Effects of urea and aqueous ammonia treatment on the composition and nutritive value of maize residues

Small Ruminant Research

Volumn 69, Issue 1-3, 2007, Pages 232-236

  Oji, U I ^a   Etim, H E ^a   Okoye, F C ^b  

^a RIVERS STATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Nigeria)

^b Federal University of Agriculture   (Nigeria)

Author keywords

Aqueous NH3; Feed grade urea; Maize residues; Nutrient digestibilities

Indexed keywords

BOVIDAE; OVIS ARIES; ZEA MAYS;

EID: 33847709081     PISSN: 09214488     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.01.015     Document Type: Article

References (26)

1. AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis. 14th ed. (1984), Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC 1085 pp.
2. Adamu A.M., Adu I.F., Olorunju S.A.S., Alawa C.B.I., and Lamidi O.S. Effects of urea-ammoniation and cottonseed cake supplementation on the utilization of sorghum stover by sheep. Nig. J. Anim. Prod. 23 (1996) 147-152
3. Alhassan W.S. The potential of agro-industrial by-products and crop residues for sheep and goat production in Nigeria. Proceedings of the National Conference on Small Ruminant. Zaria, Nigeria (1985) 165-183
4. Alhassan W.S., and Aliyu S.U. Studies on urea ammonia treatment of maize straw: treatment method and potential for dry season feeding of cattle in Northern Nigeria. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 33 (1991) 289-295
5. Cloete S.W., and Kritzinger N.M. A laboratory assessment of the various treatment conditions affecting the ammoniation of wheat straw by urea. 1. The effect of temperature, moisture level and treatment period. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci. 14 (1984) 55-58
6. Cochran W.G., and Cox G.M. Experimental Designs. 2nd ed. (1957), John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, NY 611 pp.
7. Dias-da-Silva A.A., and Sundstφ{symbol}l F. Urea as a source of ammonia for improving the nutritive value of wheat straw. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 14 (1986) 67-79
8. Djajanegara A., and Doyle P.T. Urea supplementation compared with pretreatment. 1. Effects on intake, digestion and live weight change by sheep fed a rice straw. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 27 (1989) 17-30
9. Flachowsky G., Ochrimenko W.I., Schneider M., and Richter G.H. Evaluation of straw treatment with ammonia sources on growing bulls. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 60 (1996) 117-130
10. Fonseca A.J.M., Dias-da-Silva A.A., and Lourenco A.L.G. Effects of maize and citrus-pulp supplementation of urea-treated wheat straw on intake and productivity in female lambs. Anim. Sci. 73 (2001) 123-136
11. Goering H.K., and Van Soest P.J. Forage Fibre Analysis (Apparatus, Reagents and Some Applications) (1970), USDA Agricultural Handbook, Washington, DC (No. 379) 22 pp.
12. Goto M., Yokoe Y., Takabe K., Nisikawa S., and Morita O. Effects of gaseous ammonia on chemical and structural features of cell walls in spring barley straw. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 40 (1993) 207-221
13. Goto M., and Yokoe Y. Ammoniation of barley straw. Effect on cellulose crystallinity and water-holding capacity. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 58 (1996) 239-247
14. Harbers L.H., Kretner G.L., and Davis G.V. Ruminal digestion of ammonium hydroxide-treated wheat straw observed by scanning electron microscopy. J. Anim. Sci. 54 (1982) 1309-1319
15. Huber J.T., Lichtenwalner R.E., and Thomas J.W. Factors affecting response of lactating cows to ammonia-treated corn silages. J. Dairy Sci. 56 (1973) 1283-1290
16. 13C-NMR analyses of celluloses treated with ammonia. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 38 (1992) 562-569 (Cited by Goto, M., Yokoe, Y., 1996. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. (58) 239-247)
17. Ito H., Terashima Y., and Hayashizaki A. Ammoniated rice straw and rice hulls and rumen microbial degradation investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Jpn. J. Zootech. Sci. 52 (1981) 671-679
18. Jackson M.G. Review article: the alkali treatment of straws. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2 (1977) 105-130
19. Oji U.I., Mowat D.N., and Winch J.E. Alkali treatments of corn stover to increase nutritive value. J. Anim. Sci. 44 (1977) 798-802
20. Oosting S.J., Boekholt H.A., Los M.J.N., and Leffering C.P. Intake and utilization of energy from ammonia-treated and untreated wheat straw by steers and wether sheep given a basal diet of grass pellets and hay. Anim. Prod. 57 (1993) 227-236
21. Saenger P.F., Lemenager R.P., and Hendrix K.S. Effects of anhydrous ammonia treatment of wheat straw upon in vitro digestion, performance and intake by beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 56 (1983) 15-23
22. SAS. User's Guide, Version 6. 4th ed. vol. 1 (1989), Statistical Analysis Systems Institute Inc., Cary, NC 943 pp.
23. Schneider M., and Flachowsky G. Studies on ammonia treatment of wheat straw: effect of level of ammonia, moisture content, treatment time and temperature on straw composition and degradation in the rumen of sheep. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 29 (1990) 251-264
24. Taiwo A.A., Adebowale E.A., Greenhalgh J.F.D., and Akinsoyinu A.O. Effects of urea treatment in the chemical composition and degradation characteristics of some crop residues. Nig. J. Anim. Prod. 19 (1992) 25-36
25. Terashima Y., Tohraj N., and Itoh H. Effect of ammonia treatment on free carboxyl group content and fibre saturation point of rice straw and hulls. Jpn. J. Zootech. Sci. 55 (1984) 569-575
26. Tilley J.M.A., and Terry R.A. A two-stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crops. J. Brit. Grassland Soc. 18 (1963) 104-111