Escaping parasitism in the selfish herd: Age, size and density-dependent warble fly infestation in reindeer

Oikos

Volumn 116, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 491-499

  Fauchald, Per ^a,b   Rødven, Rolf ^a,b   Bårdsen, Bård Jørgen ^a,b   Langeland, Knut ^a   Tveraa, Torkild ^a   Yoccoz, Nigel G ^a,b   Ims, Rolf A ^a,b  

^a NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR NATURE RESEARCH   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TROMSØ   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABUNDANCE; BODY MASS; DEER; DENSITY DEPENDENCE; ESCAPE BEHAVIOR; FITNESS; FLY; GROUP BEHAVIOR; HOST-PARASITE INTERACTION; LARVA; OVIPOSITION; PARASITISM;

EURASIA; EUROPE; FINNMARK; NORTHERN EUROPE; NORWAY; SCANDINAVIA;

ANIMALIA; HYPODERMA; HYPODERMA TARANDI; OESTRIDAE; RANGIFER TARANDUS; RANGIFER TARANDUS TARANDUS;

EID: 33847699723     PISSN: 00301299     EISSN: 16000706     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.15390.x     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Altizer, S. et al. 2003. Social organization and parasite risk in mammals: integrating theory and empirical studies. - Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 34: 517-547.
2. Anderson, J. R. and Nilssen, A. C. 1996a. Trapping oestrid parasites of reindeer: the relative age, fat body content and gonotrophic conditions of Cephenemyia trompe and Hypoderma tarandi females caught in baited traps. - Med. Vet. Entomol. 10: 347-353.
3. Anderson, J. R. and Nilssen, A. C. 1996b. Trapping oestrid parasites of reindeer: the response of Cephenemyia trompe and Hypoderma tarandi to baited traps. - Med. Vet. Entomol. 10: 337-346.
4. Anderson, R. M. and May, R. M. 1979. Population biology of infectious diseases: part 1. - Nature 280: 361-367. Anonymous. 2005. Ressursregnskap for reindriftsnæringen. - Reindriftsforvaltningen (In Norwegian).
5. Arneberg, P. 2001. An ecological law and its macroecological consequences as revealed by studies of relationships between host densities and parasite prevalence. - Ecography 24: 352-358.
6. Arneberg, P. et al. 1998. Host densities as determinants of abundance in parasite communities. - Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 265: 1283-1289.
7. Colman, J. E. et al. 2003. Do wild reindeer exhibit grazing compensation during insect harassment? - J. Wildlife Manage. 67: 11-19.
8. Côté, I. M. and Poulin, R. 1995. Parasitism and group-size in social animals-a metaanalysis. - Behav. Ecol. 6: 159-165.
9. Crawley, M. J. 2003. Statistical computing. An introduction to data analysis using S-Plus. - Wiley.
10. Darling, F. 1938. Bird flocks and breeding cycle. - Cambridge Univ. Press.
11. Downes, C. M. et al. 1986. The influence of insects on the distribution, microhabitat choice, and behavior of the Burwash caribou herd. - Can. J. Zool. 64: 622-629.
12. Fauchald, P. et al. 2004a. Adaptive regulation of body reserves in reindeer, Rangifer tarandus: a feeding experiment. - Oikos 107: 583-591.
13. Fauchald, P. et al. 2004b. En oøkologisk bærekraftig reindrift. Hva begrenser naturlig produksjon og høsting? - NINA Fagrapport 76: 1-35. (In Norwegian).
14. Folstad, I. et al. 1989. Why do male reindeer (Rangifer t. tarandus) have higher abundance of second and third instar larvae of Hypoderma tarandi than females? - Oikos 55: 87-92.
15. Folstad, I. et al. 1991. Parasite avoidance-the cause of postcalving migrations in Rangifer. - Can. J. Zool. 69: 2423- 2429.
16. Hagemoen, R. I. M. and Reimers, E. 2002. Reindeer summer activity pattern in relation to weather and insect harassment. - J. Anim. Ecol. 71: 883-892.
17. Hamilton, W. D. 1971. Geometry for the selfish herd. - J. Theor. Biol. 31: 295-311.
18. Hart, B. L. 1994. Behavioral defense against parasitesinteraction with parasite invasiveness. - Parasitology 109: 139-151.
19. Helle, T. 1980. Abundance of warble fly (Oedemagena tarandi) larvae in semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in Finland. - Rep. Kevo Subarct. Res. Stat. 16: 1-6.
20. Helle, T. et al. 1992. Strategies to avoid biting flies by reindeer-field experiments with silhouette traps. - Ann. Zool. Fenn. 29: 69-74.
21. Holand, O. et al. 2004. Social rank in female reindeer (Rangifer tarandus): effects of body mass, antler size and age. - J. Zool. 263: 365-372.
22. Ims, R. A. 1990. On the adaptive value of reproductive synchrony as a predator-swamping strategy. - Am. Nat. 136: 485-498.
23. Kojola, I. 1989. Mothers dominance status and differential investment in reindeer calves. - Anim. Behav. 38: 177- 185.
24. Krasnov, B. et al. 2002. The effect of host density on ectoparasite distribution: an example of a rodent parasitized by fleas. - Ecology 83: 164-175.
25. Loe, L. E. et al. 2006. Testing five hypotheses of sexual segregation in an arctic ungulate. - J. Anim. Ecol. 75: 485-496.
26. Mooring, M. S. and Hart, B. L. 1992. Animal grouping for protection from parasites-selfish herd and encounterdilution effects. - Behaviour 123: 173-193.
27. Mooring, M. S. et al. 2005. Sexual segregation in bison: a test of multiple hypotheses. - Behaviour 142: 897-927.
28. Morand, S. and Poulin, R. 1998. Density, body mass and parasite species richness of terrestrial mammals. - Evol. Ecol. 12: 717-727.
29. Morschel, F. H. and Klein, D. R. 1997. Effects of weather and parasitic insects on behavior and group dynamics of caribou of the Delta Herd, Alaska. - Can. J. Zool. 75: 1659-1670.
30. Mysterud, A. 2000. The relationship between ecological segregation and sexual body size dimorphism in large herbivores. - Oecologia 124: 40-54.
31. Neill, S. R. S. and Cullen, J. M. 1974. Experiments on whether schooling by their prey affects hunting behaviour of cephalopods and fish predators. - J. Zool. 172: 549- 569.
32. Nilssen, A. C. 1997. Factors affecting size, longevity and fecundity in the reindeer oestrid flies Hypoderma tarandi (L.) and Cephenemyia trompe (Modeer). - Ecol. Entomol. 22: 294-304.
33. Nilssen, A. C. and Haugerud, R. E. 1994. The timing and departure rate of larvae of the warble fly Hypoderma ( =Oedemagena) tarandi (L.) and the nose bot fly Cephenemyia trompe (Modeer) (Diptera: Oestridae) from reindeer. - Rangifer. 14: 113-122.
34. Nunn, C. and Heymann, E. 2005. Malaria infection and host behavior: a comparative study of Neotropical primates. - Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 59: 30-37.
35. Quinn, J. L. and Cresswell, W. 2006. Testing domains of danger in the selfish herd: sparrowhawks target widely spaced redshanks in flocks. - Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 273: 2521-2526.
36. Ruckstuhl, K. E. and Neuhaus, P. 2002. Sexual segregation in ungulates: a comparative test of three hypotheses. - Biol. Rev. 77: 77-96.
37. Skogland, T. 1989. Comparative social organization in reindeer in relation to food, predator avoidance and mates. - Adv. Ethol. 29: 1-71.
38. Sorci, G. et al. 1997. Host density and ectoparasite avoidance in the common lizard (Lacerta vivipara). - Oecologia 111: 183-188.
39. Sæther, B. E. 1997. Environmental stochasticity and population dynamics of large herbivores: a search for mechanisms. - Trends Ecol. Evol. 12: 143-149.
40. Toupin, B. et al. 1996. Effect of insect harassment on the behaviour of the Riviere George Caribou. - Arctic 49: 375-382.
41. Tveraa, T. et al. 2003. An examination of a compensatory relationship between food limitation and predation in semi-domestic reindeer. - Oecologia 137: 370-376.
42. Venables, W. N. and Ripley, B. D. 2002. Modern applied statistics with S. - Springer.
43. Weladji, R. B. et al. 2003. Use of climatic data to assess the effect of insect harassment on the autumn weight of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) calves. - J. Zool. 260: 79- 85.
44. Wood, S. N. 2006. Generalized additive models. An introduction with R. - Chapman & Hall/CRC.
45. Åsbakk, K., Oksanen, T., Nieminen, M. et al. 2005. Dynamics of antibodies against hypodermin C in reindeer infested with the reindeer warble fly, Hypoderma tarandi. - Vet. Parasitol. 129: 323-332.