Competition policy and the euro-mediterranean partnership

European Foreign Affairs Review

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 153-180

  Geradin, Damien ^a   Petit, Nicolas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33847737077     PISSN: 13846299     EISSN: 18758223     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.54648/eerr2003011     Document Type: Review

References (32)

1. See Yves Dellevennes and Georgios Kiriazis, 'The Creation of an International Competition Network', Competition Policy Newsletter, No. 1, February 2002, p. 25.
2. It is widely accepted that the application of competition rules contributes to economic efficiency, as well as to welfare maximization. See Ernest Gellhorn and William E. Kovacic, Antitrust Law and Economics in a Nutshell (4th edn, West Publishing, St. Paul, Minn., 1994), 42.
3. Competition rules may also pursue other objectives. See Frédéric Jenny, 'Globalization, Competition and Trade Policy' in Yang-Ching Chao, Gee San, Changfa Lo, Jiming Ho (eds), International and Comparative Competition Laws and Policies (Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 2001), p. 45.
4. Many regional trade agreements provide for competition rules. See 'The Relationship between Regional Trade Agreements and the Multilateral Trading System: Competition', Working Party of the Trade Committee, OECD D/TC/WP(2002)19/final, 7 May 2002.
5. The IMF, the OECD and developed countries have also encouraged the adoption of antitrust regimes. See Manisha M. Seth, 'Formulating Antitrust Policy in Emerging Economies' (1997) 86 Georgetown Law Journal 451. See also A.E. Rodriguez and Malcolm B. Coate, 'Limits to Antitrust Policy for Reforming Economies' (1996) 18 Houston Journal of International Law 311.
6. See, inter alia, Richard Cunningham and Anthony LaRocca, 'Harmonization of Competition Policies in a Regional Economic Integration' (1996) 27 Law and Policy of International Business 879.
7. See Laurence Idot, 'Mondialisation, Liberté et Régulation de la Concurrence - Le Contrôle des Concentrations' (2002) 2-3 Revue Internationale de Droit Economique - Numéro Spécial Mondialisation et Droit Economique 175.
8. Some authors make reference to a real competition between, on the one hand, the USA and on the other hand, the EC. See, e.g., Kal Raustalia, 'The Architecture of International Cooperation: Transgovernmental Networks and the Future of International Law' (2002) 43 Virginia Journal of International Law 1.
9. On this point, see Peter Holmes, 'Trade and Competition in the New WTO Round' in Chris Milner and Robert Read (eds), Trade Liberalization, Competition and the WTO (Edward Elgar in association with the International Economics Study Group, 2002), p. 168, 147.
10. Sharon E. Foster, 'While America Slept: the Harmonization of Competition Laws based upon the European Union Model' (2001) 15 Emory International Law Review 468.
11. See the comments made on the Europe Agreements by Jacques H.J. Bourgeois, 'Competition Policy and Commercial Policy' in Marc Maresceau (ed.), The European Community's Commercial Policy after 1992: The Legal Dimension (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, 1993), p. 130.
12. See Council Regulation (EEC) No 4064/89 of 21 December 1989. The most famous example of an application of EC rules to a merger operation outside the EC is Boeing-McDonnell Douglas, Commission Decision, 30 July 1997, O.J. L336, 8 December 1997.
13. See Report of the EU-Tunisia Council of Association, Brussels, 24 January 2002.
14. See Jacques H.J. Bourgeois, supra note 25, p. 132.
15. See also Andrew Evans, The European Integration of the Community and Third States in Europe (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1996), p. 133.
16. In the context of the Europe Agreements, see Eleanor M. Fox, 'The Central European Nations and the EU Waiting Room - Why Must the Central European Nations Adopt the Competition Law of the European Union?' (1997) 23 Brooklyn Journal of International Law L. 351.
17. See Janos Volkai, 'Solutions to the Unconstitutionality of the EC-Hungary Antitrust Cooperation Regime: Antitrust or Antitrust Cooperation ?' (2000) 3 Columbia Journal of European Law 332. The author explains that, in practice, the Hungarian competition authority has not really enforced the provisions of the agreements.
18. See Jacques H.J. Bourgeois about the Europe Agreements, supra note 25, p. 132. On the direct effect of the EEA Agreement, see CFI, 22 January 1997, Opel Austria v. Council of the European Union, T-115/94, ECR II-00039.
19. See Jacques H.J. Bourgeois, supra note 25, p. 133. See also, Eleanor M. Fox, supra note 48.
20. See Kerrin M. Vautier, 'International Approaches to Competition Laws: Government Cooperation for Business Competition', p. 189, in International and Comparative Competition Laws and Policies, supra note 2.
21. See Richard Cunningham and Anthony LaRocca, supra note 5, p. 879.
22. See above and Fingleton, Fox, Neven and Seabright, supra note 22, p. 56.
23. On the Europe Agreements, see Eleanor M. Fox, supra note 48.
24. Paul Demaret, Jean-François Bellis and Gonzalo Garcia Jiménez (eds), Regionalism and Multilateralism after the Uruguay Round (European Interuniversity Press, Brussels, 1997), European Policy No. 12, p. 133.
25. See Commission Regulation No. 2658/2000 of 29 November 2000 on specialization agreements, O.J L304, 5 December 2000, p. 3.
26. See on this point, B. Hoekman and P. Holmes, supra note 82, p. 12.
27. On these points see William E. Kovacic, 'Getting Started: Creating New Competition Policy Institutions in Transition Economies' (1997) 23 Brooklyn Journal of International Law 403.
28. See William E. Kovacic, 'Institutional Foundations for Economic Legal Reform in Transition Economies: The Case of Competition Policy and Antitrust Enforcement' (2001) 77 Chicago-Kent Law Review 265.
29. See Jean-Jacques Laffont, 'Competition, Information and Development' in Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics (World Bank, Washington, 1998).
30. Loukas A. Mistellis, 'Regulatory Aspects: Globalization, Harmonization, Legal Transplants and Law Reform - Some Fundamental Observations' (2000) 34 International Lawyer 1055.
31. See however on this point, Carlos M. Correa, 'Competition Law and Development Policy' in Towards WTO Competition Rules, supra note 35, p. 367.
32. The Agadir declaration lays down the principles of cooperation between Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia. In the long run, those States affirm that they want to implement a free trade area. The EU has manifested strong support to this project. See Declaration of the European Union, Third Meeting of the EU-Tunisia Council of Association, 29 January 2002, Press report 24 January 2002.