State-building in central southern Africa: Citizenship and subjectivity in Barotseland and Caprivi

International Journal of African Historical Studies

Volumn 36, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 393-428

  Flint, Lawrence S ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 33947288256     PISSN: 03617882     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3559389     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Jeffrey Herbst, States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control (Princeton, 2000), 41.
2. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism [1983], 2nd ed. (London, 1991), 6.
3. A.D. Smith, Nationalism and Modernity: A Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nations and Nationalism (London, 1998), 63.
4. J. Hutchinson and A.D. Smith, eds., Ethnicity (Oxford, 1996), 5-7.
5. Terence O. Ranger, "Nationality and Nationalism: The Case of Barotseland, " Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, 4, 2 (1968), 227.
6. Christopher P. Youé, "The Politics of Collaboration in Bulozi, 1890-1914, " Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 13 (1985), 139.
7. nd ed.(Manchester, 1967);
8. "The Reasonable Man in Barotse Law, " in A. Dundes, ed., Every Man His Way (Englewood Cliffs, 1968);
9. "The Technical Vocabulary of Barotse Jurisprudence, " American Anthropology LXI, 5, 1 (1959), 743-59
10. and liberally criticized by Gwyn Prins, The Hidden Hippopotamusa(Cambridge, 1980).
11. The productive system of the Lozi prior to its rundown under colonialismis discussed at length by Max Gluckman, "Economy of the Central Barotse Plain, " Rhodes-Livingstone Papers 11 (Livingstone, 1941).
12. Jan Vansina, "A Comparison of African Kingdoms, " Africa 32, 4(1962), 331 and 333.
13. By far the best accounts of which are contained in M. Mainga, "The Origin of the Lozi: Some Oral Traditions, " in E. Stokes and R. Brown, eds., The Zambesian Past: Studies in Central African History (Manchester, 1966), 238-47;
14. Bulozi under the Luyana Kings (London, 1973)
15. and A. Jalla, History, Tradition and Legends of the Barotse People(Colonial Office, African No. 1179, 1921).
16. th Century, " in Stokes and Brown, eds., The Zambesian Past, 248-60.
17. J.L. Pretorius, "The Fwe of the Eastern Caprivi Zipfel" (M.A.thesis, University of Stellenbosch, 1975), 21.
18. Pretorius claims the Subia were originally called the "Batwa"(now a generic term for San or hunter-gatherer people) who lived in the Kafuefloodplains and migrated west through the country of the balla and into southern Barotseland around 1700, although he does not document support for thisassertion. The Subia historian Shamukuni in D.M. Shamukuni, "The Basubiya, " Botswana Notes and Records 4 (1972), 161, locates the group'sorigins with the Mbukushu and Yeyi.
19. Shamukuni, "The Basubiya, " 162.
20. T.J. Larson, "The Hambukushu Migrations to Ngamiland, " African Social Research 11 (1971), 27-49;
21. and A. St. H. Gibbons, Africa from North to South through Marotseland I(London, 1904), 217-18.
22. A. Jalla, "History: Traditions and Legends of the Barotse Nation" (1909), an original typed copy held at the Institute of Economicand Social Research (INESOR), Lusaka, 7.
23. Mainga, Bulozi under the Luyana Kings, 59-60.
24. th August 2001
25. st September2001.
26. See the activities of Daniel Akufuna in the run-up to the excision of Balovale from Barotseland in 1941, Lewis H. Gann, A History of Northern Rhodesia: Early Days to 1953 (London, 1964), 297.
27. Max Gluckman, "Essays on Lozi Land and Royal Property, "Rhodes-Livingstone Papers 10 (1943), 93.
28. Jalla, "History: Traditions and Legends, " 14.
29. Shamukuni, "The Basubiya, " 164.
30. P. C. Reid, "Journeys in the Linyanti Region, " Geographical Journal 17 (1901), 580.
31. Variously also spelled Sebetuane and Sebetwane. One account of the lifeof Sibituane is contained in D. F. Ellenberger, History of the Basuto Ancientand Modern (London, 1912), 305-30.
32. Another fuller and perhaps more effusive version is told by Edwin W.Smith, "Sebetwane and the Makololo." African Studies 15, 2 (1956), 49-74.
33. Ellenberger, History of the Basuto, 319.
34. Mukumbuta Lisimba, Lozi Names in Language and Culture (Libreville, 2000), 146.
35. For example, the Czech ethnographer Emil Holub writing in the 1870, Seven Years in South Africa (London, 1881), 143-44;
36. F.S. Arnot in his diary of 1881, quoted in Ernest Baker, The Life and Explorations of Frederick Stanley Arnot (London, 1921), 64 and 81;
37. and Gibbons, Africa from North to South, 155.
38. th Century (Lund, 1987).
39. Although it was certainly the case for a group of pure Makololo who fledsouth to the Bamangwato; see T.M. Morgan, Eleven Years in Central South Africa(London, 1872), 355.
40. David Livingstone, "Explorations into the Interior of Africa, "Journal of the Royal Geographical Society 24, XIX (1854), 293,
41. and Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa (London 1857), 179-84.
42. Livingstone, Missionary Travels, 179;
43. Gibbons, From North to South, I, 154,
44. François Coillard, On the Threshold of Central Africa (London, 1897), 66.
45. Holub, Seven Years in South Africa, 143;
46. and Livingstone, "Explorations into the Interior, " 293-94.
47. J.P.R. Wallis, ed., The Zambezi Expedition of David Livingstone, 1858-1863, Oppenheimer Series No. 11 (London, 1956), 395-96.
48. D. Livingstone, "Extract from Despatches of Dr. David Livingstone1858-1861, " Journal of the Royal Geographical Society 3 (1861), 292.
49. Jalla, "History: Traditions and Legends, " 33.
50. E. Flint, "Trade and Politics in Barotseland during the Kololo Period, " Journal of African History 11, 1 (1970), 83-84. Flint speaks of Caprivi in this article as the "southern triangle."
51. Gluckman, "Economy of the Central Barotse Plain, " 96.
52. Mutumba Bull, Bulozi under the Luyana Kings, 109.
53. Pretorius, "The Fwe of the Eastern Caprivi Zipfel, " 30.
54. L. Holy in introduction to L. Holy, ed., Emil Holub's Travels North ofthe Zambezi 1885-6 (Manchester)
55. a translation of part of the second volume of E. Holub, Von der Capstadtins Land der Maschukulumbe Reisen im Südlichen Afrika in den Jahren 1883-7(Vienna, 1890).
56. G. Clay, Your Friend, Lewanika: The Life and Times of Lubosi Lewanika, Litunga of Barotseland 1842 to 1916 (London, 1968), 16.
57. A. Schultz and A. Hammar, The New Africa: A Journey up the Chobe and downthe Okavango Rivers - A Record of Exploration and Sport (London, 1897) 43.
58. Max Gluckman, "Economy of the Central Barotse Plain, "Rhodes-Livingstone Institute Papers, 7, 35.
59. E.C. Tabler, "Introduction" in E.C. Tabler ed., Trade and Travel in Early Barotseland (London, 1963), 8
60. Clay, Your Friend, Lewanika, 24.
61. W.F Rea "George Westbeech and the Barotseland Missionaries1878-1888, " Local Series No. 21 (Salisbury, 1968).
62. Described by Jalla, "History: Traditions and Legends, " 54.
63. The Concessions are set out in T.W. Baxter, "The Barotse Concessions: Part I, " Northern Rhodesia Journal 1, 3 (1951), 39-49
64. and "The Barotse Concessions: Part II, " Northern Rhodesia Journal 1, 4 (1951), 38-45.
65. This visit and some of Lewanika's reactions are described with genuineaffection by Colin Harding, the British officer appointed as his personal aidefor the visit, in Colin Harding, In Remotest Barotseland: Being an Account of a Journey of over 8, 000 Miles through the Widest and Remotest Parts of Lewanika's Empire (London, 1905), 384-94.
66. Ranger, "Nationality and Nationalism, " 228-29.
67. George Padmore, How Britain Rules Africa (London, 1936),
68. quoted in Mamdani, Citizen and Subject, 52.
69. Youé, "Politics of Collaboration, " 150.
70. th July 1890, 12.
71. th July1890, 6.
72. K. Streitwolf, Der Caprivizipfel (Berlin, 1911), 120-24.
73. L. Trollope, "Report of the Administration of the Eastern Caprivi Zipfel" (Department of Native Affairs, Pretoria, 1941), 8.
74. B.K. Kangumu, "A Forgotten Corner of Namibia: Aspects of the Historyof the Caprivi Strip, c.1939-1980" (MA thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000), 6.
75. Trollope, "Report of the Administration, " 10.
76. C.E. Kruger, "The Eastern Caprivi Zipfel, " unpublished documentheld by National Archives of Namibia, Windhoek - File P/B0139. Kruger waswriting in 1963.
77. Pretorius, "The Fwe of the Eastern Caprivi Zipfel, " 49.
78. So-called due to their association with Adamson Mushala who actually camefrom the northwest of Zambia and who later led a band of renegades in a reignof banditry in north-western Zambia that had little to do with the originalgroup led by Timothy Kalimbwe Lupasa. For one version of this episode, whichpresents the viewpoint and knowledge of the South African Defence Forceoperatives active in the region at the time, see Peter Stiff, The Silent War:South African Recce Operations 1969-1994 (Alberton, 1999), 38-42.
79. For another, viewed from the Zambian perspective, see P. Wele, Zambia's Most Famous Dissidents (Solwezi, 1995).
80. E.D. Elderkin, "Silozi and Namibia, " in K. Legère, ed., Cross-Border Languages: Reports and Studie - Regional Workshops on Cross-Border Languages, Okahandja, 23-27 September 1996 (Windhoek, 1998), 211.
81. th 1964, 2.
82. th 2002 - WWW pagehttp://www. monitor.co.zm/media/news/viewnews.cgi?category=18&id=1027016502.
83. The rundown of the productive capacity of Barotseland is detailed in L.Van Horn, "The Agricultural History of Barotseland, 1840-1964, " in Robin Palmer and Neil Parsons, eds., The Roots of Rural Poverty in Central and Southern Africa (London, 1977), 144-69.
84. th 1998, 62.