Reducing emissions from plant flares

Proceedings of the Air and Waste Management Association's Annual Conference and Exhibition, AWMA

Volumn 5, Issue , 2006, Pages 2827-2843

  Levy, Robert E ^a   Randel, Lucy ^a   Healy, Meg ^a   Weaver, Don ^a  

^a Industry Professionals for Clean Air   (United States)

Author keywords

Air pollution; Alberta Resource Council; BAAQMD; Combustion; Crosswinds; Destruction efficiency; Elevated flare; Emissions, combustion efficiency; Flare; Flare gas recovery; Flare minimization; FTIR; Ground flare; Gulf Coast; Houston Galveston; HRVOC; International Flare Consortium; Ozone; Ozone forming emissions; Petrochemical; Refinery; TCEQ; Thermal oxidizer; University of alberta; VOC

Indexed keywords

EID: 33847781989     PISSN: 10526102     EISSN: None     Source Type: Conference Proceeding    
DOI: None     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (63)

1. Gabriel Cantu, TCEQ, 2000 Houston - Galveston Speciated Point Source Modeling Inventory, October 2003, Slide 17.
2. TCEQ publication RG-109 (Draft) Air Permit Technical Guidance for Chemical Sources: Flares and Vapor Oxidizers, October 2000, pp. 19, 35.
3. TCEQ, "Technical Justification For 99% Flare Efficiency," attached as Appendix L to Revisions to the SIP for the Control of Ozone Air Pollution, HGB Ozone Nonattainment Area (HGB 2004 SIP Revisions), October 2004.
4. Federal Register May 4, 1998, pp. 24436-24437, Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources: General Provisions; National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Categories: General Provisions
5. st Century, October 10 - 13, 2004, Maui, HI.
6. TCEQ, RG-109, pg. 19.
7. Flare Efficiency Study, EPA-600/2-83/052,. USEPA, Cincinnati, OH July 1983 (EPA 1983 Flare Study) Table 1. Flare Efficiency Test Results, p. 4.
8. URS Corp., Extraction of Allowable VOC Release Levels From TCEQ permits, prepared for Houston Advanced Research Center Texas Environmental Research Consortium, April 15, 2004.
9. 40 CFR §60.18(c)(2).
10. 40 CFR §60.18(c)(1).
11. TCEQ Work Assignment 5 Draft Flare Gas Flow Gas Rate and Composition Measurement, Methodologies Evaluation Document, prepared by Shell Global Solutions (US), Inc., p. 5-1. (Measurement Methodologies Evaluation).
12. Measurement Methodologies Evaluation, p. 1-6.
13. John F. Straitz, III, "Clearing the Air About Flare Systems," Chemical Engineering, September 1996, reprint, p. 5.
14. Straitz, p. 5.
15. Measurement Methodologies Evaluation, p. 5-1.
16. Measurement Methodologies Evaluation, p. 5-5.
17. Measurement Methodologies Evaluation, p. 5-2.
18. EPA 1983 Flare Study, p. ii.
19. 40 CFR §60.18(c)(3) and (4).
20. EPA 1983 Flare Study, Table 1, p. 4.
21. Measurement Methodologies Evaluation, p. 5-6.
22. Measurement Methodologies Evaluation, p. 5-2.
23. Measurement Methodologies Evaluation, p. 5-3.
24. Seebold, et al.
25. Cynthia Folsom Murphy and David T. Allen, "Event Emissions in the Houston Galveston Area" (HGA), January 14, 2004 (Event Emissions in HGA), p. A-31, available at www.harc.edu/harc/Projects/AirQuality/Projects/Status/H13.aspx.
26. Joseph T. Haney, Jr., and Laura Carlisle, Toxicology & Risk Assessment, Office of Permitting, Remediation & Registration, TNRCC Interoffice memorandum to Dan Thompson, Director, Region 12, Houston, July 31, 2002, p. 3.
27. Reference omitted to protect the company.
28. Measurement Methodologies Evaluation, p. 5-5.
29. 30 TAC §115.725(d)(7).
30. EPA 1983 Flare Study, p. 19.
31. M.R. Johnson, O. Zastavniuk, J.D. Dale and L.W. Kostiuk, "The Combustion Efficiency of Jet Diffusion Flames in Cross-flow," presented at the Joint Meeting of the United States Sections - The Combustion Institute, Washington, D.C., March 15-17, 1999.
32. Matthew R. Johnson, Adrian J. Majeski, David J. Wilson and Larry W. Kostiuk, "The Combustion Efficiency of a Propane Jet Diffusion Flame in Cross Flow," presented at the Fall meeting of the Western State Section of the Combustion Institute, Washington, October 26-27, 1998 (Paper #98F-38).
33. Houston's average annual wind speed is 7.9 miles per hour and Galveston's is 11.0 miles per hour. See the University of Utah Department of Meteorology's Utah and National Climate Data at http://www.met.utah.edu/jhorel/html/wx/climate/windavg.html.
34. Douglas M. Leahey, Katherine Preston and Mel Strosher, Theoretical and Observational Assessment of Flare Efficiencies, 51 J. Air & Waste Mgmt., 1610, 1611 (2001)
35. Karen Olson, Email to Terry Blodgett, et al., February 27, 2002, 11:31 AM (Olson Feb. 27 Email) (from TCEQ Response to Open Records Request, March 29, 2005 (Mar. 29 Response).
36. TCEQ publication RG-360, 2005 Emissions Inventory Guidelines, Technical Supplement 4; Flares, January 2006, p. A-46.
37. International Flare Consortium web site: URL http://home.earthlink.net/∼international-flare-consortium/index.html. Accessed March 2006.
38. Measurement Methodologies Evaluation, p. E-1.
39. TCEQ Science Synthesis Committee, "Accelerated Science Evaluation of Ozone Formation in the Houston-Galveston Area," November 13, 2002, p. 4. An analysis of scientific data on ozone formation in the Houston-Galveston area as part of the TCEQ's Texas Air Quality Study in the summer of 2000.
40. Cantu, TCEQ, 2003, Slide 17.
41. EPA 1983 Flare Study, p. 1.
42. Measurement Methodologies Evaluation, p. E-1.
43. Measurement Methodologies Evaluation, p. 6-1 to 6-2.
44. HGB 2004 SIP Revisions §1.6.2.1 Collateral VOC Reductions.
45. Measurement Methodologies Evaluation, p. 5-4.
46. HGB 2004 SIP Revisions §1.6.2.1 Collateral VOC Reductions.
47. Bay Area Air Quality District Regulation 12-11-401.
48. URL http://www.baaqmd.gov/enf/flares.
49. 30 TAC §115.725(e)-(k).
50. Measurement Methodologies Evaluation, p. 2-1.
51. Survey and Demonstration of Monitoring Technology for Houston Industrial Emissions (Project H31.2004) ENVIRON International Corporation. Prepared for Houston Advanced Research Center, January 12, 2005, pp. 3-12 to 3-13 (Monitoring Technology for Houston).
52. Monitoring Technology for Houston, p. 3-16.
53. BAAQMD Staff Report, Regulation 12, Rule 11, p. 31-32.
54. SCAQMD Summary Evaluation Report on Emissions from Flaring Operations at Refineries, Version 1, September 3, 2004.
55. Matthew R. Johnson, et al. (University of Alberta), "The Combustion Efficiency of a Propane Jet Diffusion Flame in Cross Flow," presented at the Fall Meeting of the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute, Washington, October 26-27, 1998, p. 11.
56. P.W. Fisher and D. Brennan, "Minimize Flaring with Flare Gas Recovery," Hydrocarbon Processing, June, 2002, p. 83.
57. Event Emissions in HGA, p. A-21.
58. Harvey Jeffries, et al. Stochastic Emissions Inventories for Houston Point Sources, Concepts and Examples, presentation to TCEQ, October 2000, Slide 2, available at URL http://www.airchem.sph.unc.edu/Research/Projects/Texas/MCCG/ (emphasis in original).
59. The Episodic Release Reduction Initiative, July 5, 2001 (ERRI), p. 1, URL http://www.epa.gov/earth1r6/6en/a/erri07-5fin.pdf.
60. ERRI, Appendix F, pp.32-36.
61. th Annual Ethylene Producers' Conference, Session TA009 - Ethylene Plant Operations, Atlanta, GA, April 12, 2005.
62. th Annual Ethylene Producers' Conference, Session TA009 - Ethylene Plant Operations, Atlanta, GA, April 12, 2005.
63. BAAQMD Press Release July 20, 2005, "Air District Board Adopts Refinery Flare Rule".