Health at school: A hidden health care system emerges from the shadows

Health Affairs

Volumn 26, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 409-419

  Lear, Julia Graham ^a  

^a GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; CHILD; CHILD HEALTH CARE; CHILD WELFARE; COMMUNITY CARE; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; FEMALE; FORECASTING; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH EDUCATION; HUMAN; MALE; MANAGEMENT; NEEDS ASSESSMENT; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; PRESCHOOL CHILD; SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICE; STANDARD; UNITED STATES;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT HEALTH SERVICES; CHILD; CHILD WELFARE; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE; FEMALE; FORECASTING; HEALTH EDUCATION; HEALTH POLICY; HUMANS; MALE; NEEDS ASSESSMENT; POLICY MAKING; SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICES; UNITED STATES;

EID: 33947329147     PISSN: 02782715     EISSN: 02782715     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.26.2.409     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. B.J. Burns et al., "Children's Mental Health Service Use across Service Sectors," Health Affairs 14, no. 3 (1995): 152.
2. President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health, Achieving the Promise: Transforming Mental Health Care in America, Final Report (Rockville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2003).
3. Arkansas Annotated Code, 20-7-133-135, 2003.
4. Institute of Medicine, Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance (Washington: National Academies Press, 2005).
5. DHHS, National Diabetes Education Program, Helping the Student with Diabetes Succeed: A Guide for School Personnel (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 2003);
6. and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, IAQ Tools for Schools: Managing Asthma in the School Environment, April 2000, http://www.epa.gov/ iaq/schools/asthma/10ways_asthma.pdf (accessed 19 December 2006).
7. E. Spratley et al., The Registered Nurse Population: Findings from the National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses (Washington: DHHS, 2001);
8. Center for Health and Health Care in Schools, State Survey of School-Based Health Center Initiatives, 2002 (Washington: CHHCS, 2003);
9. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Public Elementary and Secondary Students, Staff, Schools, and School Districts: School Year 2003-04, February 2006, http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2006/ 2006307.pdf (accessed 20 December 2006);
10. J.L. Charvat, "NASP Study: How Many School Psychologists Are There?" Communique 33, no. 6 (2005): 12-14;
11. and P. Allen-Meares, "Social Work Services in Schools: A National Study of Entry-Level Tasks," Social Work 39, no. 5 (1994): 560. The 1992 data were updated by applying the 16 percent increase in student enrollment that occurred in 1992-2005 to the 1992 estimate. The resulting 14,000 figure is likely an underestimate, given that more than 35,000 schools report having at least a part-time social worker on site.
12. Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 USC ch. 16; 34 CFR sec. 104.4(a) (1994);
13. and Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA), 20 USC et seq., 64 (2004).
14. National Assembly on School-Based Health Care, "School-Based Health Center Census: National Census School Year 2001-02," 2003, http://www.nasbhc.org/EQ/2001census/2001tables.htm (accessed 20 September 2006). Other leading sponsors of the school-based health centers include school systems (15 percent) and nonprofit organizations (12 percent).
15. Children's Trust, "Initiatives: HealthConnect," 2006, http://www.thechildrenstrust.org/InitiativesHealth.asp (accessed 19 December 2006).
16. NASBHC, "School-Based Health Center Census."
17. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, "Section 4: Contexts of Elementary and Secondary Education," The Condition of Education 2004, June 2004, p. 77, http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2004/ 2004077_4.pdf (accessed 30 January 2007).
18. NCES, Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS), 1999-2000, Public School Survey and Public Charter School Survey; see http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/sass for more information.
19. N.L. Waldron, "Personnel Issues in School Psychology: Preparation, Credentialing, Supply, and Demand" (Issue Brief prepared for the Center on Personnel Students in Special Education, University of Florida, January 2003).
20. California Department of Education, Learning Support and Partnerships Division, Safe and Healthy Kids Program Office, "Request for Proposals: Building Collaboration for Mental Health Services in California Schools," 2006, http://www.cde.ca.gov/fg/fo/r8/mentalhealth05rfa.asp (accessed 19 January 2007).
21. O.A. Price and A.R. Mack, "School Mental Health Program: Progress Report 2000-2005" (Washington: Division of Children and Youth Services, Office of Policy and Programs, Department of Mental Health, Government of the District of Columbia, 2006).
22. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Medicaid School-Based Administrative Claiming Guide, May 2003, http://www.isbe.state.il.us/spec- ed/pdfs/medicaid_guide.pdf (accessed 19 December 2006).
23. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Medicaid: States Efforts to Maximize Federal Reimbursements Highlight Need for Improved Federal Oversight, Pub. no. GAO-05-836T (Washington: GAO, 28 June 2005).
24. For example, on 19 May 2006, the HHS Office of Inspector General issued an audit report finding that school health providers in New Jersey had been inappropriately reimbursed. The report estimated that the state had received $51.3 million in federal Medicaid funding that was unallowable. Office of Inspector General, "Review of Medicaid Claims for School-Based Health Services in New Jersey," Pub. no. A-02-03-01003 (Washington: HHS OIG, 19 May 2006).
25. J.L. Lowe and A.M. Hoxie, "Third-Party Reimbursement for Healthcare Services Provided in Schools," in Individualized Healthcare Plans for the School Nurse, ed. C.K. Silkworth et al. (North Branch, Minn.: Sunrise River Press, 2005).
26. See also GAO, States' Efforts to Maximize Federal Reimbursements Highlight Need for Improved Federal Oversight: Statement of Kathryn G. Allen, Pub. no. GAO-05-836T (Washington: GAO, 28 June 2005).
27. J.W. Button and B.A. Rienzon, The Politics of Youth, Sex, and Health Care in American Schools (New York: Haworth Press, 2002), 53.
28. K. MacPherson, "Fierce Opposition Arises to Mental Health Screening in Schools," Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 18 September 2005.
29. Diana Resnik, Children's Hospital, Austin, Texas, personal communication, 1 September 2006.
30. DHHS, School Health Services Analytic Project Panel, "School-Based Health Services: Issues to Be Addressed by the Health Security Act and Other Federal Legislation" (Washington: DHHS, 28 June 1994).