selective grazing by mites and collembola affect litter fungal community structure?, Pedobiologia, 40, 97, 1996.
164. Franzluebbers, A. J., Langdale, G. W., and Schomberg, H. H., Soil Carbon, Nitrogen, and Aggregation in Response to Type and Frequency of Tillage, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 63, 349, 1999.
165. Porazinska, D. L. et al., Nematode communities as indicators of status and processes of a soil ecosystem influenced by agricultural management practices, Appl. Soil Ecol., 13, 69, 1999.
166. Sarathchandra, S. U. et al., Effect of nitrogen and phosphate fertilisers on microbial and nematode diversity in pasture soils, Soil Biol. Biochem., 33, 953, 2001.
167. Pyrowolakis, A., Schuster, R.-P., and Sikora, R. A., Effect of cropping pattern and green manure on the antagonistic potential and the diversity of egg pathogenic fungi of the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii, Nematology, 1, 165, 1999.
168. Knudsen, I. M. B. et al., Suppressiveness of organically and conventionally managed soils towards brown foot rot of barley, Appl. Soil Ecol., 12, 61, 1999.