Baldwin's reputation: Politics and history, 1937-1967

Historical Journal

Volumn 47, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 127-168

  Williamson, Philip ^a  

^a DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 33847669264     PISSN: 0018246X     EISSN: 14695103     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0018246X03003546     Document Type: Article

References (405)

1. W. S. Churchill, The second world war, 1: The gathering storm (London, 1948), p. 16, or in the more common reset edition (hereafter cited as ' 1949 edn'), p. 18.
2. W. S. Churchill, The second world war, 1: The gathering storm , Ibid., p. 615 , (1949 edn, p. 697).
3. Churchill himself did not compile or sanction the index, which was prepared by his publishers (information from David Reynolds);.
4. but see the text to which the 'party before country' entry refers, below p. 143. The indcxer for G. M. Young, Stanley Baldwin (London, 1952), had 'Foreign Policy, S.B.'s lack of interest in' (p. 258).
5. House of Commons Debates, 5th ser. (HCD) 317, c. 1144 (12 Nov. 1936).
6. K. Middlemas and J. Barnes, Baldwin (London, 1969), chs. 27-33, 's the fullest examination. For the public presentation.
7. see also P. AVilliamson, Stanley Baldwin: Conservative leadership and national values (Cambridge, 1999), ch. 10.
8. R. Bassett, 'Telling the truth to the people: the myth of the Baldwin "confession"', Cambridge Journal, 2 (1948-9), pp. 84-95.
9. commenting on the full text of HCD 317, cc. 1143-5 (12 Nov. 1936).
10. A. W. Baldwin, My father: the true story (London, 1953).
11. For the November 19369 passages see e.g. Middlemas and Barnes, Baldwin, pp. 970-3.
12. and M. Ceadel, 'Interpreting East Fulham', in C. Cook and J. Ramsdcn, eds., By-elections in British politics (London, 1973), pp. 118-39, at PP.119-23.
13. andl f°r a recent general verdict, P. F. Clarke, Hope and glory: Britain, 1900-1990 (London, 1996), pp. 186-7: 'the rearmament programme was seriously begun under Baldwin, pushed along more slowly than Churchill wanted but more quickly than the Opposition advocated'.
14. In 2003 these included most current biographical dictionaries and encyclopaedias, and the biography on the No. 10 Downing Street website.
15. For growing examination of such myths, sec J. Baxcndalc and C. Pawling, Narraling tlie thirties: a decade in the making (London, 1996);.
16. A. Calder, The myth of the blitz (London, 1991).
17. and M. Smith, Britain and 1910: history, myth and popular memory (London, 2000).
18. 'Cato', Guilty men (Lonclon, late 1940 edn), p. 21;.
19. C. L. Mowat, Britain between the wars, 1918-1940 (London, 1955; 1956 edn), p. 142.
20. See the pioneering work by D. C. Watt, 'Appeasement: the rise of a revisionist school?', Political Quarterly, 26 (1965), pp. 191-213.
21. and idem, 'The historiography of appeasement', in A. Skcd and C. Cook, eds., Crisis and controversy (London, 1976), pp. 110-29.
22. and more recendy D. Dutton, Xecille Chamberlain (London, 2001).
23. See esp. D. Reynolds, 'Churchill's writing of history: appeasement, autobiography and The gathering slonn', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th ser., II (2001), pp. 221-47;.
24. J. Ramsden, Man of the century: Winston Churchill and his legend since 1945(London, 2002).
25. 'Cato', Guilty men (London, late 1940 edn), p. 21;.
26. C. L. Mowat, Britain behieen the urns, 1918-1940 (London, 1955; 1956 edn), p. 142.
27. See the pioneering work by D. C. Watt, 'Appeasement: the rise of a revisionist school?', Political Quarterly, 26 (1965), pp. 191-213.
28. and idem, 'The historiography of appeasement', in A. Sked and C. Cook, eds., Crisis and controversy (London, 1976), pp. 110-29.
29. and more recently D. Dutton, Seville Chamberlain (London, 2001).
30. See esp. D. Reynolds, 'Churchill's writing of history: appeasement, autobiography and The gathering storn', Transactions oftlie Royal Historical Society, 6th ser., II (2001), pp. 221-47;.
31. J. Ramsden, Man of the century: Winston Churchill and his legend since 1945 (London, 2002).
32. See Williamson, Baldwin, pp. 3, 57-9, 2C0, 345-9;.
33. also letters on his retirement in Cambridge University Library, Baldwin papers, vols. 152-7.
34. Senice of our lives (London, 1937), together with On England (London, 192G), Our irdierilance (London, 1928), and This torch of freedom (London, 1935; 4th edn 1937).
35. republished in cheap editions during 1938. To 1940 these had total sales exceeding 50, 000: Guildhall Library London, Hodder and Stoughton archives, 16312/3. There were also a Penguin paperback of On England in 1937;.
36. a new selection, This torch I would hand to you, ed. R. Bennett (London, 1937);.
37. his broadcast Toronto lectures, An interpreter of England (London, 1939);.
38. and a British Council leaflet, The Englishman (London, 1940).
39. reprinted in British life and thought (London, 1941).
40. Gowcr (Conservative party publicity officer), and Heath (of Hutchinson & Co.) to Bryant, 19, 21 Apr. 1937, Liddcll Hart Centre for Military Archives, King's College London, Arthur Bryant papers, C/41, C/39/2. G. P. Brett (president of Macmillans, USA) to H. Macmillan, 17 Aug. 1939, W. Baldwin papers, proposed a Baldwin autobiography as likely to be 'a really great book'.
41. See below, pp. 147-9.
42. A. Bryant, Stanley Baldwin: a tribute (London, 1937), pp. 5, 179, 183-5, 188.
43. For Bryant and tlie NBA, see J. Stapleton, Political intellectuals and public identities in Britain since 1850 (Manchester, 2001), pp. 118, 137-41;.
44. more generally, E. H. H. Green, Ideologies of Conservatism (Oxford, 2002), ch. 5.
45. Davidson to T. N. Graham, 8 Apr. 1937, House of Lords Record Office, Davidson papers, 230.
46. W.W. Hadley, Munich: before and after (London, 1944), p. 25;.
47. Neville to Hilda Chamberlain .
48. Nov. 1936, Birmingham University Library, Neville Chamberlain papers, NC 18/1/985;.
49. and n. 29 below for Halifax.
50. The Leo Amery diaries, ed. J. Bames and D. Nicholson (2 vols., London, 1980-8), 11, pp. 430, 433;.
51. Winterton diary, 12 Nov. 1936, Bodleian Library, Oxford, Wintcrlon papers;.
52. The Austen Chamberlain diary letters, ed. R. Self (London, 1993), p. 513;.
53. Lloyd in House of Lords Debates, 5th ser. (HLD) 103, cc. 293-4 (19 Nov. 1936);.
54. Winston S. Churchill, v: Companion volume, ed. M. Gilbert (3 parts, London, 1979-82) (WSC, v), pt 2, p. 405.
55. and W. S. Churchill, Step by step (London, 1939; 1947 edn), pp. 77-8.
56. All these critics had as members of the Conservative defence deputation heard Baldwin say much the same, confidentially and more cogently, the previous July: WSC, v, pt 2, pp. 286-9.
57. W. S. Churchill, Arms and the covenant, ed. R. S. Churchill (London, 1938), pp. 385-6: the doctored extract excludes Baldwin's reference to Churchill's share of responsibility as chancellor of the exchequer for defence cuts in 1924-9;.
58. four further ellipses (three unmarked) affect the meaning; and it ends before Baldwin's statement that at the 1935 election the government had sought and secured a mandate for rearmament.
59. Ibid., p.5.
60. and compare Churchill's words on pp. 375-6 with the original in HCD 317 cc. 1103-4 (12 Nov. 1936). A total of some 230 words were silently omitted.
61. Reynolds, 'Churchill's writing ofhistory', p. 231;.
62. M. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, v: 1922-1939 (London, 1976), pp. 797-8.
63. HLD 110, c. 1416 (4 Oct. 1938).
64. J. P. L. Thomas to Baldwin, 12 Sept. 1939, Baldwin additional papers;.
65. WSC, v, pt 3, p. 1238;.
66. The diaries and letters of Robert Bemays 1932-1939, ed. N. Smart (London, 1996), p. 389.
67. K. Feiling, The life Neville Chamberlain (London, 1946), pp. 312-13.
68. Feiling failed to observe that before the 1935 election Chamberlain and Baldwin differed over the presentation, not substance, of rearmament. Chamberlain wanted it as the dominant, clear-cut, election issue; Baldwin presented it more palatably as support for British international obligations: see M. Cowling, The impact of Hitler (Cambridge, 1975), pp. 92-4;.
69. Williamson, Baldwin, pp. 51-2, 311-12.
70. Extract in Middlemas and Barnes, Baldwin, p. 1056.
71. Compare Halifax diary, 6June 1940, in carl of Birkenhead, Halifax (London, 1965), p. 458.
72. with HLD 103, cc. 309-10 (19 Nov. 1936).
73. denying that time had been lost in defence preparations and that ministers had failed to justify further rearmament before the election. These passages were excluded from Halifax, Speeches on foreign policy (Oxford, 1940), p. 60.
74. A. C.Johnson, Viscount Halifax (London, 1941), pp. 373-4, which falsely presents him as more advanced than Baldwin on defence.
75. A. Hutt, The post-war history of the British working class (London, 1937), pp. 276-7.
76. D. Reed, Insanity fair (London, Apr. 1938), pp. 186-7.
77. and idem, Disgrace abounding (London, Mar. 1939), p. 157;.
78. M. Muggcridgc, The thirties (London, 1940), pp. 188, 220.
79. Sir Arthur Salter, Security (I-ondon, 1939), esp. pp. 194-8.
80. also idem, Personality in politics (London, 1947). PP- 72-3. 82.
81. H.J. Laski, Parliamentary government in England (London, 1938), p. 108;.
82. W. Ivor, Jennings, The British constitution (Cambridge, 1941: completed 'during an air-raid warning'), pp. 216-17.
83. elaborated in idem, Cabinet government (Cambridge, 1959 edn), pp. 507-9.
84. and idem, Party politics, 11: The growth of parties (Cambridge, 1961), pp. 317-25;.
85. H. Finer, Thefuture of government (London, 1946), pp. 96-7;.
86. S. Bailey, ed., The British party system (London, 1952), pp. vi-vii, 166.
87. During the book's numerous reprints in 1940, the pagination was altered. Like most other commentaries, the page numbers given here as '1940' arc to the most common impressions, from August 1940 onwards;.
88. references to the first impression, reprinted by Penguin, are indicated by the Iatter's publication date of 1998.
89. For the circumstances, see P. Addison, The road to 1945 (London, 1975), pp. 107-12.
90. and S. Aster, '"Guilty men": die case of Neville Chamberlain', in R. Boycc and E. M. Robertson, eds., Path to war (London, 1989), pp. 233-68, at pp. 233-5.
91. Guilty men (1940), pp. 17-21, 23-7, 35-7 (1998, pp. 15-19, 21-5, 33-5).
92. Compare Guilty men (1998), pp. 29-30, with (1940), pp. 31-2, a point noted by Ccadcl, 'Inter¬preting East Fulham', p. 121. The correction of the by-election date made chronological nonsense of the book's argument about and dating of the Labour party's qualified acceptance of rearmament.
93. A. Wolridge, Gordon, Peter Howard(London, 1969), pp. 71-98, 104-5;.
94. G. Williams, Firebrand: the Frank Owen story (Worcester, 1993), pp. 34-50, 61-5;.
95. M. Jones, Michael Fool (London, 1994), pp. 69-72, 85-91;.
96. A. Chisholm and M. Davie, Beaierbrook (London, 1992), pp. 347-56, 366-8, 370-3, 380-3;.
97. R. Cockctt, Twilight of truth (London, 1989), pp. 56-7, 74-5, 80-1, 94-6, 119, 156-7, 174.
98. Monmouthshire Beacon, I, 8 Nov. 1935 . For his early 1930s career as a pacifist.
99. see S. Hoggart and D. Leigh, Michael Fool (London, 1981), pp. 45-6, 52-4, 61-2.
100. 'Cassius' (M. Foot), The trial of Mussolini (London, 1943), p. 1.
101. E.g. 1998 Guilty men reprint in the 'Twentieth-Century Classics' Penguin scries, pp. xviii, xxiv-xxv.
102. The diaries of Sir Robert Bruce Lockliart, 11: 1039-1965, ed. K. Young (London, 1980), p. 193 (6 Sept. 1942).
103. and e.g. H. Fyfe, 'Leadership and democracy', Nineteenth Century, 129 (May 1941), pp. 470-1;.
104. Economist, 9 May 1942, p. 637;.
105. Times, 20 Nov. 1943, pp. 5f.
106. Baldwin, My father, pp. 313-22;.
107. Middlemas and Barnes, Baldwin, pp. 1056-61;.
108. Daily Mirror, 27 Feb. 1942.
109. HCD 378, c. 627 (4 Mar. 1942);.
110. cf. Graham speeches in Birkenhead News, 30 Oct., 6, 9, 13 Nov. 1935.
111. The useful term in Dutton, Chamberlain, p. 77.
112. Addison, Road to 1945, pp. 108-11.
113. E.g. G. Mander, We were not all wrong (London, 1941; rcpr. 1944), p. 1.
114. Among you taking notes: tlie wartime diary of Naomi Mitchison 1939-1945, ed. D. Sheridan (London, 1985), p. 62.
115. For the Xew Statesman's opposition to rearmament until early 1939, see B. Morris, The roots of appeasement (London, 1991), pp. 26, 65, 73, 118, 134, 156, 176.
116. Letters of Leonard Woolf, ed. F. Spotts (London, 1989), pp. 426-7;.
117. A. L. Rowse, 'Reflections on Lord Baldwin', Political Quarterly, 12 (1941), pp. 305-17;.
118. idem, The end of the epoch (London, 1947), pp. 77-89.
119. and passim, themes reiterated ad nauseam in later works, e.g. The later Churchills (London, 1958).
120. and All Souls and appeasement (London, 1961).
121. Falmouth Packet, 8 Nov. 1935.
122. and similarly Cornish Echo, 25 Oct., 1, 8 Nov. 1935.
123. Mander, We were not all wrong, esp. pp. 9-15.
124. and compare with his speeches in HCD 292, cc. 2389-96, 2443-4;.
125. 299, cc. 127-34, 1G1-2;.
126. 346, cc. 1458-9. Mandcr, like Horabin, joined the labour party after 1945.
127. 'Gracchus' [T. Wintringham], Your M.P. (London, 1944), pp. 18-19;.
128. and see T. L. Horabin, Politics made plain (London, 1944), esp. pp. 47-8;.
129. 'Diplomaticus' [K. Zilliacus], Can the Tories win the peace? And how they lost the last one (London, 1945), pp. 34-40.
130. R. B. McCallum and A. Readman, The British general election of 1945 (Oxford, 1917), pp. 50-1;.
131. also W. Harrington and P. Young, The 1945 revolution (London, 1978), pp. 55-6, 59-60, 66-7.
132. A.Bullock, Ernest Bran: minister of labour, 1940-1945 (London, 1967), pp. 113, 368;.
133. HCD 373, c. 1362 (29july 1941).
134. Times, 9 Apr. 1945.
135. McCallum and Readman, General election of 1945, p. 50;.
136. Cripps and Greenwood in Times, 21 June 1945.
137. Compare, e.g., Morrison speech in Times, 13 Jan. 1948 .
138. with his earlier fierce opposition to rearmament, ibid., 8 Nov. 1935, Times.
139. and wartime acceptance of shared responsibility, News Chronicle, 13 June 1940 .
140. and Times, 17 July 1942. Morrison later invented a fictional political past for himself in which, inter alia, he had not in 1931 voted for unemployment benefit cuts nor wanted to join the National government.
141. Conservative party pamphlets and leaflets, 1945/20, 27-8, 48.
142. Q. Hogg, The left teas never right (London, 1945), pp. 48, 57, 59-60, 63-4. For general Conservative responses.
143. see Harrington and Young, The 1945 revolution, pp. 53, 63-7.
144. The other tracts were Hadley, Munich, pp. 21-6;.
145. B. Webb, The house divided (London, 1915);.
146. E. D. O'Brien, Big3 or big 2 1/2 (London, 1945);.
147. and 'Talus', Your alternative government (London, 1945).
148. J. Ramsdcn, The age of Churchill and Eden (London, 1995), p. 80.
149. Important early reassessments were R. Rhodes, James, Churchill: a study in failure (London, 1970).
150. and Cowling, Impact of Hitler. More recent comments are D. C. Watt, ' Churchill and appeasement', in R. Blake and W. R. Louis, eds., Churchill (Oxford, 1993), pp. 199-214;.
151. Reynolds, 'Churchill's writing of history', esp. pp. 228-45;.
152. Ramsden, Man of the century, pp. 195-6, 205-9.
153. Conservative party conference speech, Times, 4 Oct. 1935, p. 8c (a defence speech omitted from Arms and the covenant).
154. Churchill to Baldwin, 9july, 7 Oct. 1935, in WSC, V, pt 2, pp. 1210, 1289, and sec p. 1213.
155. HCD 302, cc. 423, 427 (22 May 1935).
156. W. S. Churchill, Inlo battle (London, 1941), p. 226.
157. M. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, VII: 1941-1945 (London, 1986), p. 1040, for Oct. 1944;.
158. the other meetings were in February 1943 and April 1945, for which sec below p. 153.
159. W. Baldwin note, undated, W. Baldwin papers.
160. Times, 22 May 1950.
161. and see Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge, Churchill papers, CHUR 2/312, and material in W. Baldwin papers. Churchill later contributed £20 (in 2003 values, over £350) to the memorial's maintenance fund.
162. 1947 statement quoted in M. Gilbert, In search of Churchill (London, 1994), pp. 105-6.
163. Compare Inskip, HCD 317 cc. 742 (10 Nov. 1936), also Baldwin, c. 1143 (12 Nov.) with Churchill, cc. 1101, 1107 (12 Nov.);.
164. Churchill, Step by step, p. 77 .
165. and Gathering storm, ch. v: 'The locust years, 1931-1935'.
166. Reynolds, 'Churchill's writing of history', p. 224.
167. Ibid., pp. 222, 227-8, Reynolds, Churchill's Writing of History.
168. Ramsden, Man of the century, ch. 4. Explicit statements include W. S. Churchill, Sinews ofpeace: post-war speeches (London, 1948), dustcovcr and p. v;.
169. and Gathering storm, pp. vii-viii, 14, 33, 162, 165 (1949 edn, pp. 103-106, 16-17, 186, 190).
170. Gathering storm, pp. 16-17 (19.19 edn, pp. 18-19).
171. Gathering storm, Ibid., pp. 72, 90-1, g3, 101, 115, I2g, 180 (ig49 edn, pp. 83, 103, 106, 115-16, 132, 207).
172. An insistent point, with the bclittlcment accentuated by successive adjectives-a 'great', 'remarkable', 'profoundly astute' party manager: ibid., pp. 26, 141, 157 (1949 edn, pp. 30, 162, 181).
173. Gathering Storm, Ibid., pp. 141, 69, 137 (1949 edn, pp. 162, 80, 157).
174. Gathering Storm, Ibid., pp. 97-9 (1949 edn, pp. 111-13).
175. Gathering Storm, Ibid., p. 169, also p. 88 (1949 edn, pp. 195, 100-1).
176. See Reynolds, 'Churchill's writing of history', pp. 222-3.
177. and Ramsden, Man of the century, ch. 3.
178. Gathering storm, pp. 66, 69-70, 88, 90-1, 98-9, 278 (1919 edn, pp. 7G, 80, 100, 102-3, 111-13, 319).
179. W. S. Churchill, Europe unite: speeches 1947 and 1948 (London, 1930), pp. 50-1, 74, 432, also 232-3, where Churchill dryly advised 'all Parties to leave the past to history, especially as I propose to write that history myself. For him ignoring his own advice.
180. see 1950-1 speeches in idem, In the balance (London, 1951), pp. 363-4.
181. and Stemming tlie tide (London, 1953), pp. 25, 122, 142-3, 171.
182. J. Wheeler-Bennett, British editor of the captured German foreign office documents, in his Munich (London, 1948), esp. pp. 229-30, 243-5, 250, 254, 264, 433-4;.
183. L.Namier, a Jewish admirer of Churchill, endorsing The Gathering storm interpretation in his Europe in decay (London, 1950), pp. 150-70;.
184. [Stanley Morison], The history of the Times, v, pt 2: 1921-1948 (London, 1952), pp. 1009-13, 1023 (notwithstanding the bibliography, p. 1139, accepting Bassett's disposal of the 'popular myth' about Baldwin's 1936 'confession').
185. Gilbert, Churchill, vIII: 1945-1365 (London, 1988), pp. 322-3;.
186. Churchill, Europe unite, pp. 88-90, 114-15, 143, 203;.
187. idem, In the balance, pp. 110, 183, 192-3, 220-1.
188. W. Monckton and G. Allien notes, 4, 21 Oct. 1949;.
189. duke of Windsor to Monckton, 24 Oct. 1949;.
190. Monckton to Allen, 11 Sept. 1950, Bodleian Library, Monckton Trustees papers, 20/92-3, 105-7, 111.
191. HCD 445, cc. 1466-74 (15 Dec. 1947);.
192. HLD 153, cc. 317-27 (17 Dec. 1947);.
193. Daily Telegraph, Times leader, and Tcmplewood (Samuel Hoare) in Manchester Guardian, 15 Dec. 1947. The tone of most media obituaries was critical. One of the more remarkable was that of British Movietone film news;.
194. the same footage and reporter used while praising Baldwin in the 1930s were now reused with a denigratory commentary: see j. Ramsdcn, Stanley Baldwin (IntcrUniversity History Film Consortium, 1980), item 13.
195. Bryant to Davidson, 14 Nov. 1944, Davidson papers 293.
196. Note of Bassett interview, 6 June 1950, W. Baldwin papers;.
197. R. Bassett, Democracy and foreign policy (London, 1952).
198. and idem, Nineteen thirty-one (London, 1958).
199. Bassett, 'Telling the truth', esp. pp. 84, 87-8, 95, and for seeing off Beloffover rearmament as a 1935 election issue, Cambridge Journal, 2 (1948-9), pp. 237-42.
200. Templewood to Bassett, 29 Dec. 1948, and letters and notes 1949, 1952-3, Cambridge University Library (CUL), Templewood papers, XVll/4 (30), xix/1o;.
201. Lord Templewood, Nine troubled years (London, 1951), p. 8.
202. T. Jones, A diary with letters, 1931-1950 (Oxford, 1954), pp. 482, 491-2, 515;.
203. Baldwin reported in Mrs Burges memo., 24 Apr. 1940, W. Baldwin papers, and in P. Howard, Beaierbrook (London, 1964), p. 77;.
204. Middlemas and Barnes, Baldwin, p. 1058.
205. Baldwin to Davidson, 27 Feb. 1943, Davidson papers, 289. Churchill independently heard concerns about Windham Baldwin's position, and made enquiries: Colville to Greig, 18 Jan. 1944, Churchill papers, CHAR 20/139A.
206. Baldwin to Robertson Scott, 4jan. 1938, CUL MS Add. 8770.
207. Burgcs memo., 24 Apr. 1940, and Peter Howard memo., 30 Aug. 1941, W. Baldwin papers.
208. Cabinet 22(37), 26 May 1937;.
209. Baldwin to Pick, 2 May 1940, in H. Montgomery Hyde, Baldwin (London, 1973), p. 550.
210. J. F. Naylor, A man and an institution: Sir Maurice llankey, the cabinet secretarial, and the custody of cabinet secrecy (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 206-7, 214-16, 223-4, 233-4.
211. Jones to Lady Grigg, 30 Apr. 1936, in Jones's 'diary', National Library of Wales, Thomas Jones papers.
212. Jones, Diary with letters, p. 207;.
213. Baldwin to Monica Baldwin, 10 Aug. 1941, Baldwin additional papers.
214. Baldwin reported in H. Pearson and H. Kingsmill, Talking of Dick Whiitlington (London, 1947), p. 189;.
215. Jones, Diary with letters, pp. 524, 538.
216. Burgcs memo., 24 Apr. 1940. Baldwin was also, of course, a Cambridge history graduate. For Buder's otherwise unfortunate involvement in his early life, see Baldwin, My father, pp. 44-7.
217. Baldwin to Salisbury, 1 July 1943, Hatfield House archives, 4M/188/1;.
218. Jones, Diasry with letters, p. 105;.
219. Baldwin to Lady Oxford, 2 Oct. 1932, Bodleian Library, Margot Asquith papers, MS Eng. c.6669/106.
220. Baldwin to Irwin, 8 Sept. 1933, Borthwick Institute, York, Halifax papers, A4.410.14.4;.
221. and to N. Chamberlain, 13 Oct. 1940, NC 13/18/783.
222. Winlcrlon diary, 4 May 1937;.
223. and see S. Baldwin, Our inheritance (London, 1928), pp. 248-9, 307-8;.
224. Burgcs memo., 24 Apr. 1940;.
225. Baldwin, My father, p. 11.
226. Jones, Diary with letters, p. 482, records Baldwin's uncase with the altitude revealed by Chamberlain to Baldwin, 17 Oct. 1940, in Feiling, Chamberlain, pp. 455-6.
227. Gilbert, Churchill, VII, p. 1349, and below for Young.
228. Baldwin, My father, p. 317;.
229. Hinchingbrooke journal, 9 Feb. 1938, in A. Best and J. Sandwich, Hinchi (Mappcrton, 1997), p. 54.
230. Burges memo., 24 Apr. 1940;.
231. Howard, Beawerbrook, p. 77.
232. E.g. 'Mr Baldwin's testament', 28 Apr. 1937, Crathome papers, courtesy of Lord Crathome;.
233. Baldwin, My father, pp. 327-8;.
234. Hyde, Baldwin, p. 550.
235. Kirkwood to Baldwin, 18 Sept. 1939, in Young, Baldwin, pp. 94-6, and copies in Davidson papers, 262, and Jones papers, A6/41;.
236. Baldwin to Bryant, 14 Dec. 1940, 2 Jan. 1941, Bryant papers, C/62.
237. Burgcs memo., 24 Apr. 1940;.
238. Jones, Diary with letters, pp. 447, 482-3, 491;.
239. Best and Sandwich, Hinch, p. 54;.
240. R. A. Butler, The art of the possible (London, 1971), p. 88;.
241. Baldwin to Davidson, 27 Feb. 1943, Davidson papers, 289. For the problems with information on German rearmament, see W. K. Wark, The ultimate enemy: British intelligence andNazi Germany, 1933-1939 (London, 1985).
242. Jones, Diary with letters, pp. 470, 527;.
243. Jones to Flexner, 3 Dec. 1912, 20 Dec. 1947, Jones papers, S3/18, 86. Baldwin had Feiling to visit at AsUcy in September 1942, persuaded by Horace Wilson's plea for assistance and the knowledge that Feiling was a professional historian: Baldwin to Wilson, Aug. 1941, copy in NC 11/15/133. Fry had contemplated a future biography even before Baldwin retired: Howarth to Fry, 10 Mar. 1937, Baldwin additional papers.
244. Jones to Fry, 9 Oct. 1931, Jones papers, A7/59.
245. Material in Jones papers, A7;.
246. and sec Jones, Diary with tellers, pp. 154-5, 160, 207.
247. Times, 15 Dec. 1917.
248. and The Times [T. Jones], LordBaldain: a memoir (London, 1947).
249. Lord Baldain, p. 8;.
250. Churchill, Gathering storm, p. 18 (1949 edn, p. 20). In 1923 Churchill had still been a Liberal, with no knowledge of Conservative leadership calculations.
251. Amery to Jones, 12, 16 Nov. 1951, Jones papers, AA1/14, A7/60;.
252. L. S. Amery, My political life (3 vols., London, 1953-5), 11 PP- 280-1, 299, 479, 511, in, p. 397.
253. and see Amery diaries, 11, p. 195n.
254. T. Jones, Lloyd George (Oxford, 1951), pp. 207-8;.
255. Jones, Diary with letters, p. xxxii;.
256. Dictionary of national biography, 1941-1950 (Oxford, 1959), pp. 44-5.
257. cf. Baldwin to Jones, 25 Nov. 1940, Jones papers AG/2. Jones might also have reflected on his own knowledge that Baldwin seriously considered including Lloyd George in his 1935 cabinet.
258. For reassessment of Baldwin's 1923 decision, see esp. M. Cowling, The impact of Labour (Cambridge, 1971), chs. 15-16;.
259. for comment on the larger claims, see Williamson, Baldwin, pp. 10-11, 228-31, 235.
260. Lord Baldwin, pp. 20, 22. For the Baldwin-Jones relationship.
261. see Williamson, Baldwin, pp. 66, 72, 159-62.
262. Jones, Diary with tellers, pp. 175-6, 180-1, 193-4, 207-8, 239-65.
263. E. L. Ellis, 'T.J.': a life of Dr Tliomas Jones (Cardiff, 1992), pp. 400-10;.
264. Jones to Lady Grigg, 25 Feb. 1938, Jones papers, WW1/8.
265. Lord Baldwin, pp. 7, 20, 21.
266. Lord Baldain, pp. 3, 17, 22;.
267. compare 'P.Q.R.' [Jones], 'Mr Baldwin', Spectator, 7 June 1935, authorship established by Jones's unpublished 'diary', 6 June 1935.
268. Baldwin tojones, 23 Dec. 1944, in Jones, Diary with letters, p. 527.
269. G. M. Young, Victorian England: portrait of an age (Oxford, 1936).
270. To those listed in Young, Baldwin, p. 13.
271. can be added Baldwin's sons and daughters, Halifax, Templewood, Duff Cooper, Reith, Lady Davidson, Mann of the Yorkshire Post, Barrington-Ward ofThe Times, and Baldwin's parliamentary private secretaries, Rhys and Hinchingbrooke.
272. Public Record Office (PRO) CAB 21/4476, July 1945 material, and Brook note, 20 Aug. 1945;.
273. 1934 rules in PRO PREM 1/171. Baldwin had not used draft letters by Davidson and Jones, cited respectively in Middlemas and Barnes, Baldwin, p. 1063.
274. and Naylor, A man and an institution, p. 235 (which, published before relevant PRO files were released, understandably but mistakenly assumed that Young did not sec cabinet material). For Feiling see Bridges to Howarth, 7 Oct. 19.11, CAB 21/2166. Churchill was not, therefore, the first to have access to public records, as is commonly assumed;.
275. indeed in 1946 he used his prime-ministerial dispensation to Baldwin and Young as a precedent when asking AtUcc to allow access to official papers for his own researchers: Gilbert, Churchill, VII, p. 235.
276. For instance, Young read cabinet records on the abdication crisis not released in the PRO until 2003. He was also responsible for the unique record of the cabinet discussion on Hoarc's 1935 resig¬nation being unsealed (though it is uncertain whether he was allowed to read the contents): Brook note, I9june 1946, CAB 21/4476, explaining the incident recounted in Naylor, A man and an institution, p. 253. Young spent many weeks from September 1945 to June 1946 reading papers in a Cabinet Office room, for which he was given his own key.
277. Many of these and following details are in the G. M. Young file in McFarlin Library, University of Tulsa, Hart-Davis papers, hereafter, unless otherwise stated, the source for Hart-Davis correspon-dence.
278. But see also Hart-Davis letters in CUL MS Add. 7799, and R. Hart-Davis, Halfway to heaven (Stroud, 1998), p. 38.
279. PRO FO 370/2297 and CAB 21/4476, material for July-Aug. 1952, esp. undated Eden memo., Brook note, 7 Aug., and Passant note, 9 Aug. For F.den's obsessive surveillance over his own repu-tation, see D. Dutton, Anthony Eden (London, 1997), pp. 1-16.
280. For Bcaverbrook (who also involved Birkenhead's family), see Blake memo., 22 Sept. 1952, and legal papers Scpt.-Oct. 1952 in House of Lords Record Office, Beaverbrook papers, C/43, H/152, H/406. For Churchill, Scpt.-Oct. 1952 exchanges in PREM 11/239 and CAB 21/4476.
281. Hart-Davis to Young, 8 Oct., 12 Nov. 1952.
282. and Hart-Davis list, Nov. 1952, in CUL MS Add. 7938. The pages replaced in the book's first impression were pp. 30, 31, 39, 116, 161, 227, 240.
283. Young to Murray, 26Jan. 1948, Bodleian Library, MS Gilbert Murray, 99/8-9;.
284. and to Hart-Davis, 19 June 1949, 22 Feb. 1950, 20 June 1931;.
285. Young, Baldain, p. 11. He supposed that Oliver Baldwin burned a 'large' collection of papers at Astlcy, when (as Fry could have told him) the political files never went there. The destroyed material consisted of some, though not all, post-igio personal and abusive letters (a number have survived). Windham Baldwin delivered three boxes in 1951 which Young (as he conceded after publication) had been offered in 1948, but then forgotten: W. Baldwin, Watt and Pinsent exchanges, Dec. 1932-Jan. 1953, CUL MS Add. 7938.
286. Bridges note, 27 Feb. 1946, and Brook note, 28 Jan. 1948, CAB 21/4176.
287. Young to Bryant, 16 Jan. 1937, Bryant papers, E/3.
288. See Young's collected essays, Daylight and champaign (Lodon, 1937).
289. Today and yesterday (London, 1948);.
290. and Last essays (London, 1950). Hart-Davis noted that Young's previous publications had 'conic largely out of his head', but the Baldwin book demanded 'a lot of work' which he 'wouldn't or couldn't do': The Lyltlelon Hart-Dads letters, 1: 1933-1956, ed. R. Hart-Davis (London, 1978), p. 132.
291. G. Kitson Clark, ed., G. M. Young: portrait of an age: annotated edition (London, 1977), pp. 10-11.
292. E.g. Baldwin papers, 1/8oa-c, 167/187-90, and complaints about non-return of documents in W. Baldwin papers. Windham Baldwin recovered further documents from Young's executors after his death in 1959.
293. See esp. Young to Citrine, 20, 23 June 1918, British Library of Political and Economic Science, Citrine papers, 10/1.
294. Young, Today andyeslerday, pp. 194-7.
295. Lyttleton Hart-Dads letters, 1, p. 133, and Young/Hart-Davis papers, early 1932;.
296. Kitson Clark, Portrait of an age, p. 13.
297. See esp. Young, Baldain, pp. 12, 253-4. For speeches, Young to Jones, 12 Apr. 1948, 30 Oct. 1951, Jones papers, A7/55, WW32/73.
298. Young to Jones, 30 Oct. 1951, ibid, Baldain, p. 13.
299. Bridges note, 22 Feb. 19 46, CAB 21/4476.
300. Young to Duff Cooper, 22 Sept. 1946, Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge, DUFC 2/1;.
301. to Citrine, 20 June 1948, Citrine papers, 10/1;.
302. and to W. Baldwin, 21 Feb. 1950, CUL MS Add. 7938.
303. Young, Baldain, pp. 11-12, 228-9;.
304. Fry to Jones, 22 Oct. 1952, Jones papers, AA1/19.
305. Bridges memo., 22 Feb. 194G, CAB 21/4476.
306. Young, Baldain, p. 11.
307. Young to Cooper, 22 Sept. 19 jG, DUFC 2/1;.
308. to W. Baldwin, 8 Aug. 194G, CUL MS Add. 7938.
309. Pearson and Kingsmill, Whiltington, p. 189;.
310. Baldwin to Oliver Baldwin, 3june 1916, CUL MS Add. 95G9/7.
311. Young, Baldain, p. 11;.
312. Young to Davidson, 27 Jan. 1946, Davidson papers 302;.
313. to W. Baldwin, 21, 24 Feb. 1950 (emphasis in original), CUL MS Add. 7938;.
314. to Hart-Davis, 22 Feb. 1950;.
315. Brook note, 30 Jan. 1948, CAB 21/4476.
316. Young to W. Baldwin, 23 June [1946], 23 May 1947, 21 Feb. 1950, CUL MS Add. 7938. The theme is submerged in the book's text, though see Young, Baldain, p. 205.
317. E.g. Young to Cooper, 22 Sept. 1946, DUFC 2/1, and to Halifax, 8 Aug. 1917, Halifax papers, A.2.278.96;.
318. G. M. Young, 'Stanley Baldwin', Sunday Times, 21 Dec. 1947.
319. carried into Young, Baldain, P.57.
320. Young, Baldwin, p. 250.
321. The point was important to Young, as presumed confirmation of his thesis: see Young to W. Baldwin, 23June [1946], CUL MS Add. 7938. No independent evidence exists ofthis well-known statement, nor of Young's other claim that he was 'advised, or warned' not to visit London. Baldwin's letters state that he stayed away because he did not wish to bother friends pre¬occupied with the war crisis, and because of the problems or wartime travel. For Young's probable source.
322. see n. 148 below.
323. Young to Davidson, 8 Mar. 1946, Davidson papers, 302;.
324. to Halifax, 8 Aug. 1947, Halifax papers, A.2.278.96;.
325. to Jones, 18 Apr. 1948, Jones papers A7/57.
326. and to W. Baldwin, 4 Apr. 1919, CUL MS Add. 7938;.
327. Young, Baldwin, pp. 176-7, 200, 229-30.
328. Young to Hart-Davis, 25 Aug. 1948.
329. E.g. Fry-Jones exchanges, 10, 13 Oct. 1952, 1 Feb. 1953, Jones papers, AA1/17, W7/163, A7/62, on the unlikeliness of the much-repeated story of Baldwin practising a pose before a mirror (Young, Baldwin, pp. 56-7).
330. which actually derived from Rowse (End of the Epoch, p. 84) .
331. who maliciously presented as 'fact' what had only been speculation in Salter, Security, p. 196.
332. Young, Baldwin, pp. 18-23, 25, 52-7, 134-5- Hardly any letters between Baldwin and his wife survive, and there is no sign that Young examined his parents' papers. But the development of these assertions can be traced from Young's own letters. His principal source was Baldwin's eldest son, Oliver, even though Windham wanted Young not to trust his testimony, given Oliver's breach with his own father, ignorance about his grandparents, and liking for amateur psychology. Young nevertheless seized on Oliver's stories: W. Baldwin-Young exchanges, 8, 10, 23'une 1946, W. Baldwin papers, and CUL MS Add. 7938. Young himself was a bachelor with unusual domestic circumstances.
333. see Lyltlelon Ilart-Daris letters, 1, pp. 132-3.
334. Young to W. Baldwin, 23 June 1946, CUL MS Add. 7938.
335. and to Cooper, 22 Sept. 194G, DUFC 2/1;.
336. Young, Baldwin, pp. 54, 129.
337. and see pp. 225-C: the phrase was, typically, misquoted. The book's Homeric epigraph - 'Now let everyone remember the kindliness of poor Patroclus, who knew how to be gentle to all'-was calculatcdly double-edged: in Young's terms, Baldwin's conciliation of the Labour movement and his sensitivity towards peace opinion were two aspects of his desire to retain public affection.
338. Ibid., pp. 27-8, 36, 57-8, G0-3, 72, 122, 128, 150, 173, 182-4, 200 and.
339. see e.g.- Voung to Halifax, 8 Aug. 1947, Halifax papers, A.2.278.96. The 'falling asleep' canard was repeated on BBC Newsnight, 10 Sept. 2001.
340. Young to Murray, 26Jan. '9(8, MS G. Murray, 99/8-9;.
341. compare Young, Baldwin, p. 11 .
342. with Baldwin in Jones, Diary with letters, p. 527 .
343. and, for his decline from 1945, pp. 538, 541.
344. Young, Baldwin, pp. 57-8, 128, 167.
345. Ibid., pp. 122, 162; Young, Baldwin.
346. Young to W. Baldwin, 4 Apr. 1949, CUL MS Add. 7938.
347. Young-Citrine exchange, 20, 22, 23 June 1918, Citrine papers 10/1;.
348. Young to W. Baldwin, 4 Apr. 1949, 21 Feb. 1950, CUL MS Add. 7938;.
349. Young, Baldain, p. 204 .
350. and see below p. 163.
351. Cuttings in W. Baldwin papers, including Amery in Spectator, 14 Nov. 1952.
352. Pitbaldo to Gisbornc, 7 Oct. 1952, PREM 11/239.
353. Young to Jones, 6 Jan. 1953, Jones papers, A7/61.
354. Berkeley to Mrs N. Chamberlain, 1 Sept. 1952, NC 11/1/77, describing his unfulfilled plan for a joint biography of Baldwin and Chamberlain;.
355. W. Baldwin papers contain a collection ofBassetl's letters to newspapers.
356. D. C. Somervell, Stanley Balduin: an examination of some features of Mr CM. Young's biography (London, 1953), esp. pp. 22-3, 34, 40-1, 46-7, 51.
357. and see bis essay on Balduin in the History Today collection, British Prime Ministers (London, 1953), pp. 154-67.
358. His brother's papers contain appreciative letters: Bodleian Library MS Eng. c.6565/294-320.
359. The briefing notes he prepared for Churchill even implied that he might wish to retract the worst of the accusations in The gathering storm: W. Baldwin notes, c. May 1950, CHUR 2/312.
360. See correspondence in CUL MS Add. 7938, esp. W. Baldwin to Davidson, 13 May 1952. He also acceded to Young's demands for revised royalty payments from sympathy for his 'age and infirmity'. His co-executor, Oliver Baldwin, took no serious interest in Young's book.
361. Jones-W. Baldwin exchange, 16-31 Mar. 1953.
362. Jones-W. Baldwin exchange, ibid. 1953
363. June-July 1953 material in Jones papers, A7, AA1, W7.
364. Baldwin, My father, pp. 155-69.
365. W. Baldwin to Davidson, 13, 22 May 1952, CUL Add. MS 7938, and 6 May 1955, 10 Sept. 1958, Davidson papers, 310, 311. The Fellows of All Soul's College included Young, Rowse, and Salter.
366. See Ramsden, Man of the century, pp. 116-28, 142-3, 209, 528, for examples of this 'winston-worship' in the historical profession, notably from Rowse and A.J. P. Taylor but including Bryant, who, however, squared it with continued admiration for Baldwin, expressed periodically in his Illustrated London News column.
367. W. Baldwin-Citrine letters, Nov. 1952-Mar. 1953, Citrine papers, 10/1;.
368. Baldwin, My father, pp. 344-5.
369. Baldwin, My Father, chs. I-VIl, pp. 326-8.
370. Ibid., pp. 278-86, Baldwin, My Father.
371. Ibid., ch. XIII, pp. 242-3, 269-72, Baldwin, My Father.
372. W. Baldwin to Davidson, 27 Oct. 1952, 10 Sept. 1958, Davidson papers, 308, 311;.
373. to Jones, 29 Mar. 1953, CUL MS Add. 7938;.
374. to Barber, 26 Feb. 1959, W. Baldwin papers;.
375. Baldwin, My father, P- 315.
376. PREM II/2231 and CAB21/5819, esp. Trend to Brook, 18 Apr., and Brook to Macmillan, 6, 7 June 1958. For the tortuous Cabinet Office policing of civil service memoirs and diaries in the 1950s (including those of its own former members, Jones and Hankey) .
377. see Naylor, A man and an institution, pp. 274-7, 285-9. Copies of the Vincent-Baldwin typescript arc in W. Baldwin papers, and the Brotherton Library archives, University of Leeds.
378. Baldwin, Mr father, p. 115, for 'X';.
379. Allen and Unwin report, Feb. 1955, and related material in W. Baldwin papers. Three other publishers had rejected the book, one also fearing 'promotional' problems. But the main difficulty was an unwicldly first draft, which Windham recast with advice from his author-cousins, Denis Mackail and Monica Baldwin, and encouragement from Davidson, Bassctt, and J. R. M. Butler, the Cambridge historian, member of the Cabinet Office historical section, and son of Dr Butler of Harrow.
380. W. Baldwin papers include a collection of cuttings, all 1956: sec e.g. Daily Express, 19 Jan.
381. and New Statesman, 2o Jan., for hostility.
382. R. Churchill in Truth, 27Jan.;.
383. Elliot in Daily Telegraph, 2oJan.
384. and Times Literary Supplement, 10 Feb., accepting the point about 1935.
385. Pakcnham in Observer, 22jan.
386. and Ensor in Sunday Times, 29jan., for the other reactions.
387. List, Dec. 1956, Davidson papers, 311.
388. Davidson to W. Balduin, 17 Dec. 1959, 14 Dec. 19G0, W. Balduin papers;.
389. D. H. Barber, Stanley Balduin:patriot statesman (privately published, 1959).
390. and see his autobiography, Twenty years oj"free-lancing (London, 1947).
391. Evening Standard, 14 Nov. 1952, 25 Sept. 1953;.
392. Blake notes, 22 Sept. 1952, and Iilake-Beaver brook letters, Sept. 1955, Mar. 1956, Bcaverbrook papers, C/43-5. It is not clear whether Beaverbook had indeed started this book, or whether Blake gave him the idea. His assistants' research material remains in his papers, section G/5, but the only completed and published parts were The Decline and Fall of Lloyd George (London, 1963).
393. and, posthumously, The abdication of Ling Edward VIII (London, 1966). Blake turned instead to the biography of Disraeli.
394. R. Blake, 'Baldwin and the right', in J. Raymond, cd., The Baldwin age (London, 1960), pp. 25-65.
395. and see R. Blake, The Conservative party from Peel to Churchill (London, 1970; 1972 edn), pp. 215-38.
396. C. L. Mowat, 'Baldwin restored?', Journal of Modem History, 27 (1955), pp. 169-74.
397. and idem, Britain between the wars, esp. pp. 195-7, 553-6, 558, 660;.
398. A.J. P. Taylor, British prime ministers and other essays, ed. C.J. Wrigley (London, 1998), pp. 50-8 (1960 broadcast).
399. and idem, English history, 1914-1945 (Oxford, 1965), esp. pp. 205, 227, 236, 387. For comment on the general theme.
400. see Williamson, Baldwin, pp. 8-9 and conclusion.
401. The organizing committee included Windham Balduin, the Davidsons, R. A. Butler, and Baldwin's former secretaries, Fry, Vincent, Dugdalc, Duff, Neville Butler, and Geoffrey IJoyd. The main speakers were Edward Heath, Harold Macmillan, Roy Jenkins, and Jo Grimond: Times, 15July 1967.
402. R. Rhodes James, in Times, I4july 1967 .
403. and C. Coote in Daily Telegraph, same date (contrasting with his criticisms when reviewing Young's book, ibid., 14 Nov. 1952);.
404. P. Norman in Sunday Times Magazine, 3oJuly 1967 .
405. and a mellowed Atllee in Observer Colour Supplement, 6 Aug. 1967.