Intestinal uptake and transport of fatty acids

Advances in Molecular and Cell Biology

Volumn 33, Issue , 2003, Pages 9-28

  Niot, Isabelle ^a   Besnard, Philippe ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE BOURGOGNE   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33847770531     PISSN: 15692558     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S1569-2558(03)33002-4     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. A.C Ross Overview of retinoid metabolism J. Nutr. 123 1993 346 350
2. M.M Hussain Structural, biochemical and signaling properties of the low-density lipoprotein receptor gene family Front. Biosci. 6 2001 D417 D428
3. P.D Berk How do long-chain free fatty acids cross cell membranes? Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 212 1996 1 4
4. D Zakim Fatty acids enter cells by simple diffusion Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 212 1996 5 14
5. J.F Glatz J.J Luiken F.A van Nieuwenhoven G.J van der Vusse Molecular mechanism of cellular uptake and intracellular translocation of fatty acids Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 57 1997 3 9
6. N Abumrad C Harmon A Ibrahimi Membrane transport of long-chain fatty acids: evidence for a facilitated process J. Lipid Res. 39 1998 2309 2318
7. J.A Hamilton Fatty acid transport: difficult or easy? J. Lipid Res. 39 1998 467 481
8. M.J McArthur B.P Atshaves A Frolov W.D Foxworth A.B Kier F Schroeder Cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of long chain fatty acids J. Lipid Res. 40 1999 1371 1383
9. J.A Hamilton W Guo F Kamp Mechanism of cellular uptake of long-chain fatty acids: do we need cellular proteins? Mol. Cell. Biochem. 239 2002 17 23
10. A.M Kleinfeld P Chu C Romero Transport of long-chain native fatty acids across lipid bilayer membranes indicates that transbilayer flip–flop is rate limiting Biochemistry 36 1997 14146 14158
11. F Kamp H.V Westterhoff J.A Hamilton Movement of fatty acids, fatty acid analogues and bile acids across phospholipid bilayers Biochemistry 32 1993 11074 11086
12. F Kamp D Zakim F Zhang N Noy J.A Hamilton Fatty acid flip–flop in phospholipid bilayers is extremely fast Biochemistry 34 1995 11928 11937
13. M.J Hope P.R Cullis Lipid asymmetry induced by transmembrane pH gradients in large unilamellar vesicles J. Biol. Chem. 262 1987 4360 4366
14. B.L Trigatti G.E Gerber The effect of intracellular pH on long-chain fatty acid uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes: evidence that uptake involves the passive diffusion of protonated long-chain fatty acids across the plasma membrane Biochem. J. 313 1996 487 494
15. S.L Chow D Hollander Linoleic acid absorption in the unanesthetized rat: mechanism of transport and influence of luminal factors on absorption Lipids 14 1979 378 385
16. F.A Wilson V.L Sallee J.M Dietschy Unstirred water layers in intestine: rate determinant of fatty acid absorption from micellar solutions Science 174 1971 1031 1033
17. Y.F Shiau P Fernandez M.J Jackson S McMonagle Mechanisms maintaining a low-pH microclimate in the intestine Am. J. Physiol. 248 1985 G608 G617
18. M.N Orsenigo M Tosco S Zoppi A Faelli Characterization of basolateral membrane Na/H antiport in rat jejunum Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1026 1990 64 68
19. P Tso Intestinal Lipid Absorption 3rd ed. Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract 1994
20. Y.F Shiau Mechanism of fat absorption Am. J. Physiol. 240 1981 G1 G9
21. C Schoeller M Keelan G Mulvey W Stremmel A.B Thomson Oleic acid uptake into rat and rabbit jejunal brush border membrane Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1236 1995 51 64
22. W Stremmel Uptake of fatty acids by jejunal mucosal cells is mediated by a fatty acid binding membrane protein J. Clin. Invest. 82 1988 2001 2010
23. P.J Trotter S.Y Ho J Storch Fatty acid uptake by Caco-2 human intestinal cells J. Lipid Res. 37 1996 336 346
24. T Tranchant P Besson C Hoinard M Pinault J.M Alessandri J Delarue C Couet J Gore Long-term supplementation of culture medium with essential fatty acids alters alpha-linolenic acid uptake in Caco-2 clone TC7 Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 76 1998 621 629
25. J.E Schaffer H.F Lodish Expression, cloning and characterization of a novel adipocyte long-chain fatty acid transport protein Cell 79 1994 427 436
26. B.L Trigatti D Mangroo G.E Gerber Photoaffinity labeling and fatty acid permeation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes J. Biol. Chem. 266 1991 22621 22625
27. N.A Abumrad M.R el-Maghrabi E.Z Amri E Lopez P.A Grimaldi Cloning of a rat adipocyte membrane protein implicated in binding or transport of long-chain fatty acids that is induced during preadipocyte differentiation. Homology with human CD36 J. Biol. Chem. 268 1993 17665 17668
28. W Stremmel G Lotz G Strohmeyer P.D Berk Identification, isolation, and partial characterization of a fatty acid binding protein from rat jejunal microvillous membranes J. Clin. Invest. 75 1985 1068 1076
29. D Hirsch A Stahl H.F Lodish A family of fatty acid transporters conserved from mycobacterium to man Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95 1998 8625 8629
30. A Stahl R.E Gimeno L.A Tartaglia H.F Lodish Fatty acid transport proteins: a current view of a growing family Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 12 2001 266 273
31. A Stahl D.J Hirsch R.E Gimeno S Punreddy P Ge N Watson S Patel M Kotler A Raimondi L.A Tartaglia H.F Lodish Identification of the major intestinal fatty acid transport protein Mol. Cell 4 1999 299 308
32. T Herrmann F Buchkremer I Gosch A.M Hall D.A Bernlohr W Stremmel Mouse fatty acid transport protein 4 (FATP4): characterization of the gene and functional assessment as a very long chain acyl-CoA synthetase Gene 270 2001 31 40
33. N.R Coe A.J Smith B.I Frohnert P.A Watkins D.A Bernlohr The fatty acid transport protein (FATP1) is a very long chain acyl-CoA synthetase J. Biol. Chem. 274 1999 36300 36304
34. S.M Stuhlsatz-Krouper N.E Bennett J.E Schaffer Molecular aspects of fatty acid transport: mutations in the IYTSGTTGXPK motif impair fatty acid transport protein function Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 60 1999 285 289
35. L Pelkmans A Helenius Endocytosis via caveolae Traffic 3 2002 311 320
36. G.E Gerber D Mangroo B.L Trigatti Identification of high affinity membrane-bound fatty acid-binding proteins using a photoreactive fatty acid Mol. Cell. Biochem. 123 1993 39 44
37. B.L Trigatti R.G Anderson G.E Gerber Identification of caveolin-1 as a fatty acid binding protein Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 255 1999 34 39
38. P.E Scherer R.Y Lewis D Volonte J.A Engelman F Galbiati J Couet D.S Kohtz E van Donselaar P Peters M.P Lisanti Cell-type and tissue-specific expression of caveolin-2. Caveolins 1 and 2 co-localize and form a stable hetero-oligomeric complex in vivo J. Biol. Chem. 272 1997 29337 29346
39. R.G Parton Caveolae and caveolins Curr. Opin. Cell. Biol. 8 1996 542 548
40. P Liu W.P Li T Machleidt R.G Anderson Identification of caveolin-1 in lipoprotein particles secreted by exocrine cells Nat. Cell. Biol. 1 1999 369 375
41. P Liu M Rudick R.G Anderson Multiple functions of caveolin-1 J. Biol. Chem. 277 2002 41295 41298
42. J Couet S Li T Okamoto T Ikezu M.P Lisanti Identification of peptide and protein ligands for the caveolin-scaffolding domain. Implications for the interaction of caveolin with caveolae-associated proteins J. Biol. Chem. 272 1997 6525 6533
43. P.A Conrad E.J Smart Y.S Ying R.G Anderson G.S Bloom Caveolin cycles between plasma membrane caveolae and the Golgi complex by microtubule-dependent and microtubule-independent steps J. Cell. Biol. 131 1995 1421 1433
44. F.J Field E Born S Murthy S.N Mathur Caveolin is present in intestinal cells: role in cholesterol trafficking? J. Lipid Res. 39 1998 1938 1950
45. F Schroeder A.M Gallegos B.P Atshaves S.M Storey A.L McIntosh A.D Petrescu H Huang O Starodub H Chao H Yang A Frolov A.B Kier Recent advances in membrane microdomains: rafts, caveolae, and intracellular cholesterol trafficking Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood) 226 2001 873 890
46. B Razani T.P Combs X.B Wang P.G Frank D.S Park R.G Russell M Li B Tang L.A Jelicks P.E Scherer M.P Lisanti Caveolin-1-deficient mice are lean, resistant to diet-induced obesity, and show hypertriglyceridemia with adipocyte abnormalities J. Biol. Chem. 277 2002 8635 8647
47. D.E Greenwalt R.H Lipsky C.F Ockenhouse H Ikeda N.N Tandon G.A Jamieson Membrane glycoprotein CD36: a review of its roles in adherence, signal transduction, and transfusion medicine Blood 80 1992 1105 1115
48. A.G Baillie C.T Coburn N.A Abumrad Reversible binding of long-chain fatty acids to purified FAT, the adipose CD36 homolog J. Membr. Biol. 153 1996 75 81
49. A Ibrahimi Z Sfeir H Magharaie E.Z Amri P Grimaldi N.A Abumrad Expression of the CD36 homolog (FAT) in fibroblast cells: effects on fatty acid transport Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93 1996 2646 2651
50. M.P Lisanti P.E Scherer J Vidugiriene Z Tang A Hermanowski-Vosatka Y.H Tu R.F Cook M Sargiacomo Characterization of caveolin-rich membrane domains isolated from an endothelial-rich source: implications for human disease J. Cell. Biol. 126 1994 111 126
51. N Tao S.J Wagner D.M Lublin CD36 is palmitoylated on both N- and C-terminal cytoplasmic tails J. Biol. Chem. 271 1996 22315 22320
52. F Galbiati D Volonté C Minetti J.B Chu M.P Lisanti Phenotypic behavior of caveolin-3 mutations that cause autosomal dominant limb girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD-1C) J. Biol. Chem. 274 1999 25632 25641
53. A Ibrahimi N.A Abumrad Role of CD36 in membrane transport of long-chain fatty acids Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 5 2002 139 145
54. H Poirier P Degrace I Niot A Bernard P Besnard Localization and regulation of the putative membrane fatty-acid transporter (FAT) in the small intestine. Comparison with fatty acid-binding proteins (FABP) Eur. J. Biochem. 238 1996 368 373
55. M.V Lobo L Huerta N Ruiz-Velasco E Teixeiro P de la Cueva A Celdran A Martin-Hidalgo M.A Vega R Bragado Localization of the lipid receptors CD36 and CLA-1/SR-BI in the human gastrointestinal tract: towards the identification of receptors mediating the intestinal absorption of dietary lipids J. Histochem. Cytochem. 49 2001 1253 1260
56. I Sukhotnik A.S Gork M Chen R.A Drongowski A.G Coran C.M Harmon Effect of low fat diet on lipid absorption and fatty-acid transport following bowel resection Pediatr. Surg. Int. 17 2001 259 264
57. M Chen Y Yang E Braunstein K.E Georgeson C.M Harmon Gut expression and regulation of FAT/CD36: possible role in fatty acid transport in rat enterocytes Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 281 2001 E916 E923
58. A Bonen J.J Luiken Y Arumugam J.F Glatz N.N Tandon Acute regulation of fatty acid uptake involves the cellular redistribution of fatty acid translocase J. Biol. Chem. 275 2000 14501 14508
59. J.J Luiken D.J Dyck X.X Han N.N Tandon Y Arumugam J.F Glatz A Bonen Insulin induces the translocation of the fatty acid transporter FAT/CD36 to the plasma membrane Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 282 2002 E491 E495
60. G.R Steinberg D.J Dyck J Calles-Escandon N.N Tandon J.J Luiken J.F Glatz A Bonen Chronic leptin administration decreases fatty acid uptake and fatty acid transporters in rat skeletal muscle J. Biol. Chem. 277 2002 8854 8860
61. I Kolleck F Guthmann A.M Ladhoff N.N Tandon M Schlame B Rustow Cellular cholesterol stimulates acute uptake of palmitate by redistribution of fatty acid translocase in type II pneumocytes Biochemistry 41 2002 6369 6375
62. M Febbraio N.A Abumrad D.P Hajjar K Sharma W Cheng S.F Pearce R.L Silverstein A null mutation in murine CD36 reveals an important role in fatty acid and lipoprotein metabolism J. Biol. Chem. 274 1999 19055 19062
63. H Kashiwagi Y Tomiyama S Nozaki S Honda S Kosugi M Shiraga T Nakagawa N Nagao Y Kanakura Y Kurata Y Matsuzawa A single nucleotide insertion in codon 317 of the CD36 gene leads to CD36 deficiency Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 16 1996 1026 1032
64. J.R Goudriaan V.E Dahlmans M Febbraio B Teusink J.A Romijn L.M Havekes P.J Voshol Intestinal lipid absorption is not affected in CD36 deficient mice Mol. Cell. Biochem. 239 2002 199 202
65. B.J Potter D Stump W Schwieterman D Sorrentino L.N Jacobs C.L Kiang J.H Rand P.D Berk Isolation and partial characterization of plasma membrane fatty acid binding proteins from myocardium and adipose tissue and their relationship to analogous proteins in liver and gut Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 148 1987 1370 1376
66. P.D Berk H Wada Y Horio B.J Potter D Sorrentino S.L Zhou L.M Isola D Stump C.L Kiang S Thung Plasma membrane fatty acid-binding protein and mitochondrial glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase of rat liver are related Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 87 1990 3484 3488
67. D.D Stump S.L Zhou P.D Berk Comparison of plasma membrane FABP and mitochondrial isoform of aspartate aminotransferase from rat liver Am. J. Physiol. 265 1993 G894 G902
68. L.M Isola S.L Zhou C.L Kiang D.D Stump M.W Bradbury P.D Berk 3T3 fibroblasts transfected with a cDNA for mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase express plasma membrane fatty acid-binding protein and saturable fatty acid uptake Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92 1995 9866 9870
69. S.L Zhou D Stump L Isola P.D Berk Constitutive expression of a saturable transport system for non-esterified fatty acids in Xenopus laevis oocytes Biochem. J. 297 1994 315 319
70. L.P Turcotte A.K Srivastava J.L Chiasson Fasting increases plasma membrane fatty acid-binding protein (FABP(PM)) in red skeletal muscle Mol. Cell. Biochem. 166 1997 153 158
71. P.D Berk S.L Zhou C.L Kiang D Stump M Bradbury L.M Isola Uptake of long chain free fatty acids is selectively up-regulated in adipocytes of Zucker rats with genetic obesity and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus J. Biol. Chem. 272 1997 8830 8835
72. S.L Zhou R.E Gordon M Bradbury D Stump C.L Kiang P.D Berk Ethanol up-regulates fatty acid uptake and plasma membrane expression and export of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase in HepG2 cells Hepatology 19998 1998 1064 1074
73. D.A Bernlohr M.A Simpson A.V Hertzel L.J Banaszak Intracellular lipid-binding proteins and their genes Annu. Rev. Nutr. 17 1997 277 303
74. J Thompson N Winter D Terwey J Bratt L Banaszak The crystal structure of the liver fatty acid-binding protein. A complex with two bound oleates J. Biol. Chem. 272 1997 7140 7150
75. J.C Sacchettini J.I Gordon Rat intestinal fatty acid binding protein. A model system for analyzing the forces that can bind fatty acids to proteins J. Biol. Chem. 268 1993 18399 18402
76. H Thompson Z Zhu S Banni K Darcy T Loftus C Ip Morphological and biochemical status of the mammary gland as influenced by conjugated linoleic acid: implication for a reduction in mammary cancer risk Cancer Res. 57 1997 5067 5072
77. D.R Prows F Schroeder Metallothionein-IIA promoter induction alters rat intestinal fatty acid binding protein expression, fatty acid uptake, and lipid metabolism in transfected L-cells Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 340 1997 135 143
78. B.P Atshaves W.B Foxworth A Frolov J.B Roths A.B Kier B.K Oetama J.A Piedrahita F Schroeder Cellular differentiation and I-FABP protein expression modulate fatty acid uptake and diffusion Am. J. Physiol. 274 1998 C633 C644
79. E.L Holehouse M.L Liu G.W Aponte Oleic acid distribution in small intestinal epithelial cells expressing intestinal-fatty acid binding protein Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1390 1998 52 64
80. C Wolfrum P Ellinghaus M Fobker U Seedorf G Assmann T Börchers F Spener Phytanic acid is ligand and transcriptional activator of murine liver fatty acid binding protein J. Lipid Res. 40 1999 708 714
81. A.E Thumser D.C Wilton The binding of cholesterol and bile salts to recombinant rat liver fatty acid-binding protein Biochem. J. 320 1996 729 733
82. J Thompson J Ory A Reese-Wagoner L Banaszak The liver fatty acid binding protein – comparison of cavity properties of intracellular lipid-binding proteins Mol. Cell. Biochem. 192 1999 9 16
83. G.V Richieri R.T Ogata A.M Kleinfeld Equilibrium constants for the binding of fatty acids with fatty acid-binding proteins from adipocyte, intestine, heart, and liver measured with the fluorescent probe ADIFAB J. Biol. Chem. 269 1994 23918 23930
84. H Poirier I Niot P Degrace M.C Monnot A Bernard P Besnard Fatty acid regulation of fatty acid-binding protein expression in the small intestine Am. J. Physiol. 273 1997 G289 G295
85. G Hallden E.L Holehouse X Dong G.W Aponte Expression of intestinal fatty acid binding protein in intestinal epithelial cell lines, hBRIE, 380 cells Am. J. Physiol. 267 1994 G730 G743
86. J Le Beyec F Delers F Jourdant C Schreider J Chambaz P Cardot M Pincon-Raymond A complete epithelial organization of Caco-2 cells induces I-FABP and potentializes apolipoprotein gene expression Exp. Cell Res. 236 1997 311 320
87. G Hallden G.W Aponte Evidence for a role of the gut hormone PYY in the regulation of intestinal fatty acid-binding protein transcripts in differentiated subpopulations of intestinal epithelial cell hybrids J. Biol. Chem. 272 1997 12591 12600
88. M Laburthe B Chenut C Rouyer-Fessard K Tatemoto A Couvineau A Servin B Amiranoff Interaction of peptide YY with rat intestinal epithelial plasma membranes: binding of the radioiodinated peptide Endocrinology 118 1986 1910 1917
89. N.M Bass The cellular fatty acid binding proteins: aspects of structure, regulation, and function Int. Rev. Cytol. 111 1988 143 184
90. C Darimont N Gradoux A de Pover Epidermal growth factor regulates fatty acid uptake and metabolism in Caco-2 cells Am. J. Physiol. 276 1999 G606 G612
91. L.J Baier J.C Sacchettini W.C Knowler J Eads G Paolisso P.A Tataranni H Mochizuki P.H Bennett C Bogardus M Prochazka An amino acid substitution in the human intestinal fatty acid binding protein is associated with increased fatty acid binding, increased fat oxidation, and insulin resistance J. Clin. Invest. 95 1995 1281 1287
92. R.A Hegele S.B Harris A.J Hanley S Sadikian P.W Connelly B Zinman Genetic variation of intestinal fatty acid-binding protein associated with variation in body mass in aboriginal Canadians J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81 1996 4334 4337
93. L.J Baier C Bogardus J.C Sacchettini A polymorphism in the human intestinal fatty acid binding protein alters fatty acid transport across Caco-2 cells J. Biol. Chem. 271 1996 10892 10896
94. E Levy D Menard E Delvin S Stan G Mitchell M Lambert E Ziv J.C Feoli-Fonseca E Seidman The polymorphism at codon 54 of the FABP2 gene increases fat absorption in human intestinal explants J. Biol. Chem. 276 2001 39679 39684
95. K.T Hsu J Storch Fatty acid transfer from liver and intestinal fatty acid-binding proteins to membranes occurs by different mechanisms J. Biol. Chem. 271 1996 13317 13323
96. B Corsico D.P Cistola C Frieden J Storch The helical domain of intestinal fatty acid binding protein is critical for collisional transfer of fatty acids to phospholipid membranes Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95 1998 12174 12178
97. M.E Hodsdon D.P Cistola Discrete backbone disorder in the nuclear magnetic resonance structure of apo intestinal fatty acid-binding protein: implications for the mechanism of ligand entry Biochemistry 36 1997 1450 1460
98. J Storch A.E Thumser The fatty acid transport function of fatty acid-binding proteins Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1486 2000 28 44
99. D.H Alpers N.M Bass M.J Engle K DeSchryver-Kecskemeti Intestinal fatty acid binding protein may favor differential apical fatty acid binding in the intestine Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1483 2000 352 362
100. C Wolfrum C.M Borrmann W.W Franke J Gorski F Spener Fatty acids and drugs interacting with FABP and PPAR in hepatocytes: a signaling path to the nucleus Chem. Phys. Lipids 101 1999 149
101. G Vassileva L Huwyler K Poirier L.B Agellon M.J Toth The intestinal fatty acid binding protein is not essential for dietary fat absorption in mice Faseb J. 14 2000 2040 2046
102. G.G Martin H Danneberg L.S Kumar B.P Atshaves E Erol M Bader F Schroeder B Binas Decreased liver fatty acid binding capacity and altered liver lipid distribution in mice lacking the liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) gene J. Biol. Chem. 1 2003 1
103. J Knudsen T.B Neergaard B Gaigg M.V Jensen J.K Hansen Role of acyl-CoA binding protein in acyl-CoA metabolism and acyl-CoA-mediated cell signaling J. Nutr. 130 2000 294S 298S
104. J Knudsen S Mandrup J.T Rasmussen P.H Andreasen F Poulsen K Kristiansen The function of acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP)/diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) Mol. Cell. Biochem. 123 1993 129 138
105. B.B Kragelund K.V Andersen J.C Madsen J Knudsen F.M Poulsen Three-dimensional structure of the complex between acyl-coenzyme A binding protein and palmitoyl-coenzyme A J. Mol. Biol. 230 1993 1260 1277
106. J Knudsen M.V Jensen J.K Hansen N.J Faergeman T.B Neergaard B Gaigg Role of acylCoA binding protein in acylCoA transport, metabolism and cell signaling Mol. Cell. Biochem. 192 1999 95 103
107. A Frolov F Schroeder Acyl coenzyme A binding protein. Conformational sensitivity to long chain fatty acyl-CoA J. Biol. Chem. 273 1998 11049 11055
108. J Rosendal P Ertbjerg J Knudsen Characterization of ligand binding to acyl-CoA-binding protein Biochem. J. 290 1993 321 326
109. H Yanase H Shimizu T Kanda H Fujii T Iwanaga Cellular localization of the diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) in the gastrointestinal tract of mice and its coexistence with the fatty acid binding protein (FABP) Arch. Histol. Cytol. 64 2001 449 460
110. S Mandrup R.V Sorensen T Helledie J Nohr T Baldursson C Gram J Knudsen K Kristiansen Inhibition of 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation by expression of acyl-CoA-binding protein antisense RNA J. Biol. Chem. 273 1998 23897 23903
111. T Helledie M Antonius R.V Sorensen A.V Hertzel D.A Bernlohr S Kolvraa K Kristiansen S Mandrup Lipid-binding proteins modulate ligand-dependent trans-activation by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and localize to the nucleus as well as the cytoplasm J. Lipid Res. 41 2000 1740 1751
112. W Stremmel L Pohl A Ring T Herrmann A new concept of cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of long-chain fatty acids Lipids 36 2001 981 989
113. J.F Glatz J Storch Unravelling the significance of cellular fatty acid-binding proteins Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 12 2001 267 274
114. J Pohl A Ring W Stremmel Uptake of long-chain fatty acids in HepG2 cells involves caveolae: analysis of a novel pathway J. Lipid Res. 43 2002 1390 1399
115. A Ring J Pohl A Volkl W Stremmel Evidence for vesicles that mediate long-chain fatty acid uptake by human microvascular endothelial cells J. Lipid Res. 43 2002 2095 2104
116. K.K Buhman S.J Smith S.J Stone J.J Repa J.S Wong F.F Knapp Jr. B.J Burri R.L Hamilton R.V Farese Jr. DGAT1 is not essential for intestinal triacylglycerol absorption or chylomicron synthesis J. Biol. Chem. 16 2002 16
117. T Kiba K Tanaka M Hoshino K Numata K Okano S Inoue Ventromedial hypothalamic lesions induce the proliferation of gastrointestinal mucosal cells in the rat Life Sci. 57 1995 827 832
118. S Dunel-Erb C Chevalier P Laurent A Bach F Decrock Y Le Maho Restoration of the jejunal mucosa in rats refed after prolonged fasting Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 129 2001 933 947
119. J Lovshin B Yusta I Iliopoulos A Migirdicyan L Dableh P.L Brubaker D.J Drucker Ontogeny of the glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor axis in the developing rat intestine Endocrinology 141 2000 4194 4201
120. M Bjerknes H Cheng Modulation of specific intestinal epithelial progenitors by enteric neurons Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98 2001 12497 12502