"Life is a verb": Inflections of artificial life in cultural context

Artificial Life

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 189-201

  Helmreich, Stefan G ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Aesthetics; Cultural critique; Emergence; History; Life; Translation

Indexed keywords

HISTORY; NATURAL SCIENCES; PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS;

ANTHROPOLOGY; ARTIFICIAL LIFE; CULTURAL CRITIQUE;

SOCIAL SCIENCES;

BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; HUMAN; LIFE; LITERATURE; REVIEW; THINKING;

CULTURE; HUMANS; LIFE; LITERATURE; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; THINKING;

EID: 33947212929     PISSN: 10645462     EISSN: 15309185     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/artl.2007.13.2.189     Document Type: Review

References (54)

1. Adam, A. (1998). Artificial knowing: Gender and the thinking machine. London: Routledge.
2. Anderson, M. (1991). The conduct of artificial life: A quest for artificial death? In M. Anderson & F. Merrell (Eds.), On semiotic modeling (pp. 195-209). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
3. Ansell Pearson, K. (1997). Viroid life: Perspectives on Nietzsche and the transhuman condition. London: Routledge.
4. Brooks, R. (2002). Flesh and machines: How robots will change us. New York: Pantheon Books.
5. Cariani, P. (1992). Emergence and Artificial Life. In C. G. Langton, C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer, & S. Rasmussen (Eds.), Artificial Life II (pp. 775-797). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
6. Dorin, A. (2003). Artifact and artifice: Views on life. Artificial Life, 9(1), 79-87.
7. Doyle, R. (1992). The rhetorical software of Artificial Life. Artificial Life III. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
8. Doyle, R. (1997). On beyond living: Rhetorical transformations of the life sciences. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
9. Doyle, R. (2003). Wetwares: Experiments in postvital living. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
10. Emmeche, C. (1991). The garden in the machine: The emerging science of artificial life. Translated from the Danish by Steven Sampson. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994.
11. Epstein, J., & Axtell, R. (1996). Growing artificial societies: Social science from the bottom up. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
12. Haraway, D. (1991). A cyborg manifesto: Science, technology, and socialist-feminism in the late twentieth century. In her Simians, cyborgs, and women: The reinvention of nature (pp. 149-182). New York: Routledge.
13. Harvey, I. (1999). Evolution: Creatures from another world. Nature, 400(6745), 618-619.
14. Hayles, N. K. (1994). Narratives of evolution and the evolution of narratives. In J. L. Casti & A. Karlqvist (Eds.), Cooperation and conflict in general evolutionary processes (pp. 113-132). New York: Wiley.
15. Hayles, N. K. (1995). Simulated nature and natural simulations: Rethinking the relation between the beholder and the world. In W. Cronon (Ed.), Uncommon ground: Toward the reinvention of nature (pp. 409-425). New York: W.W. Norton.
16. Hayles, N. K. (1999). How we became posthuman: Virtual bodies in cybernetics, literature, and informatics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
17. Hayles, N. K. (1999). Simulating narratives: What virtual creatures can teach us. Critical Inquiry, 26(1), 1-26.
18. Hayles, N. K. (2001). Review of Silicon second nature: Culturing artificial life in a digital world, by Stefan Helmreich. Artificial Life, 7(4), 425-428.
19. Helmreich, S. (1998). Silicon second nature: Culturing artificial life in a digital world. Berkeley: University of California Press.
20. Helmreich, S. (1999). Digitizing "development": Balinese water temples, complexity, and the politics of simulation. Critique of Anthropology, 19(3), 249-266.
21. Helmreich, S. (2000). Power/networks: A rejoinder to Lansing. Critique of Anthropology, 20(3), 319-327.
22. Helmreich, S. (2001). After culture: Reflections on the apparition of anthropology in artificial life, a science of simulation. Cultural Anthropology, 16(4), 613-628.
23. Hemelrijk, C. K., & Kunz, H. (2003). Introduction to special issue on collective effects of human behavior. Artificial Life, 9(4), 339-341.
24. Holland, J. (1995). Hidden order: How adaptation builds complexity. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
25. Jeremijenko, N. (1999). OneTrees: An information environment. www.onetrees.org/.
26. Johnston, J. (2002). A future for autonomous agents: Machinic Merkwelten and artificial evolution. Configurations, 10(3), 473-516.
27. Kelly, K. (1994). Out of control: The new biology of machines. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Online at www.kk.org/outofcontrol/ch17-g.html.
28. Kelty, C., & Landecker, H. (2004). A theory of animation: Cells, L-systems, and film. Grey Room, 17, 30-63.
29. Kember, S. (2003). Cyberfeminism and artificial life. London: Routledge.
30. Langton, C. G. (1989). Artificial life. In C. G. Langton (Ed.), Artificial life (pp. 1-47). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
31. Lansing, J. S. (2000). Foucault and the water temples: A reply to Helmreich. Critique of Anthropology, 20(3), 309-318.
32. Lansing, J. S. (2002). "Artificial societies" and the social sciences. Artificial Life, 8(3), 279-292.
33. Marcus, G. E., & Fischer, M. M. J. (1986). Anthropology as cultural critique: An experimental moment in the humanl sciences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
34. Penny, S. (1996). The Darwin machine: Artificial life and interactive art. New Formations; Technoscience, 29, 59-69. Available at www.ace.uci.edu/penny/texts/Darwin_Machine.html.
35. Rasmussen, S., Raven, M. J., Keating, G. N., & Bedau, M. A. (2003). Collective intelligence of the artificial life community on its own successes, failures, and future. Artificial Life, 9(2), 207-235.
36. Ray, T. (1994). An evolutionary approach to synthetic biology: Zen and the art of creating life. Artificial Life, 1(1/2), 179-210.
37. Read, D. (2003). Emergent properties in small-scale societies. Artificial Life, 9(4), 419-434.
38. Risan, L. (1996). Artificial life, a technoscience leaving modernity?: An anthropology of subjects and objects. Cand. Polit. dissertation, University of Oslo.
39. Riskin, J. (2003). The defecating duck, or, the ambiguous origins of Artificial Life. Critical Inquiry, 29(4), 599-633.
40. Riskin, J. (2003). Eighteenth-century wetware. Representations, 83, 97-125.
41. Rudrauf, D., Lutz, A., Cosmelli, D., Lachaux, J.-P., & Le Van Quyen, M. (2003). From autopoiesis to neurophenomenology: Francisco Varela's exploration of the biophysics of being. Biological Research, 36(1), 27-65.
42. Sengers, P. (1998). Anti-boxology: Agent design in cultural context. Ithaca, NY: Computer Science Department and Program in Literary and Cultural Studies, Cornell University. See also www.cs.cornell.edu/people/ sengers/.
43. Sims, K. (1994). Evolving 3D morphology and behavior by competition. Artificial Life, 1(4), 353-372.
44. Smith, B. C. (1996). On the origin of objects. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
45. Smithers, T. (1995). Are autonomous agents information processing systems? In L. Steels & R. Brooks (Eds.), The artificial life route to artificial intelligence: Building embodied, situated agents (pp. 123-161). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
46. Snow, C. P. (1959). The two cultures. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
47. Strathern, M. (1992). Artificial life. In her Reproducing the future: Anthropology, kinship, and the new reproductive technologies (pp. 1-12). New York: Routledge.
48. Terranova, T. (1996). Posthuman unbounded: Artificial evolution and high-tech subcultures. In G. Robertson, M. Mash, L. Tucker, J. Bird, B. Curtis, & T. Putnam (Eds.), FutureNatural: Nature, science, culture (pp. 146-164). London: Routledge.
49. Turkle, S. (1984). The second self: Computers and the human spirit. New York: Simon and Schuster.
50. Turkle, S. (1995). Life on the screen: Identity in the age of the internet. New York: Simon and Schuster.
51. Varela, F. (1979). Principles of biological autonomy. New York: Elsevier North Holland.
52. Ward, M. (1999). Virtual organisms. The startling world of artificial life. New York: Macmillan.
53. Whitelaw, M. (2004). Metacreation: Art and artificial life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
54. Workshop on the History of Artificial Life, Program in History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, October 4-5, 2003. To be published as J. Riskin (Ed.) (2007). Genesis redux: Essays in the history and philosophy of artificial life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.