Is female genital mutilation an islamic problem?

Middle East Quarterly

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2007, Pages

  Von Der Osten Sacken, Thomas ^a   Uwer, Thomas ^a  

^a WADI ^*  (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 33847642608     PISSN: 10739467     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (43)

1. See, for example, Marie José Simonet, "FMG; Sunna oder Verbrechen aus Tradition," stopFMG.net, Vienna, June 24, 2005.
2. Haseena Lockhat, Female Genital Mutilation: Treating the Tears (London: Middlesex University Press, 2004), p. 16.
3. Weibliche Genitalverstümmelung: Geschichte, Ausmaß, Formen und Folgen (Vienna: Renner Institut, 2004), p. 6.
4. See, for example, Innocenti Digest: Changing a Harmful Social Convention: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (Florence: UNICEF, 2005).
5. Die Zeit (Hamburg), May 11, 2006.
6. See, for example, Changing a Harmful Social Convention, p. VII.
7. "Fact Sheet no. 23, Harmful Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children," U.N. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Geneva, accessed Aug. 11, 2006.
8. ECOSOC resolution 821II (XXXII); ibid.
9. "Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women," U.N. General Assembly resolution 34/180, Dec. 18, 1979.
10. "Convention on the Rights of the Child," U.N. General Assembly resolution 44/25, Nov. 20, 1989, art. 24, 3.
11. Dara Carr, Female Genital Cutting: Findings from the Demographic and Health Surveys Program (Calverton, Md.: Macro International, 1997), p. 1.
12. Gerry Mackie, "A Way to End Female Genital Cutting," Female Genital Cutting education and Networking Project, Tallahassee, Fla., accessed Aug. 4, 2006.
13. Eiman Okro, "Weibliche Genitalverstümmelung im Sudan," PhD dissertation, Humboldt University, Berlin (Hamburg: Akademos Science Publishing House, 2001); "Female Genital Mutilation in Africa; Information by Country," Amnesty International, accessed Sept. 1, 2006.
14. Changing a Harmful Social Convention, p. 3.
15. "What Is Female Genital Mutilation?" Gesellschaft fuer Technische Zusammenarbeit, Frankfurt, Ger., 2005, accessed Aug. 4, 2006.
16. See, for example, "Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in Africa, The Middle East and Far East: Where, Why and How It Is Done," Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, updated Mar. 2005.
17. Fran P. Hosken, The Hosken Report: Genital and Sexual Mutilation of Females (Lexington: The Women's International Network News, 1993), pp. 275-8.
18. WADI, offices in Frankfurt and Sulaimaniya.
19. Janet Menage, "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Women Who Have Undergone Obstetric and/or Gynecological Procedures. A Consecutive Series of 30 Cases of PTSD," Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 11(1993): 221-8.
20. Data derived from WADI field research in the Garmian region of Iraqi Kurdistan, 2005; Christian Science Monitor, Aug. 10, 2005; Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Jan. 21, 2005; "Widespread FGM in Northern Iraq," Global Health Council, Jan. 6, 2005: "Iraq: Decades of Suffering, Now Women Deserve Better," Amnesty International, London, Feb. 22, 2005.
21. Mackie, "A Way to End Female Genital Cutting."
22. WADI field research, 2005.
23. U.N. Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN), Mar. 16, 2005.
24. Ronak Faraj, "Female Circumcision," Women Information and Culture Center, Sulaimaniya, Iraq, 2004.
25. The Irish Times (Dublin), Oct. 25, 2005.
26. Judith Götz, " Anmerkungen zu einer Veranstaltung, Die politische Lage im Irak," Jan. 28, 2005, accessed Oct. 11, 2006.
27. NBC News, Oct. 21, 2004.
28. Mackie, "A Way to End Female Genital Cutting"; Marie Vento, "One Thousand Years of Chinese Footbinding; Its Origins, Popularity and Demise," paper, City University of New York, Mar. 7, 1998.
29. "American Experience; Kinsey in the News," Public Broadcasting Service, Jan. 27, 2005.
30. Hosken, The Hosken Report, p. 278.
31. Michael Rubin, "Sanctions on Iraq: A Valid Anti-American Grievance?" Middle East Review of International Affairs, June, 2002.
32. "Iraq Living Conditions Survey 2004," United Nations Development Program, Baghdad, 2005.
33. Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting. A Statistical Exploration (New York: UNICEF, 2005), p. 10.
34. Ellen Gruenbaum, The Female Circumcision Controversy: An Anthropological Perspective. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000), p. 33.
35. Hanny Lightfoot-Klein. "Prisoners of Ritual; Some Contemporary Developments in the History of Female Genital Mutilation," presented at the Second International Symposium on Circumcision in San Francisco, Apr. 30-May 3, 1991.
36. Julia M. Masterson and Julie Hanson Swanson, Female Genital Cutting: Breaking the Silence, Enabling Change (Washington, D.C.: International Center for Research on Women and the Center for Development and Population Activities, 2000), p. 5.
37. "Female Genital Mutilation: A Joint WHO/UNICEF/UNFPA Statement," Geneva, 1997.
38. Sami A. Aldeeb Abu Sahlieh, "To Mutilate in the Name of Jehovah or Allah: Legitimization of Male and Female Circumcision," Medicine and Law, July 1994, pp. 575-622.
39. Ibid.
40. Razor's Edge: The Controversy of Female Genital Mutilation, IRIN, Mar. 2005; Sheikh Omer, interview, IRINnews.org, U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Mar. 8, 2005.
41. "Appendix: Is Female Circumcision Required?" Jannah.org, accessed Aug. 11, 2005.
42. Hosken, The Hosken Report, p. 277.
43. Ibid., p. 375.