Psychosomatic disorders in pregnancy

Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 126-132

  Tam, Wing Hung ^a   Chung, Tony ^a  

^a CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Anxiety; Perinatal depression; Psychosis

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; FLUOXETINE; PAROXETINE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SERTRALINE;

ANXIETY; ANXIETY DISORDER; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMORBIDITY; COUNSELING; DEPRESSION; EATING DISORDER; FAMILY HISTORY; FETUS DEATH; FETUS MALFORMATION; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; MATERNAL MORTALITY; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PREGNANCY; PREMATURE LABOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGY; PSYCHOMETRY; PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDER; PSYCHOTHERAPY; PUERPERAL PSYCHOSIS; PUERPERIUM; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; RELAPSE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SCREENING; SEIZURE; SIDE EFFECT; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; SUICIDE;

ANXIETY DISORDERS; DEPRESSION, POSTPARTUM; FEMALE; HUMANS; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIC DISORDERS; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC;

EID: 33947140522     PISSN: 1040872X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/GCO.0b013e3280825614     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. Gitlin DF, Levenson JL, Lyketsos CG. Psychosomatic medicine: a new psychiatric subspecialty. Acad Psychiatry 2004; 28:4-11.
2. Gavin NI, Gaynes BN, Lohr KN, et al. Perinatal depression: a systematic review of prevalence and incidence. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 106:1071-1083.
3. Blazer DG, Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Swartz MS. The prevalence and distribution of major depression in a national community sample: the National Comorbidity Survey. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:979-986.
4. Nicholson WK, Setse R, Hill-Briggs F, et al. Depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life in early pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 107:798-806. • In a cross-sectional study of 175 pregnant women, the presence of depressive symptoms in early pregnancy was found to be associated with lower health-related quality of life shown as lower scores on 'role-physical', 'bodily pain', 'general health', and 'role-emotional' on the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 Health Survey.
5. Minkovitz CS, Strobino D, Scharfstein D, et al. Maternal depressive symptoms and children's receipt of healthcare in the first 3 years of life. Pediatrics 2005; 115:306-314.
6. McLearn KT, Minkovitz CS, Strobino DM, et al. Maternal depressive symptoms at 2 to 4 months post partum and early parenting practices. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006; 160:279-284.
7. Jennings KD, Ross S, Popper S, Elmore M. Thoughts of harming infants in depressed and nondepressed mothers. J Affect Disord 1999; 54:21-28.
8. Henshaw C, Foreman D, Cox J. Postnatal blues: a risk factor for postnatal depression. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2004; 25:267-272.
9. Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression: development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry 1987; 150:782-786.
10. Boyce P, Stubbs J, Todd A. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: validation for an Australian sample. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1993; 27:472-476.
11. Lee DT, Yip AS, Chiu HF, Chung TK. Screening for postnatal depression using the double-test strategy. Psychosom Med 2000; 62:258-263.
12. Lee DT, Yip AS, Chiu HF, et al. Screening for postnatal depression: are specific instruments mandatory? J Affect Disord 2001; 63:233-238.
13. Benvenuti P, Ferrara M, Niccolai C, et al. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: validation for an Italian sample. J Affect Disord 1999; 53:137-141.
14. Wickberg B, Hwang CP. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: validation on a Swedish community sample. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996; 94:181-184.
15. Felice E, Saliba J, Grech V, Cox J. Validation of the Maltese version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Arch Womens Ment Health 2006; 9:75-80.
16. Lee DT, Yip AS, Chan SS, et al. Postdelivery screening for postpartum depression. Psychosom Med 2003; 65:357-361.
17. Dennis CL. Can we identify mothers at risk for postpartum depression in the immediate postpartum period using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale? J Affect Disord 2004; 78:163-169.
18. Carter FA, Carter JD, Luty SE, et al. Screening and treatment for depression during pregnancy: a cautionary note. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2005; 39:255-261.
19. Carter FA, Frampton CM, Mulder RT. Cesarean section and postpartum depression: a review of the evidence examining the link. Psychosom Med 2006; 68:321-330. • A systematic review of 24 studies examining the relationship between caesarean section and postnatal depression. Five showed significant association, 15 showed no significant association, and four showed mixed results.
20. Wisner KL, Perel JM, Peindl KS, et al. Prevention of recurrent postpartum depression: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62:82-86.
21. Wisner KL, Perel JM, Peindl KS, et al. Prevention of postpartum depression: a pilot randomized clinical trial. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:1290-1292.
22. Dennis CL. Psychosocial and psychological interventions for prevention of postnatal depression: systematic review. BMJ 2005; 331:15.
23. Milgrom J, Negri LM, Gemmill AW, et al. A randomized controlled trial of psychological interventions for postnatal depression. Br J Clin Psychol 2005; 44:529-542.
24. Zlotnick C, Miller IW, Pearlstein T, et al. A preventive intervention for pregnant women on public assistance at risk for postpartum depression. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:1443-1445.
25. Boath E, Bradley E, Henshaw C. The prevention of postnatal depression: a narrative systematic review. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol 2005; 26:185-192.
26. Thoppil J, Riutcel TL, Nalesnik SW. Early intervention for perinatal depression. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 192:1446-1448.
27. Hoffbrand S, Howard L, Crawley H. Antidepressant treatment for postnatal depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;4.
28. Appleby L, Warner R, Whitton A, Faragher B. A controlled study of fluoxetine and cognitive-behavioural counselling in the treatment of postnatal depression. BMJ 1997; 314:932-936.
29. Misri S, Reebye P, Corral M, Milis L. The use of paroxetine and cognitive-behavioral therapy in postpartum depression and anxiety: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65:1236-1241.
30. Andersson L, Sundstrom-Poromaa I, Wulff M, et al. Depression and anxiety during pregnancy and six months postpartum: a follow-up study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2006; 85:937-944. •• In a population-based sample of 1555 women in Sweden, anxiety and depression were more prevalent during the midtrimester (∼30%) than postpartum (16%). History of psychiatric disorder, being single, and obesity were risk factors for new-onset postpartum psychiatric disorder.
31. Bennett HA, Einarson A, Taddio A, et al. Prevalence of depression during pregnancy: systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 103:698-709.
32. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 343. Psychosocial risk factors: perinatal screening and intervention. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 469-477.
33. Chung TK, Lau TK, Yip AS, et al. Antepartum depressive symptomatology is associated with adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes. Psychosom Med 2001; 63:830-834.
34. Austin MP, Hadzi-Pavlovic D, Saint K, Parker G. Antenatal screening for the prediction of postnatal depression: validation of a psychosocial Pregnancy Risk Questionnaire. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005; 112:310-317.
35. Rahimi R, Nikfar S, Abdollahi M. Pregnancy outcomes following exposure to serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Reprod Toxicol 2006; 22:571-575. • This meta-analysis of pooled data from clinical studies between 1990 and 2005 investigating obstetric outcomes in pregnant women exposed to therapeutic doses of SSRIs showed no increase in the risk of major, cardiovascular, and minor malformations.
36. Oberlander TF, Warburton W, Misri S, et al. Neonatal outcomes after prenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and maternal depression using population-based linked health data. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63:898-906. • This study included all live births (n = 119 547) between 1998 and 2001 in British Columbia, Canada. Infants of depressed mothers treated with SSRIs had significantly lower birth weights, earlier gestational ages, and a higher rate of respiratory distress than infants of nontreated, depressed mothers.
37. Wen SW, Yang Q, Garner P, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 194:961-966. • This is a retrospective cohort study of 972 pregnant women who received at least one SSRI during pregnancy and 3878 pregnant control subjects. The use of SSRIs was associated with increased risks of low birth weight, preterm birth, fetal death, and neonatal seizures (odds ratios 1.58, 1.57, 2.23, and 3.87, respectively).
38. Chambers CD, Hernandez-Diaz S, Van Marter LJ, et al. Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:579-587. • This case-control study compared 377 infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn with 836 matched controls and showed an association between prenatal exposure to SSRIs and pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (odds ratio 6.1).
39. Cohen LS, Altshuler LL, Harlow BL, et al. Relapse of major depression during pregnancy in women who maintain or discontinue antidepressant treatment. JAMA 2006; 295:499-507. • This prospective study provided monthly longitudinal psychiatric assessments to diagnose relapse of major depression in 201 women during their pregnancies. The relapse rate was significantly higher in the 65 women who discontinued medication than amongst the 82 women who maintained their medication throughout their pregnancy (68 versus 26%).
40. Cohen LS, Nonacs RM, Bailey JW, et al. Relapse of depression during pregnancy following antidepressant discontinuation: a preliminary prospective study. Arch Womens Ment Health 2004; 7:217-221.
41. Ayers S, Pickering AD. Do women get posttraumatic stress disorder as a result of childbirth? A prospective study of incidence. Birth 2001; 28:111-118.
42. Soderquist J, Wijma B, Wijma K. The longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress after childbirth. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2006; 27:113-119.
43. Loveland Cook CA, Flick LH, Homan SM, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder in pregnancy: prevalence, risk factors, and treatment. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 103:710-717.
44. Olde E, van der Hart O, Kleber R, van Son M. Posttraumatic stress following childbirth: a review. Clin Psychol Rev 2006; 26:1-16.
45. Ryding EL, Wijma K, Wijma B. Predisposing psychological factors for posttraumatic stress reactions after emergency cesarean section. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1998; 77:351-352.
46. Ryding EL, Wijma K, Wijma B. Psychological impact of emergency cesarean section in comparison with elective cesarean section, instrumental and normal vaginal delivery. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 1998; 19:135-144.
47. Engelhard IM, van den Hout MA, Arntz A. Posttraumatic stress disorder after pregnancy loss. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2001; 23:62-66.
48. Turton P, Hughes P, Evans CD, Fainman D. Incidence, correlates and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder in the pregnancy after stillbirth. Br J Psychiatry 2001; 178:556-560.
49. Smith MV, Poschman K, Cavaleri MA, et al. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in a community sample of low-income pregnant women. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:881-884.
50. Ross LE, Evans SEG, Sellers EM, Romach MK. Measurement issues in postpartum depression, part 1: anxiety as a feature of postpartum depression. Arch Womens Ment Health 2003; 6:51-57.
51. Wenzel A, Haugen EN, Jackson LC, Robinson K. Prevalence of generalized anxiety at eight weeks postpartum. Arch Womens Ment Health 2003; 6:43-49.
52. Wenzel A, Haugen EN, Jackson LC, Brendle JR. Anxiety symptoms and disorders at eight weeks postpartum. J Anxiety Disord 2005; 19:295-311.
53. Hart R, McMahon CA. Mood state and psychological adjustment to pregnancy. Arch Womens Ment Health 2006; 9:329-337.
54. Morande G, Celada J, Casas JJ. Prevalence of eating disorders in a Spanish school-age population. J Adolesc Health 1999; 24:212-219.
55. Whitehouse AM, Cooper PJ, Vize CV, et al. Prevalence of eating disorders in three Cambridge general practices: hidden and conspicuous morbidity. Br J Gen Pract 1992; 42:57-60.
56. Sollid CP, Wisborg K, Hjort J, Secher NJ. Eating disorder that was diagnosed before pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 190:206-210.
57. Kouba S, Hallstrom T, Lindholm C, Hirschberg AL. Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in women with eating disorders. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 105:255-260.
58. Morgan JF, Lacey JH, Chung E. Risk of postnatal depression, miscarriage, and preterm birth in bulimia nervosa: retrospective controlled study. Psychosom Med 2006; 68:487-492. •• A recent study comparing 122 women with active bulimia during pregnancy with 82 control subjects with inactive disease. Risks for postnatal depression, miscarriage, and preterm delivery were significantly increased twofold to threefold (2.8, 2.6, and 3.3 significantly higher, respectively).
59. Lai BP, Tang CS, Tse WK. A longitudinal study investigating disordered eating during the transition to motherhood among Chinese women in Hong Kong. Int J Eat Disord 2006; 39:303-311. • In a longitudinal study on new mothers, eating disorders were significantly higher in the postnatal period than in the prenatal period (19 versus 8%).
60. England S, Richardson B, Brockington IF. Postpartum psychosis after short gestation. Arch Womens Ment Health 1998; 1:143-146.
61. Jones I, Craddock N. Bipolar disorder and childbirth: the importance of recognising risk. Br J Psychiatry 2005; 186:453-454.
62. Yun Y, Phillips LJ, Cotton S, et al. Obstetric complications and transition to psychosis in an 'ultra' high risk sample. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2005; 39:460-466.
63. Nager A, Johansson L-M, Sundquist K. Are sociodemographic factors and year of delivery associated with hospital admission for postpartum psychosis? A study of 500 000 first-time mothers. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005; 112:47-53.
64. Blackmore ER, Jones I, Doshi M, et al. Obstetric variables associated with bipolar affective puerperal psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 2006; 188:32-36. • This study included 129 women with bipolar affective puerperal psychosis. Primiparity was an independent risk factors (odds ratio 3.76) for postpartum psychosis.
65. Brockington IF. Motherhood and mental health. New York: Oxford University Press; 1996.
66. Why mothers die 2000-2002: the sixth report of the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom. London: RCOG Press; 2004.
67. Wieck A, Kumar R, Hirst AD, et al. Increased sensitivity of dopamine receptors and recurrence of affective psychosis after childbirth. BMJ 1991; 303:613-616.
68. Oates M. Suicide: the leading cause of maternal death. Br J Psychiatry 2003; 183:279-281.