The Promise of the Quantitative Electroencephalogram as a Predictor of Antidepressant Treatment Outcomes in Major Depressive Disorder

Psychiatric Clinics of North America

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 105-124

  Hunter, Aimee M ^a   Cook, Ian A ^a   Leuchter, Andrew F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; CITALOPRAM; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; FLUOXETINE; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN BETA SUBUNIT; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; SEROTONIN 2A RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TRYPTOPHAN HYDROXYLASE;

DEPRESSION; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; HUMAN; MAJOR DEPRESSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW; TREATMENT FAILURE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; HUMANS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 33947121760     PISSN: 0193953X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2006.12.002     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Baldessarini R.J. Current status of antidepressants: clinical pharmacology and therapy. J Clin Psychiatry 50 (1989) 117-126
2. Rush A.J., Carmody T.J., Donahue R.M., et al. Response in relation to baseline anxiety levels in major depressive disorder treated with bupropion sustained release or sertraline. Neuropsychopharmacology 25 (2001) 131-138
3. *D: implications for clinical practice. Am J Psychiatry 163 1 (2006) 28-40
4. Katzelnick DJ, Kobak K, Greist JK, et al. Predictors of adequate dose and duration of antidepressant medication for depression in a HMO. Poster 86 presented at the 37th annual meeting of the New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit (NCDEU). Boca Raton, May 27-30, 1997.
5. Simon G.E., Savarino J., Operskalski B., et al. Suicide risk during antidepressant treatment. Am J Psychiatry 163 1 (2006) 41-47
6. Bremner J., Narayan M., Anderson E., et al. Hippocampal volume reduction in major depression. Am J Psychiatry 157 1 (2000) 115-118
7. Sheline Y., Gado M., and Kraemer H. Untreated depression and hippocampal volume loss. Am J Psychiatry 160 8 (2003) 1516-1518
8. Spijker J., de Graaf R., Bijl R., et al. Determinants of persistence of major depressive episodes in the general population. Results from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). J Affect Disord 81 3 (2004) 231-240
9. Szadoczky E., Rozsa S., Zambori J., et al. Predictors for 2-year outcome of major depressive episode. J Affect Disord 83 1 (2004) 49-57
10. Russell J., Hawkins K., Ozminkowski R., et al. The cost consequences of treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry 65 3 (2004) 341-347
11. Bielski R.J., and Friedel R.O. Prediction of tricyclic antidepressant response: a critical review. Arch Gen Psychiatry 33 12 (1976) 1479-1489
12. Ananth J. Clinical prediction of antidepressant response. Int Pharmacopsychiatry 13 2 (1978) 69-93
13. Balon R. Biological predictors of antidepressant treatment outcome. Clin Neuropharmacol 12 3 (1989) 195-214
14. Joyce P.R., and Paykel E.S. Predictors of drug response in depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46 1 (1989) 89-99
15. Kocsis J.H. New issues in the prediction of antidepressant response. Psychopharmacol Bull 26 1 (1990) 49-53
16. Goodwin F.K. Predictors of antidepressant response. Bull Menninger Clin 57 2 (1993) 146-160
17. Mulder R.T., Joyce P.R., Sullivan P.F., et al. Intimate bonds in depression. J Affect Disord 40 (1996) 175-178
18. Small G.W., Hamilton S.H., Bystritsky A., et al. Clinical response predictors in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine for geriatric major depression. Fluoxetine Collaborative Study Group. Int Psychogeriatr 7 Suppl (1995) 41-53
19. Cohn J.B., and Wilcox C. A comparison of fluoxetine, imipramine, and placebo in patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 46 (1985) 26-31
20. Nierenberg A.A., McLean N.E., Alpert J.E., et al. Early nonresponse to fluoxetine as a predictor of poor 8-week outcome. Am J Psychiatry 152 (1995) 1500-1503
21. Nierenberg A.A. Predictors of response to antidepressants general principles and clinical implications. Psychiatr Clin North Am 26 2 (2003) 345-352
22. Schmauss M., and Erfurth A. Predicting antidepressive treatment success-critical review and perspectives. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 61 (1993) 274-283
23. Serretti A., and Artioli P. The pharmacogenomics of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Pharmacogenomics J 4 4 (2004) 233-244
24. Lerer B., and Macciardi F. Pharmacogenetics of antidepressant and mood-stabilizing drugs: a review of candidate-gene studies and future research directions. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 5 3 (2002) 255-275
25. Serretti A., Artioli P., and Quartesan R. Pharmacogenetics in the treatment of depression: pharmacodynamic studies. Pharmacogenet Genomics 15 2 (2005) 61-67
26. Bruder G.E., Otto M.W., McGrath P.J., et al. Dichotic listening before and after fluoxetine treatment for major depression: relations of laterality to therapeutic response. Neuropsychopharmacology 15 2 (1996) 171-179
27. Bruder G.E., Stewart J.W., Tenke C.E., et al. Electroencephalographic and perceptual asymmetry differences between responders and nonresponders to an SSRI antidepressant. Biol Psychiatry 49 5 (2001) 416-425
28. Bruder G.E., Stewart J.W., McGrath P.J., et al. Dichotic listening tests of functional brain asymmetry predict response to fluoxetine in depressed women and men. Neuropsychopharmacology 29 9 (2004) 1752-1761
29. Mayberg H.S., Brannan S.K., Mahurin R.K., et al. Cingulate function in depression: a potential predictor of treatment response. Neuroreport 8 (1997) 1057-1061
30. Kennedy S.H., Evans K.R., Kruger S., et al. Changes in regional brain glucose metabolism measured with positron emission tomography after paroxetine treatment of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 158 6 (2001) 899-905
31. Leuchter A., Cook I., Uijtdehaage S., et al. Brain structure and function and the outcomes of treatment for depression. J Clin Psychiatry 58 Suppl 16 (1997) 22-31
32. Drevets W.C., and Raichle M.E. Neuroanatomical circuits in depression: implications for treatment mechanisms. 30th Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (1991, San Juan, Puerto Rico). Psychopharmacol Bull 28 (1992) 261-274
33. Drevets W.C. Geriatric depression: brain imaging correlates and pharmacologic considerations. J Clin Psychiatry 55 Suppl A (1994) 71-82 98-100
34. Nobler MS, Sackeim HA, Louie J, et al. Clinical response to antidepressants is associated with reduced frontal CBF in late-life depression [abstract no. NR372. 1998]. Program and Abstracts on New Research. Presented at the one hundred fifty-first annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 30-June 4, 1998.
35. Brody A.L., Saxena S., Silverman D.H., et al. Brain metabolic changes in major depressive disorder from pre- to post-treatment with paroxetine. Psychiatry Res 91 (1999) 127-139
36. Brody A.L., Saxena S., Stoessel P., et al. Regional brain metabolic changes in patients with major depression treated with either paroxetine or interpersonal therapy: preliminary findings. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58 (2001) 631-640
37. Saletu B., Grunberger J., Linzmayer L., et al. The pharmacokinetics of nomifensine. Comparison of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics using computer pharmaco-EEG. Int Pharmacopsychiatry 17 Suppl 1 (1982) 43-72
38. Saletu B., Grunberger J., and Rajna P. Pharmaco-EEG profiles of antidepressants. Pharmacodynamic studies with fluvoxamine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 15 Suppl 3 (1983) 369S-383S
39. Saletu B., Grunberger J., and Linzmayer L. On central effects of serotonin re-uptake inhibitors: quantitative EEG and psychometric studies with sertraline and zimelidine. J Neural Transm 67 3-4 (1986) 241-266
40. Saletu B., Anderer P., Kinsperger K., et al. Topographic brain mapping of EEG in neuropsychopharmacology-part II. Clinical applications (pharmaco EEG imaging). Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 9 6 (1987) 385-408
41. Saletu B., and Grunberger J. Classification and determination of cerebral bioavailability of fluoxetine: pharmacokinetic, pharmaco-EEG, and psychometric analyses. J Clin Psychiatry 46 3 Pt 2 (1985) 45-52
42. Saletu B., and Grunberger J. Drug profiling by computed electroencephalography and brain maps, with special consideration of sertraline and its psychometric effects. J Clin Psychiatry 49 Suppl (1988) 59-71
43. Sannita W.G., Ottonello D., Perria B., et al. Topographic approaches in human quantitative pharmaco-electroencephalography. Neuropsychobiology 9 1 (1983) 66-72
44. Sannita W.G. Quantitative EEG in human neuropharmacology. Rationale, history, and recent developments. Acta Neurol (Napoli) 12 5 (1990) 389-409
45. Itil T.M., Menon G.N., Bozak M.M., et al. CNS effects of citalopram, a new serotonin inhibitor antidepressant (a quantitative pharmaco electroencephalography study). Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 8 3 (1984) 397-409
46. Herrmann W.M., Scharer E., Wendt G., et al. Pharmaco-EEG profile of levoprotiline: second example to discuss the predictive value of pharmaco-electroencephalography in early human pharmacological evaluations of psychoactive drugs. Pharmacopsychiatry 24 6 (1991) 206-213
47. Luthringer R., Dago K.T., Patat A., et al. Pharmacoelectroencephalographic profile of befloxatone, a new reversible MAO-A inhibitor, in healthy subjects. Neuropsychobiology 34 2 (1996) 98-105
48. Itil T.M. The discovery of antidepressant drugs by computer-analyzed human cerebral bio-electrical potentials (CEEG). Prog Neurobiol 20 3-4 (1983) 185-249
49. Ulrich G., Renfordt E., Zeller G., et al. Interrelation between changes in the EEG and psychopathology under pharmacotherapy for endogenous depression. A contribution to the predictor question. Pharmacopsychiatry 17 6 (1984) 178-183
50. Ulrich G., Renfordt E., and Frick K. The topographical distribution of alpha-activity in the resting EEG of endogenous-depressive in-patients with and without clinical response to pharmacotherapy. Pharmacopsychiatria 19 (1986) 272-273
51. Ulrich G., Renfordt E., and Frick K. Electroencephalographic dynamics of vigilance and drug-response in endogenous depression. Pharmacopsychiatria 19 (1986) 270-271
52. Ulrich G., Haug H.J., Stieglitz R.D., et al. EEG characteristics of clinically defined on-drug-responders and non-responders-a comparison clomipramine vs. maprotiline. Pharmacopsychiatry 21 6 (1988) 367-368
53. Ulrich G., and Frick K. A new quantitative approach to the assessment of stages of vigilance as defined by spatiotemporal EEG patterning. Percept Mot Skills 62 2 (1986) 567-576
54. Knott V.J., Telner J.I., Lapierre Y.D., et al. Quantitative EEG in the prediction of antidepressant response to imipramine. J Affect Disord 39 3 (1996) 175-184
55. Knott V., Mahoney C., Kennedy S., et al. Pre-treatment EEG and its relationship to depression severity and paroxetine treatment outcome. Pharmacopsychiatry 33 6 (2000) 201-205
56. Saxena S., Brody A.L., Ho M.L., et al. Differential brain metabolic predictors of response to paroxetine in obsessive-compulsive disorder versus major depression. Am J Psychiatry 160 (2003) 522-532
57. Drevets W.C., Bogers W., and Raichle M.E. Functional anatomical correlates of antidepressant drug treatment assessed using PET measures of regional glucose metabolism. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 12 6 (2002) 527-544
58. Videbech P., Ravnkilde B., Pedersen T.H., et al. The Danish PET/depression project: clinical symptoms and cerebral blood flow. A regions-of-interest analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 106 1 (2002) 35-44
59. Baxter Jr. L.R., Phelps M.E., Mazziotta J.C., et al. Local cerebral glucose metabolic rates in obsessive-compulsive disorder. A comparison with rates in unipolar depression and in normal controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44 3 (1987) 211-218
60. Drevets W.C., Videen T.O., Price J.L., et al. A functional anatomical study of unipolar depression. J Neurosci 12 9 (1992) 3628-3641
61. Bench C.J., Friston K.J., Brown R.G., et al. The anatomy of melancholia-focal abnormalities of cerebral blood flow in major depression. Psychol Med 22 3 (1992) 607-615
62. Phan K.L., Wager T., Taylor S.F., et al. Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: a meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI. Neuroimage 16 2 (2002) 331-348
63. Pizzagalli D., Pascual-Marqui R.D., Nitschke J.B., et al. Anterior cingulate activity as a predictor of degree of treatment response in major depression: evidence from brain electrical tomography analysis. Am J Psychiatry 158 3 (2001) 405-415
64. Pizzagalli D.A., Oakes T.R., and Davidson R.J. Coupling of theta activity and glucose metabolism in the human rostral anterior cingulate cortex: an EEG/PET study of normal and depressed subjects. Psychophysiology 40 6 (2003) 939-949
65. Pizzagalli D.A., Peccoralo L.A., Davidson R.J., et al. Resting anterior cingulate activity and abnormal responses to errors in subjects with elevated depressive symptoms: a 128-channel EEG study. Hum Brain Mapp (2005) [Jul 20, Epub ahead of print]
66. Davidson R.J., and Henriques J.B. Regional brain function in sadness and depression. In: Borod J. (Ed). The neuropsychology of emotion (2000), Oxford Univ Pres, New York 269-297
67. Henriques J.B., and Davidson R.J. Regional brain electrical asymmetries discriminate between previously depressed and healthy control subjects. J Abnorm Psychol 99 1 (1990) 22-31
68. Davidson R.J., and Irwin W. The functional neuroanatomy of emotion and affective style. Trends Cogn Sci 3 1 (1999) 11-21
69. Davidson R.J. Anterior cerebral asymmetry and the nature of emotion. Brain Cogn 20 1 (1992) 125-151
70. Davidson R.J., Irwin W., Anderle M.J., et al. The neural substrates of affective processing in depressed patients treated with venlafaxine. Am J Psychiatry 160 1 (2003) 64-75
71. Bush G., Vogt B.A., Holmes J., et al. Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex: a role in reward-based decision making. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 1 (2002) 523-528
72. Desiraju T. Electrophysiology of the frontal granular cortex. III. The cingulate-prefrontal relation in primate. Brain Res 109 3 (1976) 473-485
73. Vogt B.A., and Pandya D.N. Cingulate cortex of the rhesus monkey: II. Cortical afferents. J Comp Neurol 262 2 (1987) 271-289
74. Koski L., and Paus T. Functional connectivity of the anterior cingulate cortex within the human frontal lobe: a brain-mapping meta-analysis. Exp Brain Res 133 (2000) 55-65
75. Kumar A., and Cook I.A. White matter injury, neural connectivity and the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Dev Neurosci 24 (2002) 255-261
76. Davidson R.J. Seven sins in the study of emotion: correctives from affective neuroscience. Brain Cogn 52 1 (2003) 129-132
77. Ishii R., Shinosaki K., Ukai S., et al. Medial prefrontal cortex generates frontal midline theta rhythm. Neuroreport 10 4 (1999) 675-679
78. Asada H., Fukuda Y., Tsunoda S., et al. Frontal midline theta rhythms reflect alternative activation of prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex in humans. Neurosci Lett 274 1 (1999) 29-32
79. Vinogradova O.S. Expression, control, and probable functional significance of the neuronal theta-rhythm. Prog Neurobiol 45 (1995) 523-583
80. Basar E., Schurmann M., and Sakowitz O. The selectively distributed theta system: functions. Int J Psychophysiol 39 2-3 (2001) 197-212
81. Aftanas L.I., and Golocheikine S.A. Human anterior and frontal midline theta and lower alpha reflect emotionally positive state and internalized attention: high-resolution EEG investigation of meditation. Neurosci Lett 310 1 (2001) 57-60
82. Aftanas L.I., and Golocheikine S.A. Non-linear dynamic complexity of the human EEG during meditation. Neurosci Lett 330 2 (2002) 143-146
83. Aftanas L.I., Varlamov A.A., Reva N.V., et al. Disruption of early event-related theta synchronization of human EEG in alexithymics viewing affective pictures. Neurosci Lett 340 1 (2003) 57-60
84. Kubota Y., Sato W., Toichi M., et al. Frontal midline theta rhythm is correlated with cardiac autonomic activities during the performance of an attention demanding meditation procedure. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 11 2 (2001) 281-287
85. Anderer P., Saletu B., and Pascual-Marqui R.D. Effect of the 5-HT(1A) partial agonist buspirone on regional brain electrical activity in man: a functional neuroimaging study using low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA). Psychiatry Res 100 2 (2000) 81-96
86. Knott V.J., and Lapierre Y.D. Computerized EEG correlates of depression and antidepressant treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 11 2-3 (1987) 213-221
87. Knott V., Mahoney C., Kennedy S., et al. EEG power, frequency, asymmetry and coherence in male depression. Psychiatry Res 106 2 (2001) 123-140
88. Knott V., Mahoney C., Kennedy S., et al. EEG correlates of acute and chronic paroxetine treatment in depression. J Affect Disord 69 1-3 (2002) 241-249
89. Heikman P., Salmelin R., Makela J.P., et al. Relation between frontal 3-7 Hz MEG activity and the efficacy of ECT in major depression. J ECT 17 2 (2001) 136-140
90. Stubbeman W.F., Leuchter A.F., Cook I.A., et al. Pretreatment neurophysiologic function and ECT response in depression. J ECT 20 3 (2004) 142-144
91. Iosifescu D, Greenwald SD, Devlin P, et al. Frontal EEG predicts clinical response to SSRI treatment in MDD [abstract #170]. Presented at the 44th annual meeting of the New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit. Phoenix, AZ; June 1-4. 2004.
92. Iosifescu DV, Greenwald S, Devlin P, et al. Pretreatment frontal EEG predicts changes in suicidal ideation during SSRI treatment in MDD. Presented at the 45th annual meeting of the New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit (NCDEU). Boca Raton, FL; June 6-9, 2005.
93. Iosifescu D.V., Nierenberg A.A., Mischoulon D., et al. An open study of triiodothyronine augmentation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treatment resistant major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 66 (2005) 1038-1042
94. Poland R, Greenwald SD, Devlin P, et al. Change in frontal EEG predicts response to citalopram treatment in MDD [abstract #541]. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. Atlanta, GA; May 21-26, 2005.
95. Leuchter A.F., Cook I.A., Lufkin R.B., et al. Cordance: a new method for assessment of cerebral perfusion and metabolism using quantitative electroencephalography. Neuroimage 1 3 (1994) 208-219
96. Buchsbaum M.S., Hazlett E., Sicotte N., et al. Geometric and scaling issues in topographic electroencephalography. In: Duffy F.H. (Ed). Topographic mapping of brain electrical activity (1986), Butterworth Publishers, Stoneham (MA) 325-337
97. Nagata K. Topographic EEG mapping in cerebrovascular disease. Brain Topogr 2 (1989) 119-128
98. Wszolek Z.K., Herkes G.K., Lagerlund T.D., et al. Comparison of EEG background frequency analysis, psychologic test scores, short tests of mental status, and quantitative SPECT in dementia. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 5 (1992) 22-30
99. Leuchter A.F., Cook I.A., Newton T.F., et al. Regional differences in brain electrical activity in dementia: use of spectral power and spectral ratio measures. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 87 6 (1993) 385-393
100. Cook I.A., Leuchter A.F., Uijtdehaage S.H., et al. Altered cerebral energy utilization in late life depression. J Affect Disord 49 2 (1998) 89-99
101. Leuchter A.F., Uijtdehaage S.H., Cook I.A., et al. Relationship between brain electrical activity and cortical perfusion in normal subjects. Psychiatry Res 90 (1999) 125-140
102. Leuchter A.F., Cook I.A., Mena I., et al. Assessing cerebral perfusion using quantitative EEG cordance. Psych Res Neuroimaging 55 (1994) 141-152
103. Sackeim H.A., Prohovnik I., Moeller J.R., et al. Regional cerebral blood flow in mood disorders, I: comparison of major depressives and normal controls at rest. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47 (1990) 60-70
104. Cook I., and Leuchter A. Prefrontal changes and treatment response prediction in depression. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry 6 2 (2001) 113-120
105. Cook I., Leuchter A., Morgan M., et al. Early changes in prefrontal activity characterize clinical responders to antidepressants. Neuropsychopharmacology 27 1 (2002) 120-131
106. Leuchter A., Cook I., Witte E., et al. Changes in brain function of depressed subjects during treatment with placebo. Am J Psychiatry 159 1 (2002) 122-129
107. Cook I., Leuchter A., Morgan M., et al. Changes in prefrontal activity characterize clinical response in SSRI nonresponders: a pilot study. J Psychiatr Res 39 5 (2005) 461-466
108. Bares M, Brunovsky M, Kopecek M, et al. Changes in QEEG prefrontal activity as a predictor of response to antidepressive medication in patients with treatment resistant depressive disorder: a pilot study. Presented at the 14th European Congress of Psychiatry, AEP. Nice, France, March 4-8, 2006.
109. Kopecek M, Bares M, Brunovsky M, et al. EEG cordance as a predictor of response to antidepressive medication-pooled analysis. Presented at the 14th European Congress of Psychiatry, AEP. Nice, March 4-8, 2006.
110. Leuchter AF, Cook IA, Hunter AM, et al. Functional brain changes associated with remission in major depressive disorder. Poster Presented at the meeting of the Society of Biological Psychiatry. Atlanta, GA; May 19-21, 2005.
111. Cook IA, Hunter AM, Abrams M, et al. Midline and right frontal brain function and remission in major depression. Poster Presented at the 46th annual meeting of the New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit (NCDEU). June 12-15, 2006.
112. Hunter A.M., Leuchter A.F., Morgan M.L., et al. Neurophysiologic correlates of side effects in normal subjects randomized to venlafaxine or placebo. Neuropsychopharmacology 30 4 (2005) 792-799
113. Scherg M., and von Cramon D. Two bilateral sources of the late AEP as identified by a spatio-temporal dipole model. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 62 (1985) 32-44
114. Paige S.R., Fitzpatrik D.F., Kline J.P., et al. Event-related potential (ERP) amplitude/intensity slopes predict response to antidepressants. Neuropsychobiology 30 (1994) 197-201
115. Lee T.W., Yu Y.W., Chen T.J., et al. Loudness dependence of the auditory evoked potential and response to antidepressants in Chinese patients with major depression. J Psychiatry Neurosci 30 (2005) 202-205
116. Hegerl U., and Juckel G. Intensity dependence of auditory evoked potentials as indicator of central serotonergic neurotransmission-a new hypothesis. Biol Psychiatry 33 (1993) 173-187
117. Gallinat J., Bottlender R., Juckel G., et al. The loudness dependency of the auditory evoked N1/P2 component as a predictor of the acute SSRI response in depression. Psychopharmacology 148 (2000) 404-411
118. Hegerl U., and Herrmann W.M. Event-related potentials and the prediction of differential drug response in psychiatry. Neuropsychobiology 23 (1990) 99-108
119. Linka T., Muller B.W., Bender S., et al. The intensity dependence of the auditory evoked N1 component as a predictor of response to citalopram treatment in patients with major depression. Neurosci Lett 367 (2004) 375-378
120. Linka T., Muller B.W., Bender S., et al. The intensity dependence of auditory evoked ERP components 123. Predicts responsiveness to reboxetine treatment in major depression. Pharmacopsychiatry 38 (2005) 139-143
121. Shils J.L., Litt M., Skolnick B.E., et al. Bispectral analysis of visual interactions in humans. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 98 (1996) 113-125
122. Cook IA, Leuchter AF, Greenwald SD, et al. Single-channel EEG bispectrum predicts antidepressant treatment response. Poster Presented at the 42nd annual meeting of the New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit Annual Meeting. Boca Raton, FL; May 28-31, 2002.