Seismites: An attempt at critical analysis and classification

Sedimentary Geology

Volumn 196, Issue 1-4, 2007, Pages 5-30

  Montenat, Christian ^b   Barrier, Pascal ^a   Ott dEstevou, Philippe ^a   Hibsch, Christian ^c  

^a Institut Polytechnique Saint Louis   (France)

^b CEPAGE CNRS FR 32   (France)

^c CNRS   (France)

Author keywords

Earthquake; Hydrofracturing; Liquefaction; Seismite; Soft sediment; Syndiagenetic deformation

Indexed keywords

CRITICAL ANALYSIS; EARTHQUAKE; LIQUEFACTION; SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURE; SEISMITE;

EID: 33847658812     PISSN: 00370738     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2006.08.004     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Alfaro, P., 1995. Neotectonica en la cuenca del Bajo Segura (Extremo oriental de la Cordillera Betica). Thesis Doct., Univ. Alicante, 219 p.
2. Alfaro P., Morett M., and Soria J.M. Soft-sediment deformation structures induced by earthquakes (seismites) in Pliocene lacustrine deposits (Guadix-Baza Basin, Central Betic Cordillera). Eclogae Geol. Helv. 90 (1997) 531-540
3. Alfaro P., Delgado J., Estevez A., Molina J.M., Moretti M., and Soria J.M. Liquefaction and fluidisation structures in Messinian storm deposits (Bajo Segura Basin, Betic Cordillera, Southern Spain). Int. J. Earth Sci. (Geol Rundsch.) 91 (2002) 505-513
4. Allen J.R.L. Earthquake magnitude-frequency, epicentral distance, and soft-sediment deformation in sedimentary basins. Sediment. Geol. 46 (1986) 67-75
5. Andrieux J. Etude de quelques filons clastiques intraformationels du flysch albo-aptien des zones externes du Rif (Maroc). Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr. 7 (1967) 844-849
6. Baltzer F., and Purser B.H. Ecoulement en masse et fracturation de sédiments fluviatiles actuels sous l'influence d'un séisme, Sud-Est de l'Iran. C. R. Somm. Seances Soc. Géol. Fr. 2 (1979) 72-75
7. Bardet J.P., and Kapuskar M. Liquefaction sand boils in San Francisco during 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. J. Geotech. Eng. 119 (1993) 543-562
8. Barrier P., and D'Alessandro A. Structures biogéniques et physiques dans les sables de Pavigliana, Reggio Calabria (Italie). Riv. Ital. Paleontol. Stratigr. 91 (1985) 379-408
9. Barrier, P., Gely, J.P., Lorenz, J., 1997. Les ondulations à Mamilla de l'Oxfordien supérieur des carrières de Bourges (Cher). Journées C. Lorenz - AGBP and AEDEH Edit, Paris, 49-54.
10. Bartholomew M.J., Stickney M.C., Wilde E.M., and Dundas R.G. Late Quaternary paleoseismites: syndepositional features and section restoration used to indicate paleoseismicity and stress-field orientations during faulting along the main Lima Reservoir Fault, southwestern Montana. In: Catanzaro T. (Ed). Ancient Seismites. Geol. Soc. America, Sp. Pap. vol. 359 (2002) 29-47
11. Bartholomew M.J., Brodie B.M., Willoughby R.H., Lewis S.E., and Syms F.H. Mid-Tertiary paleoseismites: syndepositional features and section restoration used to indicate paleoseismicity, Atlantic Coastal Plain, South Carolina and Georgia. In: Catanzaro T. (Ed). Ancient Seismites. Geol. Soc. America, Sp. Pap. vol. 359 (2002) 63-74
12. Beacom L.E., Anderson T.B., and Holdsworth R.E. Using basement-hosted clastic dykes as syn-rifting palaeostress indicators: an example from the basal Stoer Group, northwest Scotland. Geol. Mag. 136 (1999) 301-310
13. Beaudoin B., and Friès G. Filons gréseux sédimentaires, per descensum, dans un système de fractures ouvertes. Le cas de l'Albien de Bevons (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence). C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris 295 (1982) 285-387
14. Beaudoin B., Friès G., Joseph P., and Paternoster B. Sills gréseux sédimentaires injectés dans l'Aptien supérieur de Rosans (Drôme). C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris 296 (1983) 387-392
15. Beck C., Rochette P., and Tardy M. Interprétation en termes de paléoséismicité de niveaux déstructurés intercalés dans des rythmites lacustres quaternaires des Alpes Nord-Occidentales. C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris 315 (1992) 1525-1532
16. Black R.F. Pseudo-ice wedge casts of Connecticut, northeastern United States. Quat. Res. 20 (1983) 74-89
17. Blanc E.J.-P., Blanc-Alétru M.-C., and Mojon P.-O. Soft-sediment deformation structures interpreted as seismites in the uppermost Aptian to lowermost Albian transgressive deposits of the Chihuahua basin (Mexico). Geol. Rundsch. 86 (1998) 875-883
18. Bouillin J.P., and Bellomo D. Les filons sédimentaires jurassiques de Longobucco-Caloveto (Calabre, Italie); application à l'étude des paléostructures d'une marge téthysienne. Geodin. Acta 4 (1990) 111-120
19. Bouillin J.P., and Naak M. Découvertes de filons sédimentaires caractérisant une tectonique distensive jurassique dans le Djurdjura (Dorsale calcaire maghrébine, Algérie). C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris 309 (1989) 1371-1376
20. 14C dating. Radio Carbon 43 (2001) 1383-1390
21. Brodzikowski K., and Haluszczak A. Flame structures and associated deformations in Quaternary glaciolacustrine and glaciodeltaic deposits: examples from central Poland. In: Zones M.E., and Preston R.M.F. (Eds). Deformation of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Geol. Soc., Special publ. vol. 29 (1987) 279-286
22. Brothers R.J., Kemp A.E.S., and Maltman A.J. Mechanical development of vein structures due to the passage of earthquake waves through poorly-consolidated sediments. Tectonophysics 260 (1996) 227-244
23. Bruel, T., 1997. Caractérisation des circulations de fluides dans un réseau fracturé et rôle des contraintes in situ. Une étude de cas dans le bassin permien de Lodève. Thesis Univ. Montpellier II.
24. In: Catanzaro T. (Ed). Ancient seismites. Geol. Soc. America, Sp. Pap. vol. 359 (2002) 190 pp.
25. In: Cita M.B., and Ricci Lucchi F. (Eds). Seismicity and Sedimentation. Marine Geology vol. 55 (1984) 161 pp.
26. Cosgrove J.W. The expression of hydraulic fracturing in rocks and sediments. In: Ameen M.S. (Ed). Fractography: Fracture Topography as a Tool in Fracture Mechanics and Stress Analysis. Geological Society, Spec. Publ. vol. 92 (1995) 187-196
27. Crone A.J., and Ondahl E. Direction in Paleoseismology U.S. Geol. Surv. Open File Report 87-673, Proceed 39e Conf. Albuquerque, New Mexico (1987) 456 pp.
28. Davidovici, V., 1985. Le genie parasismique. Presses Ponts et Chaussées.
29. Davenport C.A., and Ringrose P.S. Deformation of Scottish Quaternary sediment sequences by strong earthquake motions. In: Jones M.E., and Preston V.I.F. (Eds). Deformation of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Geol. Soc., Spec. Publ. vol. 29 (1987), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford 299-314
30. de Joussineau G., Bazalgette L., Petit J.-P., and Lopez M. Morphology, intersection and syn/late-diagenetic origin of vein networks in pelites of the Lodève Permian Basin, Southern France. J. Struct. Geol. 27 (2005) 67-87
31. Delgado J., Lopez Casado C., Alfaro A., Giner J.J., and Estevez A. Liquefaction potential in the Lower Segura river basin (south-east Spain). Eng. Geol. 49 (1998) 61-79
32. Demoulin A. Clastic dykes in east Belgium: evidence for Upper Pleistocene strong earthquakes west of the Lower Rhine rift segment. J. Geol. Soc. 153 (1996) 803-810
33. de Rossetti D.F. Soft-sediment deformation structures in late Albian to Cenomanian deposits, Sào Luis Basin, northern Brazil: evidence for paleoseismicity. Sedimentology 46 (1999) 1065-1081
34. Dugué O. Origine sismique de déformations synsédimentaires de la plate-forme oxfordienne normande (Calcaire gréseux de Hennequeville, Jurassique supérieur, Bassin anglo-parisien, France). C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris 321 (1995) 193-200
35. El-Isa Z.H., and Mustafa H. Earthquake-deformations in the Lisan deposits and seismotectonic implication. Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 86 (1986) 413-424
36. Estevez A., Soria J.-M., and Alfaro P. Un nouveau type de seismites dans le Miocène supérieur d'Alicante (Cordillère bétique orientale, Espagne); les coins détritiques. C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris 318 (1994) 507-512
37. Ferry S., and Flandrin J. Mégabrèches de resédimentation, lacunes mécaniques et pseudo «hard ground» sur la marge vocontienne au Barrémien et à l'Aptien inférieur (Sud-Est de la France). Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr. 55 (1979) 75-92
38. Field M.E., Gardner J.V., Jennings A.E., and Edwards B.D. Earthquake induced sediment failures on a 0.25 slope, Klamath River delta, California. Geology 10 (1982) 542-546
39. Fuller M.L. The New-Madrid earthquake. U. S. Geol. Surv. 494 (1912) 1-119
40. Garcin, M., 1987. Le bassin de San Miguel de Salinas (Alicante, Espagne). Relation entre contexte structuro-sédimentaire et dépôts évaporitiques et carbonatés au Messinien. Thesis, University Paris-Sud (Orsay), 297p.
41. Genna A. Déformation hydroplastique et circulation de fluide dans un contexte compressif d'avant-chaîne (bassin nord-pyrénéen de Carcassonne, Aude-Hérault, France). Géol. Fr. 2 (1990) 21-56
42. Gill W.D., and Kuenen P.H. Sand volcanoes on slumps in the Carboniferous of County Clare, Ireland. Q. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 113 (1957) 441-460
43. Guiraud M., and Plaziat J.-C. Seismites in the fluviatile Bina sandstones: identification of paleoseismes and discussions of their magnitudes in a Cretaceous synsedimentary strike-slips basin (Upper Bennue, Nigeria). Tectonophysics 225 (1993) 493-522
44. Hempton M.R., and Dewey J.F. Earthquake-induced deformational structures in young lacustrine sediments, East Anatolian fault, Southeast Turkey. Tectonophysics 98 (1983) 7-14
45. Hibsch C., Alvarado A., Yepes H., Perez V.H., and Sebrier M. Holocene liquefaction and soft-sediment deformation in Quito (Ecuador): a palaeoseismic history recorded by lacustrine sediments. J. Geodyn. 24 (1997) 259-280
46. Holzer T.L., Youd T.L., and Hanks T.C. Dynamics and liquefaction during the 1987 Superstition Hills California Earthquake. Science 244 (1989) 56-59
47. Hugo Perez V., Hibsch C.S., Alvarado A.P., and Yepes H.A. Paleosismicidad de la Ciudad de Quito (Ecuador) a travès del analisis de la paleolicuacion cuaternaria. Estud. Geogr. (1994) 1-16
48. Johnson H.D. Sedimentation and water escape structures in some late Precambrian shallow marine sandstones from Finnmark, North Norway. Sedimentology 24 (1977) 389-411
49. In: Jones M.E., and Preston R.M.F. (Eds). Deformation of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. vol. 29 (1987) 350 pp.
50. Jones A.P., Omoto K., and Omoto K. Towards establishing criteria for identifying trigger mechanisms for soft-sediment deformation: case study of Late Pleistocene lacustrine sands and clays, Onokobe and Nakayamadaira Basins, northeastern Japan. Sedimentology 47 (2000) 1211-1226
51. Kastens K.A., and Cita M.B. Tsunami-induced sediment transport in the abyssal Mediterranean Sea. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 92 (1981) 845-857
52. Keefer D.F. Landslides caused by earthquakes. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 95 (1984) 406-421
53. Kleverlaan K. Gordo megabed: a possible seismite in a Tortonian submarine fan, Tabernas basin, Province of Almeria, Southeast Spain. Sediment. Geol. 51 (1987) 165-180
54. Ken-Tor R., Agnon A., Enzel Y., Stein M., Marcos S., and Negendank J.F. High-resolution geological record of historic earthquake in the Dead Sea Basin. J. Geophys. Res. 106 (2001) 2221-2234
55. Kuenen P.H. Experiments in Geology. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasg. 23 (1958) 1-26
56. Larramendi J.A. Memoria y relacion circunstanciada de los estragos que la terrible catastrofe de 21 de marzo y siuientes, principalmente, el dia del sabado santo 18 de abril hasta el presente dia, han causado en Torrevieja (1829), Imprenta Real, Madrid
57. Lowe D.R. Water escape structures in coarse-grained sediments. Sedimentology 22 (1975) 157-204
58. Lowe D.R. Subaqueous liquefied and fluidised sediment flows and their deposits. Sedimentology 23 (1976) 285-308
59. Lowe D.R., and LoPiccolo R. The characteristics and origins of dish and pillar structures. J. Sediment. Petrol. 44 (1974)
60. Marcos S., Stein M., Agnon A., and Rond H. Long-term earthquake clustering: a 50,000 years paleoseismic record in the Dead Sea Graben. J. Geophys. Res. 101 (1996) 6179-6192
61. Montenat C. Relations entre déformations synsédimentaires et paléoséismicité dans le Messinien de San Miguel de Salinas (Cordillères bétiques orientales, Espagne). Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr. 22 (1980) 501-509
62. In: Montenat C. (Ed). Les bassins néogènes du domaine bétique oriental (Espagne). Tectonique et sédimentation dans un couloir de décrochement. Doc. et Trav. IGAL, Paris vol. 3 (1990) 12-13 392 pp., geol. maps h.t. colours
63. Montenat C., and Ott d'Estevou P. Diversity of sedimentary basins generated in wrench tectonics: a case history from the Eastern Betics, Spain. J. Pet. Geol. 22 (1999) 61-80 (Thematic issue: "Neogene sedimentation and tectonics in the Western Mediterranean")
64. Montenat C., Barrier P., and Di Geronimo I. The Messina Strait, past and present: a review. In: Barrier P., Di Geronimo I., and Montenat C. (Eds). Le Détroit de Messine (Italie). Evolution tectono-sédimentaire récente (Pliocène et Quaternaire) et environnement actuel. Doc. et Trav. IGAL, Paris vol. 11 (1987) 7-14
65. Montenat C., Barrier P., and Ott d'Estevou P. Some aspects of the recent tectonics in the Strait of Messina, Italy. Tectonophysics 194 (1991) 203-215
66. Montenat C., Ott d'Estevou P., Barrier P., and Paturel D. Les séismites: Essai de typologie génétique. Géochronique 46 (1993) 15-17
67. Montenat C., Ott d'Estevou P., Leyrit H., and Barrier P. The "Brèche Rouge de Carboneras". An example of Late Miocene volcanic megabreccias deposited in a deep-marine basin controlled by wrench tectonics (Eastern Betics, Spain). In: Leyrit H., and Montenat C. (Eds). Volcaniclastics Rocks. From Magmas to Sediments (2000), Gordon and Breach Publ., London 191-213
68. Morton D.M., and Campbell R.H. Some features produced by the earthquake of 21 February 1973, near Point Mugu, California. Calif. Geol. 26 (1973) 287-290
69. Mutti E., Ricci Lucchi F., Séguret M., and Zanzucchi G. Seismoturbidites: a new group of resedimented deposits. Mar. Geol. 55 (1984) 103-116
70. Nichols R.J., Sparks R.S.J., and Wilson C.J.N. Experimental studies of the fluidisation of layered sediments and the formation of fluid escape structures. Sedimentology 41 (1994) 233-253
71. Obermeier S.F. Identification and geologic characteristic of earthquake-induced liquefaction features in "Direction in Paleoseismology" U.S. Geology Surv., Open-file report 87-673. Proceed 39e Conf. Albuquerque, New Mexico (1987) 173-177
72. Obermeier S.F., Gohn O.S., Weems R.E., Gelianas R.L., and Rubin M. Geological evidence for recurrent moderate to large earthquakes near Charleston. South Carolina. Science 227 (1985) 408-411
73. Obermeier S.F., Jacobson R.B., Smott J.P., Weems R.E., Gohn G.S., Monroe J.E., and Powards D.S. Earthquake-induced liquefaction features in the coastal setting of south Carolina and the fluvial setting of the New Madrid seismic zone. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1504. (1989) 44 pp
74. Obermeier S.F., Martin J.R., Frankel A.D., Youd T.L., Munson P.J., Munson C.A., and Pond E.C. Liquefaction evidence for one ore more strong Holocene earthquakes in the Wabash Valley of Southern Indiana and Illinois, with a preliminary estimate of magnitude. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1536. (1993) 27 pp
75. Oomkens E. Environmental significance of sand dikes. Sedimentology 7 (1966) 696-706
76. Ott d'Estevou P. Evolution dynamique du bassin néogène de Sorbas (Cordillères bétiques orientales, Espagne). Doc. et Trav. IGAL, Paris vol. 1 (1980) 264 pp.
77. Oulianoff N. L'eau comme sédiment. Eclogae Geol. Helv. 51 (1958) 696-706
78. Owen G. Deformation processes in unconsolidated sands. In: Jones M.E., and Preston R.M.F. (Eds). Deformation of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Geol. Soc., Spec. Publ. vol. 29 (1987) 11-24
79. Paturel, D., Ott d'Estevou, P. 1991. Les figures de paléosismicité du bassin de Sorbas (Messinien supérieur des Cordillères bétiques internes, Espagne). Doc. interne IGAL/BRGM 91-76, 34 p.
80. Paturel, D., Ott d'Estevou, P., Montenat, C., 1992. Les séismites des dépôts messiniens de San Miguel de Salinas (S.E. de l'Espagne). Doc. interne IGAL-BRGM 92-88, 35 p.
81. Peterson G.L. Flow structures in sandstone dikes. Sediment. Geol. 2 (1968) 177-190
82. Plaziat J.C., and Poisson A.M. Mise en évidence de plusieurs séismes majeurs dans le Stampien supérieur continental au Sud de Paris : enregistrement sédimentaire de la tectonique oligocène. Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr. 8 (1992) 541-551
83. Plaziat J.C., and Purser B.H. The tectonic significance of seismic sedimentary deformations within the syn-and post-rift deposits of the north-western (Egyptian) Red Sea coast and Gulf of Suez. In: Purser B.H., and Bosence D.W.J. (Eds). Sedimentation and Tectonic of Rift Basins: Red Sea-Gulf of Aden (1998), Chapman & Hall, London 347-366
84. Plaziat J.C., Purser B., and Philobos E. Diversity of Neogene seismites of the Northwest Red Sea (Egypt): a characteristic sedimentary expression of rifting. Tectonophysics 153 (1988) 295
85. Plaziat J.C., Purser B.H., and Philobos E. Seismic deformation structures (seismites) in the syn-rift sediments of the NW Red Sea (Egypt). Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr. 8 (1990) 419-434
86. Pratt B.R. Syneresis cracks: subaqueous shrinkage in argillaceous sediments caused by earthquake-induced dewatering. Sediment. Geol. 117 (1998) 1-10
87. Pratt B.R. Septarian concretions: internal cracking caused by synsedimentary earthquakes. Sedimentology 48 (2001) 189-213
88. Rascoe B. Tectonic origin of preconsolidation deformation in upper Pennsylvanian Rocks near Bartlesville, Oklahoma. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 59 (1975) 1626-16638
89. Ringrose P.S. Palaeoseismic (?) liquefaction event in late Quaternary lake sediment at Glen Roy, Scotland. Terra Res. (1989) 57-62
90. Rockel B., Luttge U., Ratajczak R., Plaziat J.C., and Ahmamou M. Mechanic process active in seismites; their identification and tectonic significance in the Pliocene basin of the Sais of Fès and Meknès (Morocco). Geodin. Acta 11 (1998) 18-203
91. Roep T.B., and Everts J. Pillow-beds: a new type of seismites? An example from an Oligocene turbidite fan complex, Alicante, Spain. Sedimentology 39 (1992) 711-724
92. Saillard, M. 1990. Evolution tectono-sédimentaire du fossé de Sault et du bassin de Montbrun-les-Bains durant l'Oligocène (Vaucluse-Drôme). Thesis, Univ. Provence (Aix-Marseille I), 286p.
93. Saucier R.T. Evidence for episodic sand-blow activity during the 1811-1812 New Madrid (Missouri) earthquake series. Geology 17 (1989) 103-106
94. Sauret B., and Bousquet J.C. Manifestation d'instabilité du sol dans la zone littorale du séisme de Messine de 1908. Le rôle de la liquéfaction. «Mouvements de terrains (Ground movements)». Doc. BRGM vol. 83 (1984), Colloquium of Caen 63-74
95. Seed H.B. Landslide during earthquakes due to soil liquefaction. J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., ASCE 94 (1968) 1055-1119
96. Seed H.B., and Idriss I.M. Ground Motions and Soil Liquefaction During Earthquakes (1982), Earthquake Engin. Res. Inst, Berkeley, California
97. Seed H.B., Arango I., Chan C.K., Gomez-Masso A., and Ascoli R.G. Earthquake-induced liquefaction near Lake Amatitlan, Guatemala. J. Geotech. Eng. Div. GT4 (1981) 501-518
98. Seilacher A. Fault-graded beds interpreted as seismites. Sedimentology 13 (1969) 15-159
99. Seilacher A. Sedimentary structures tentatively attributed to seismic events. Mar. Geol. 55 (1984) 1-12
100. Shrock B.R. Sequence in Layered Rocks (1948), Mc Graw-Hill, N Y 507 pp.
101. Sibson R.H. Fault rocks and fault mechanisms. J. Geol. Soc. 133 (1977) 191-213
102. Simms M.J. Uniquely extensive seismite from the latest Triassic of the United Kingdom: Evidence for bolide impact?. Geology 31 6 (2003) 557-560
103. Sims J.D. Earthquake-induced Structures in Sediments of Van Norman Lake, San Fernando, California. Science 182 (1973) 161-163
104. Sims J.D. Determining earthquakes recurrence intervals from deformational structures in young lacustrine sediments. Tectonophysics 29 (1975) 141-152
105. Smith J. Ball or pillow structure in sandstone. Geol. Mag. 3 (1916) 146-156
106. Spalletta C., and Vai G.B. Upper Devonian intraclast parabreccias interpreted as seismites. In: Cita M.B., and Ricci Lucchi F. (Eds). Seismicity and Sedimentation. Marine Geology vol. 55 (1984) 133-144
107. Thorson R.M., Clayton W.S., and Seeber L. Geologic evidence for a large prehistoric earthquake in eastern Connecticut. Geology 14 (1986) 463-467
108. Torcia M. Tremuoto accaduto nella Calabria e a Messina alli 5 Febbrajo 1783. Descritto da Michele Torcia (1784)
109. Vachard D., Barrier P., Montenat C., and Ott d' Estevou P. Dykes neptuniens, brèches internes et éboulis cimentés des escarpements de faille du Détroit de Messine au Plio-Quaternaire. Doc. Trav. IGAL, Paris 11 (1987) 27-41
110. Van der Meulen S. Major lateral sediment displacement in till-sand-peat associations of the Tjonger Valley fill (The NE Netherlands). Holocene cryoturbation ?. Geol. Mijnb. 69 (1990) 341-350
111. Vanneste K., Meghraoui M., and Camelbeeck T. Late Quaternary earthquake-related soft-sediment deformation along the Belgian portion of the Feldbiss Fault, Lower Rhine Graben system. Tectonophysics 309 (1999) 57-79
112. Vittori E., Sylos Labini S., and Serva L. Palaeoseismology: review of the state-of-the-art. Tectonophysics 193 (1991) 9-32
113. Wall G.R.T., and Jenkyns H.C. The age, origin and tectonic significance of Mesozoic sediment-filled fissures in the Mendip Hills (SW England): implications for extension models and Jurassic sea-level curve. Geol. Mag. 141 (2004) 471-504
114. Weaver J.D. Seismically-induced Load structures in the basal Coal Measures, South Wales. Geol. Mag. 113 (1976) 535-543
115. Wheeler R.L. Distinguishing seismic from nonseismic soft-sediment structures; criteria from seismic-hazard analysis. In: Catanzaro T. (Ed). Ancient Seismites. Geol. Soc. America, Sp. Pap. vol. 359 (2002) 1-11
116. Wooten R.M., Bartholomew M.J., and Malin P.E. Structural features exposed in Triassic sedimentary rocks near the proposed low-level radioactive waste disposal site, southwestern Wake County, North Carolina. In: Hoffman W. (Ed). Guidebook for 2001 Geol. Soc. America, Southeastern Section Meeting April 5-6 2001 (2001), North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 51-74 203 pp.
117. Zanchi A. Tectonic and liquefaction structures in the Loreto basin, Baja California (Mexico): synsedimentary deformation along a fossil fault-plane. Geodin. Acta 5 (1991) 187-202