Making words flesh: Changing roles of university learning and the professions in 19th century England

Minerva

Volumn 40, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 217-234

  Lubenow, William C ^a  

^a The College of New Jersey   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33947252311     PISSN: 00264695     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1019568408319     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. James Fitzjames Stephen, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity (London: Smith, Elder and Co., 1873), 332-334.
2. There were relaxations in the strictures binding Dissenters and Roman Catholics before 1828-1829. To exaggerate their importance, however, runs the risk of writing Whig history in reverse. They heightened the estrangement of those excluded and the anxiety of those who felt such legislation necessary.
3. B.W. Young, 'Religious History and the Eighteenth-Century Historians', Historical Journal 43 (3), (2000), 859.
4. J.P. Parry, 'Conventional Ideas of Liberty', a paper presented to the Locating the Victorians Conference at Imperial College, University of London, 15 July 2001.
5. Timothy Williamson, Vagueness (London and New York: Roe3dutledge, 1994);
6. Identity and Discrimination (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990).
7. See also, R.M. Sainsbury, Concepts without Boundaries (London: King's College, 1991).
8. See Richard Rorty, Philosophy and Social Hope (London: Penguin, 1999).
9. Christopher Stray, Classics Transformed: Schools, Universities, and Society in England, 1830-1960 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998), 32.
10. I develop this point about the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts and Catholic emancipation in 1828-1829 as a hinge of British history in 'The Origins of Deliberative Liberalism in Modern Britain: The New Agencies of Authority', delivered at the Western Conference on British Studies, Houston, Texas, 12 October 2001. I plan a yet more extensive analysis of these issues in a study of agencies of authority, society, and thought in the nineteenth century. This is a bitterly contested subject. In British Society, 1680-1880 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), Richard Price ignores confessional politics. But see J.D.C. Clark's English Society, 1660-1832 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000) for an enthusiastic treatment of the subject.
11. On 'interiority', see Williamson, op. cit. note 5. See also, Robert Gregg, Inside Out, Outside In: Essays in Comparative History (London: Macmillan, 2000).
12. Martin J. Wiener, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). Wiener's book provoked tremendous controversy. See, for example, W. D. Rubinstein, Capitalism, Culture, and Decline in Britian, 1750-1990 (London and New York: Routledge, 1993) and F.M.L. Thompson, Gentrification and the Enterprise Culture in Britain, 1780-1980 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
13. M.G. Brock and M.C. Curthoys (eds.), The History of the University of Oxford, Volume 6: Nineteenth-Century Oxford, Part 1 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), 723;
14. Christopher Harvie, The Lights of Liberalism: University Liberals and the Challenge of Democracy, 1860-1886 (London: Allen Lane, 1976).
15. Brock and Curthoys (eds.), op. cit. note 11, 285.
16. Peter Searby, A History of Cambridge University, Volume 3, 1750-1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), 741-743.
17. Penelope Fitzgerald, The Knox Brothers (London: HarperCollins, 1991), 15-53.
18. For Reba Soffer's findings concerning Balliol men who sat the Honours Schools in history, see Discipline and Power: The University, History, and the Making of an English Elite (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1955), 185-188.
19. Vivian Green, The Commonwealth of Lincoln College (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977), 648.
20. Brock and Curthoys (eds.), op. cit. note 11, 503-504.
21. Ellie Clewlow, ' "A Good Deal of Pottering": John Venn and the Amateur Historical Community in Cambridge', presented at the Conference on Teaching and Learning in Cambridge II, Trinity College, Cambridge, 30-31 July 2001.
22. Sheldon Rothblatt, The Modern University and Its Discontents (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 156-157.
23. Christopher Stray, 'From Oral to Written Examination: A Tale of Two Universities, 1700-1800', presented at the Conference on Teaching and Learning in Cambridge II, Trinity College, Cambridge, 30-31 July 2001;
24. 'The Shift from Oral to Written Examination: Cambridge and Oxford, 1700-1900', Assessment in Education, 8 (1), (2001), 33-50.
25. Henry Sidgwick, 'Philosophy at Cambridge', Mind, 1 (2), (April 1876), 244.
26. Brock and Curthoys (eds.), op. cit. note 11, 48.
27. Searby, op. cit. note 13, 602.
28. P. Forman, J.L. Heilbron, and S. Weart, 'Physics circa 1900: Personnel, Funding, and Productivity of Academic Establishments', Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, 5, (1975), 1-185;
29. David B. Wilson, 'The Educational Matrix: Physics Education in Early Victorian Cambridge, Edinburgh, and Glasgow Universities', in P.M. Harman (ed.), Wranglers and Physics in the Nineteenth Century (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1985), 12-48;
30. Searby, op. cit. note 13, 175-176.
31. [Leslie Stephen], Sketches from Cambridge by a Don (Cambridge and London: Macmillan, 1865), 32-33.
32. Cambridge Review, 58 (16 October 1930), 25.
33. Bertrand Russell, Portraits from Memory and Other Essays (London: Allen and Unwin, 1956), 57.
34. Nicholas Griffin and Albert C. Lewis, 'Bertrand Russell's Mathematical Education'. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 44, (1990), 52, 60-61.
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36. D.A. Winstanley, Later Victorian Cambridge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1947) 144-235.
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38. Winstanley, op. cit. note 30, 205.
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41. and Victorian Cambridge: Reflections on the Anatomy of an Elite, 1850-1914', Oxford Review of Education, 6 (2) (1980), 188-189, 193;
42. Janet Howarth, 'Science Education in Late-Victorian Oxford', English Historical Review, 102 (403), (April 1987), 334-371.
43. Abigail O'Sullivan, 'Connecting Cultures of Innovation in Cambridge Physiology, 1896-1914';
44. Jeff Hughes, 'The "Cavendish Inquisition": Learning How to Interrogate the Atom in Cambridge, 1895-1914', presented at the Conference on Teaching and Learning in Cambridge II, Trinity College, Cambridge, 30-31 July 2001.
45. Soffer, op. cit. note 15, passim.
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47. John Maynard Keynes, 'Alfred Marshall', The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, Volume 10, Essays in Biography (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press for the Royal Economic Society, 1972), 187.
48. Keith Tribe, 'Economics After Marshall', Conference on Teaching and Learning in Cambridge II, Trinity College Cambridge, 30-31 July 2001.
49. Gordon Johnson, University Politics: F.M. Cornford's Cambridge and his Advice to the Young Academic Politician (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 56-57, 67-68.
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53. C.P. Snow, The Two Cultures, with an introduction by Stefan Collini (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
54. W.C. Lubenow, 'The Origins of Deliberative Liberalism in Modern Britain' paper delivered to the Western Conference on British Studies, Houston, Texas, 12-14 October 2001;
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56. [John Maynard Keynes], The Times, 10 March 1943, 7.
57. Sheldon Rothblatt, 'How 'Professional' Are the Professions? A Review Article', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 37 (1), (January 1995), 194-204.
58. Harold Perkin, The Origins of Modern British Society, 1780-1880 (London: Rout-ledge and Kegan Paul, 1969), 252-273.
59. Thomas Haskell, Objectivity Is Not Neutrality: Explanatory Schemes in History (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 73, 81-82, where the quotation is from Ralf Dahrendorf, Class and Class Conflict in the Industrial Revolution (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1959), 52.
60. Michael Burrage, 'From Practice to School-Based Professional Education: Patterns of Conflict and Accommodation in England, France, and the United States', in Sheldon Rothblatt and Bjorn Wittrock (eds.), The European and American University since 1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 142-187.
61. H.B. Thompson, The Choice of a Profession: A Concise Account and Comparative Review of the English Professions (London: Chapman and Hall, 1857), 29, 96, 162.
62. Anthony Trollope, The Bertrams (London: Penguin Books, 1993), 75.
63. James Fitzjames Stephen, 'Gentlemen', Cornhill Magazine, 5 (March 1862), 334f, 340.
64. E.M. Forster, What I Believe (London: Hogarth Press, 1939), 16-17.
65. G.O. Trevelyan, Letters from a Competition Wallah (Cambridge and London: Macmillan, 1864), 2-3.
66. John Clive, 'Peter and Wallah: From Kinfolk to Competition', in History and Imagination: Essays in Honor of H.R. Trevor-Roper (New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers, 1982), 313, 320-321.
67. James C. Cronin, The Politics of State Expansion: War, the State, and Society in Twentieth-Century Britain (London: Routledge, 1991), 23.
68. Anon, 'Prospects in the Professions VIII: The Schoolmasters', Cornhill Magazine, 14 (1903), 470.
69. Sir Richard Jebb, 'On Present Tendencies in Classical Studies (1889)', reprinted in Essays and Addresses (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1907), 603-604.
70. Jebb, 'University Education and National Life (1905)', in ibid., 635, 641.
71. John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 1920), 6.
72. John Maynard Keynes, 'The Civil Service and Financial Control', in The Collected Works of John Maynard Keynes, Volume XVI, Activities, 1914-1919, The Treasury and Versailles (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press for the Royal Economic Society, 1971), 299.
73. G.M. Trevelyan, The Historical Causes of the Present State of Affairs in Italy, the Sidney Ball Memorial Lecture Delivered before the University of Oxford, 31 October 1923, Barnet House Papers, No. 8 (Oxford: Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press, 1923), 3.
74. James C. Cronin, 'Power, Secrecy, and the British Constitution: Vetting Samuel Beer's Treasury Control', Twentieth Century British History, 3 (1), (1992), 65.
75. David Cannadine, Ornamentalism: How the British Saw Their Empire (London: Penguin Press, 2001), 85-100.
76. David Hunter Blair, John Patrick, Third Marquess of Bute, KT (1847-1900): A Memoir (London: John Murray, 1921), 121.
77. H.L. Malchow, Gentleman Capitalists: The Social and Political World of the Victorian Businessman (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992), 379, 205;
78. Sir Robert Fowler, A Visit to Japan, China, and India (London: S. Lowe, Marston, Searly & Rivington, 1877).
79. Peter Gay, The Pleasure Wars: The Bourgeois Experience, Victoria to Freud, Volume V (New York and London: W.W. Norton and Co., 1998), 137-164.
80. Haskell, op. cit. note 47, 91-92. For the United States, see Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club (New York: Farrar, Straus Giroux, 2001), 151-235.
81. Harold Perkin, Professionalism, Property and English Society since 1880 (University of Reading, The Stenton Lecture for 1980, 1981), 21, 5, 12-13.
82. Haskell, op. cit. note 47, 112.
83. Cf. Samuel Haber, The Quest for Authority and Honor in the American Professions, 1750-1900 (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1991).
84. Stefan Collini, Public Moralists: Political Thought and Intellectual Life in Britain, 1850-1930 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), 60-90, esp. 81-82.
85. Sandra Den Otter, British Idealism and Social Explanation: A Study in Late Victorian Thought (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), passim.
86. Cited and quoted in Julia Stapleton, 'Political Thought and National Identity in Britain, 1850-1950', in Stefan Collini, Richard Whatmore and Brian Young (eds.), History, Religion, and Culture: British Intellectual History, 1750-1950 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 261.
87. Haskell, op. cit. note 47, 67.
88. S.N. Eisenstadt, 'Multiple Modernities', Daedalus, 129 (1), (2000), 2. Modernity is 'the story of continual constitution and reconstitution of a multiplicity of cultural programs'.
89. William R. Everdell, The First Modern: Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth-Century Thought (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 1-12, 346-350;
90. Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990), 3-9.
91. Morse Peckham, Beyond the Tragic Vision: The Quest for Identity in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Braziller, 1962);
92. Victorian Revolutionaries: Some Speculations on Some Heroes of a Culture Crisis (New York: Braziller, 1970).
93. Joan Wallach Scott, Gender and the Politics of History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), 42.
94. Mark Elvin, 'A Working Definition of "Modernity"', Past and Present, 113 (November 1986), 209-213.