Can Japanese foreign aid to North Korea create peace and stability?

Pacific Affairs

Volumn 79, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 433-454

  Söderberg, Marie ^a  

^a STOCKHOLM SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AID POLICY; DEVELOPMENT AID; FOREIGN POLICY; INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; NUCLEAR WEAPON; PEACEKEEPING;

ASIA; EURASIA; FAR EAST; JAPAN; KOREA; NORTH KOREA;

EID: 33947189636     PISSN: 0030851X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5509/2006793433     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Izumi Hajime, "Nihon no gaikō kaado o saidai genkatsuyō se yo," Seikai shūkan (Tokyo), 16 September 2003, pp. 6-9.
2. ODA (official development assistance) is foreign aid as defined by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): (1) resources provided by official agencies or by their executing agencies; (2) the main objective being the promotion of the economic development and welfare of the developing countries; and (3) its concessional character, an effort to avoid placing a heavy burden on developing countries, and thus consisting of a grant element of at least 25 percent.
3. Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Economic Co-operation Bureau, Japan's Official Development Assistance Charter, Tokyo, 29 August 2003, pp. 1-2.
4. In-person interviews conducted in Tokyo by the author, with Uoya Masaru, team director, East Asian Team, JICA, 15 February 2005 and Koga Ryutaro, deputy director general, JBIC Institute, 17 February 2005.
5. For more information on economic sanctions see Christopher W. Hughes's article in this special issue.
6. I. William Zartman, "Dynamics and Constraints in Negotiating in International Conflicts," in I. William Zartman, ed., Elusive Peace: Negotiating an End to Civil Wars (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1995), pp. 3-29.
7. I would like to thank Professor Zartman for clarifying this issue for me in Stockholm, December 2005.
8. Zartman, "Dynamics and Constraints," p. 8.
9. Zartman, "Dynamics and Constraints," pp. 3-29.
10. Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan's Official Development Assistance Charter, p. 1.
11. Mikio Oishi and Fumitaka Furuoka, "Can Japanese Aid Be an Effective Tool of Influence? Case Studies of Cambodia and Burma," Asian Survey, vol. XLIII, no. 6 (November/December 2003), pp. 890-907.
12. Oishi and Furuoka, "Can Japanese Aid Be an Effective Tool of Influence?," p. 906.
13. Marie Soderberg, "Japanese ODA: What Type for Whom and Why?," in Marie Soderberg, ed., The Business of Japanese Foreign Aid (London and New York: Roudedge, 1996), pp. 31-50.
14. For a more thorough description of the history see the introduction to this special issue.
15. Endo Tetsuya, "Kokukō Seijōka Kōshō no Kongo," Seikai Shūkan (Tokyo), 28 September 2004, pp. 18-21.
16. Soderberg, "Japanese ODA," pp. 31-50.
17. Nishigaki Akira and Shimomura Yasutami, Kaihatsu enjo no keizaigaku (Tokyo: Yuhaikaku, 1993), pp. 141-45.
18. OOF refers to a different kind of official flow with conditions that are not sufficiently concessional to qualify as ODA (see note 2).
19. Dennis Yasutomo, The Manner of Giving: Strategic Aid and Japanese Foreign Policy (Lexington: Lexington Books, 1986).
20. For a further explanation, see the introduction to this special issue.
21. In the early 1990s this author met several South Koreans carrying out research into aid in Tokyo.
22. Tsuneo Akaha, "Japan's Policy Toward North Korea," in Tsuneo Akaha, ed., The Future of North Korea (London and New York: Routledge, 2002), p. 81.
23. Christopher W. Hughes, Japan's Economic Power and Security, Japan and North Korrea (London and New York: Routledge, 1999), p. 82.
24. Hughes, Japan's Economic Power and Security, Masayuki Suzuki, "Kita Chōsen no Tainichi Seisaku," in Okonogi Masao, ed., Posto Reisen no Chōsen hantō, JIIA Publication no. 4 (Tokyo: Japanese Institute of International Affairs, 1994).
25. Masayuki Suzuki, "Kita Chōsen no tai Nichi seisaku," pp. 50-92.
26. These reactors are less efficient at producing weapons-grade plutonium.
27. Chung-in Moon, "The Sunshine Policy and the Korean Summit Assessment and Prospects," in Akaha, ed., The Future of North Korea, pp. 26-46.
28. For the full text of this document, see the home page of the ROK's Ministry of Unification, .
29. Takesada Hideshi, "Kita chōsen no Senryaku kara mita nichō shunō kaidan no igi," in Yōichi Hirama and Yoneyuki Sugita, eds., Kita Chōsen o meguru HokutoAsia no Kokusai Kankei to Nihon (Tokyo: Akashi Shoten, 2003), pp. 16-26.
30. Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Pyongyang Declaration, provisional translation available from , 29 September 2006.
31. Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Pyongyang Declaration.
32. Selig S. Harrison, "Did North Korea Cheat?," Foreign Affairs, vol. 84, no. 1 (2005), pp. 99-110.
33. Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan's Official Development Assistance Charter, p.i.
34. Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan's Official Development Assistance Charter, p. 1.
35. Izumi Hajime, "Evaluating Koizumi's Second Trip to North Korea," Japan Echo, August 2004, pp. 6-11.
36. Balbina H. Hwang, "Seoul's Policy Towards Pyongyang: Strategic Culture and the Negligibility of Japan," in Linus Hagström and Marie Söderberg, eds, North Korea Policy, Japan and the Great Powers (London and New York: Routledge, 2006), pp. 53-72.
37. In South Korea, these take the form of, for example, demonstrations protesting the revision of Japanese textbooks - the so-called history issue - and most recently also against Japanese territorial claims over Takeshima. On the North Korean government's anti-Japan policy see Han S. Park, "The Rationales Behind North Korean Foreign Policy," in Hagström and Söderberg, eds, North Korea Policy, Japan and the Great Powers, pp. 38-52.
38. Oishi and Furuoka, "Can Japanese Aid Be an Effective Tool of Influence?," pp. 890-907.
39. Chan-Woo Lee, "Chūgoku tōhoku chiiki to Chōsen hantō no keisaikankei no genj ̄to tenbō," in Matsuno Shuji, Sung Suh and Gang Xia, eds, Tōhoku Asia kyōdōtai e no michi - genjō to kadai (Tokyo: Bunshindō, 2006), pp. 19-21.
40. Aidan Foster-Carter, "Boycott or Business," in Comparative Connections, vol. 6, no. 4, 4th Quarter 2004 (January 2005).
41. Piao Jianyi, "Kita Chōsen keizai, hōkai ka kaifukuka," Seikai Shūkan (Tokyo), 28 September 2004.