The limits of 'securitization': Power, politics and process in US foreign economic policy

Government and Opposition

Volumn 42, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 158-189

  Phillips, Nicola ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 33947269283     PISSN: 0017257X     EISSN: 14777053     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-7053.2007.00217.x     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. Richard E. Feinberg, The Political Economy of United States' Free Trade Arrangements', The World Economy, 26: 7 (2003), pp. 1019-40.
2. Edward C. Luck, Mixed Messages: American Politics and International Organization, 1919-1999, Washington, DC, Brookings Institution Press, 1999.
3. Diana Tussle, 'Multilateralism Revisited in a Globalizing World Economy', Mershon International Studies Review, 42 (1998), pp. 183-93;
4. Fred Bergsten, 'A Renaissance for U.S. Trade Policy?', Foreign Affairs, 81: 6 (2002), pp. 86-98.
5. See J. Michael Finger and Julio J. Nogués, 'The Unbalanced Uruguay Round Outcome: The New Areas in Future WTO Negotiations', The World Economy, 25: 3 (2002), pp. 321-40;
6. Arvind Panagariya, 'Developing Countries at Doha: A Political Economy Analysis', The World Economy, 25: 9 (2002), pp. 1205-33.
7. Amrita Narlikar, International Trade and Developing Countries: Bargaining Coalitions in the GATT and WTO, London, Routledge, 2003.
8. Anthony Payne, 'The United States and its Enterprise for the Americas', in Andrew Gamble and Anthony Payne (eds), Regionalism and World Order, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1996, pp. 93-129.
9. Michael Cox, 'Whatever Happened to American Decline? International Relations and the New United States Hegemony', New Political Economy, 6: 3 (2001), pp. 311-40.
10. Susan Strange, 'The Persistent Myth of Lost Hegemony', International Organization, 41; 4 (1987), pp. 551-74.
11. US House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means, transcript, 'Free Trade Deals: Is the United States Losing Ground as its Trade Partners Move Ahead?, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Trade of the House Committee on Ways and Means', 107th Congress, first session, 29 March 2001.
12. Robert B. Zoellick, 'American Trade Leadership: What is at Stake?', speech to the Institute for International Economics, Washington, DC, 24 September 2001.
13. Robert B. Zoellick, 'Falling Behind on Free Trade', New York Times, 14 April 2002.
14. Robert B. Zoellick, 'Our Credo: Free Trade and Competition', Wall Street Journal, 10 July 2003.
15. For a fuller elaboration of this argument, see Nicola Phillips, 'US Power and the Politics of Economic Governance in the Americas', Latin American Politics and Society, 44: 4 (2005), pp. 1-25.
16. Zoellick, 'American Trade Leadership'.
17. Office of the United States Trade Representative, 2003 Annual Report and 2004 Trade Policy Agenda of the President of the United States on. the Trade Agreements Program, Washington, DC, USTR, 2004, p. 1.
18. For a discussion of the use of precedents, see Craig VanGrasstek, 'US Plans for a New WTO Round: Negotiating More Agreements with Less Authority', The World Economy, 23: 5 (2000), pp. 673-700.
19. The issue of 'leverage' and mechanisms for achieving it permeated my extensive discussions and Interviews about foreign economic policy with US government officials, representatives of congressional offices and committees, trade policy makers, representatives of key state agencies, representatives of business and labour organizations, and others. All interviews cited in this paper were conducted in Washington DC during September and October 2004, and all were conducted on a 'not for attribution' basis.
20. Jagdish Bhagwati, 'Don't Cry for Cancún', Foreign Affairs, 83: 1 (2004), p. 52.
21. Robert B. Zoellick, 'Trading in Freedom: The New Endeavour of the Americas', Economic Perspectives: An Electronic Journal of the U.S. Department of State, 7: 3 (2002), available at http://usinfo.state.gov/pub/ ejournalusa/economic_perspectives.html.
22. Robert B. Zoellick, 'America Will not Wait for the Won't-Do Countries', Financial Times, 22 September 2003.
23. At the end of 2006, the CAFTA agreement had been ratified by six of the seven participating countries, with the exception of Costa Rica. The agreement entered into force with El Salvador in March 2006 and with Honduras and Nicaragua in April 2006.
24. Negotiations were concluded with Peru in December 2005 and Colombia in February 2006, and the agreements were signed respectively in April 2006 and November 2006. Ecuador was also part of these negotiations for an Andean Trade Promotion Agreement.
25. For discussions of bilateralism in the Asia-Pacific and the Americas, see John Ravenhill, 'The New Bilateralism in the Asia-Pacific', Third World Quarterly, 24: 3 (2003), pp. 299-318;