How did Chinese medicine become experiential? The political epistemology of Jingyan

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Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 333-364

  Lei, Sean Hsiang Lin ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 33847608508     PISSN: 10679847     EISSN: 15278271     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/10679847-10-2-333     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Nathan Sivin, "Text and Experience in Classical Chinese Medicine," in Knowledge and the Scholarly Medical Traditions, ed. Don Bates (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 177-204
2. Judith Farquhar, Knowing Practice: The Clinical Encounter of Chinese Medicine (San Francisco: Westview Press, 1994)
3. Marta E. Hanson, "Inventing a Tradition in Chinese Medicine: From Universal Canon to Local Medical Knowledge in South China, the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Centuries," (Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1997), esp. 220-272
4. Charlotte Furth, "A Doctor's Practice: Narratives of the Clinical Encounter in Late Ming Yangzhou" (paper presented at the Conference of Case Histories at the University of California, Los Angles, 1998)
5. Elisabeth Hsu, The Transmisston of Chinese Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999)
6. Judith Farquhar, "Problems of Knowledge in Contemporary Chinese Medical Discourse," Social Sciences and Medicine 20, no, 12 (1987) : 1013-1021, esp, 1015
7. For a systematic investigation on the problematic nature of translation, see Lydia Liu, Translingual Practice: Literature, National Culture, and Translated Modernity, China, 1900-1937 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995), esp. 36-39
8. Yu Jianquan, "Zhongxi Yiyaoxue zhi Biaomian Guan" [A superficial view on Chinese and Western medicine], Sansan Yibao [Three three medical news] 1, no. 33 (1924): 1-4, esp. 2
9. See Sean Hsiang-lin Lei, "When Chinese Medicine Encountered the State, 1910-1949" (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1999)
10. For important works written in Chinese about this history, see Zhao Hongjun, Jindai Zhongxiyi Lunzheng Shi [Chinese versus Western medicine: A history of their relations in the twentieth century] (Hebei: Hebei Branch of the Society for Research on Synthesis of Chinese and Western Medicine, 1983)
11. Deng Tietao, ed., Zhongyi Jindai Shi [Modern history of Chinese medicine] (Guangdong: Guangdong Higher Education Press, 1999)
12. See Ludwig Wittgenstein, The Blue and Brown Books (New York: Harper and Row, 1958), 67, 69
13. A similar point was made by Lydia Liu; see Translingual Practice, 40-41
14. Qian Xingzhong, Zhongguo Chuantong Yiyaoxue Fazhan yu Xianzhuang [The progress and present situation of traditional Chinese medicine] (Taipei: Qingchun Press, 1995), 43. Qian Xingzhong was the communist government's former minister of health
15. Concerning the question of why Western-style doctors bothered to differentiate Chinese drugs from Chinese medicine in general, see Sean Hsiang-lin Lei, "From Changshan to a New Anti-Malarial Drug: Re-Networking Chinese Drugs and Excluding Chinese Doctors," Social Studies of Science 29 (June 1999): 323-358
16. Yu Yan, "Kexue de Guochan Yaovvu Yanjiu zhi Diyibu," in Yixue Geming Lunwenxuan, 31-33
17. Yu Yan addressed the same problem in "Woguo Yixue Geming zhi Jianshe yu Pohuai" [Construction and destruction in the Chinese medical revolution], Yiyao Pinglun [Medical review] (1930): 10-26
18. and in Zhongxi Yiyao [Journal of the medical research society of China] 2 (1936): 164-178
19. Yu Yan, "Preliminary Comments on Studying Nationally Produced Drugs," in Yixue geming lunwenxuan [Collected essays on medical revolution] (Taipei: Yiwen Press, 1976) 47-58, esp. 50-51
20. Yu Yan, "Woguo Yixue Geming zhi Jianshe yu Pohuai," Zhongxi Yiyao, 164-178, esp. 168
21. Yu Yan, "Preliminary Comments on Studying Nationally Produced Drugs," 51
22. Joseph Needham, "Medicine and Chinese Culture" and "China and the Origin of Qualifying Medical Examinations," in Clerks and Craftsmen in China and the West: Lectures and Addresses on the History of Science and Technology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970)
23. Li Jmgwei, "Beisong Huangdi yu Yixue" [The North-Song emperors and medicine], China Historical Materials of Science and Technology 10, no. 3 (1989): 3-19
24. See Robert Hymes, "Not Quite Gentlemen? Doctors in Song and Yuan," Chinese Science 8 (1987): 9-76
25. Chen Yuan-Peng, "Ju-i of the Sung Dynasty, with Comment on Robert P. Hymes' 'Doctors in Sung and Yuan,'" Xin Shixue [New historiography] 6, no. 1 (1995): 179-201
26. Yu Yan's private letter to Tan Cizhong (a Chinese doctor). See Tan Cizhong, Yixue Geming Lunzhan [The polemic of medical revolution] (1931; 4th ed., Hong Kong: Qiushi Press, 1952), 58-61, esp. 59
27. For example, the Journal of the Medical Research Society of China solicited contributions on the "experience of d rugs" (yaowujingyan). See Journal of the Medical Research Society of China 2 (1936): 160-161
28. Shanxi Zhongyi Gaijm Yanjiuhui, Shencha Zhenji Yanfang [Collection and examination of the confirmed prescriptions] (Taiyuan: Shanxi Zhongyi Gaijing Yanjiuhui, 1933), 1:5
29. See Lorraine Daston, "Baconian Facts, Academic Civility, and the Prehistory of Objectivity," in Rethinking Objectivity, ed. Allan Megill (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1994), 37-63
30. Yu Yan, "Du Guoyiguan Zhengli Xueshu Caoan zhi Wojian" [My opinion on the proposal for sorting out Chinese medicine as issued by the Institute of National Medicine], Zhongxi Yiyao 2 (1936): 178-192, esp. 190
31. William C. Cooper and Nathan Sivin conclude that "there was no such thing in Chinese drug therapy as an empirical tradition based on pharmacological properties alone." See "Man As a Medicine: Pharmacological and Ritual Aspects of Traditional Therapy Using Drugs Derived from the Human Body," in Chinese Science: Exploration of an Ancient Tradition, ed. Shigeru Nakayama and Nathan Sivin (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1973), 203-272, esp. 206
32. Yu Yan, Yixue Geming Lunwenxuan (1928), 374
33. See Nathan Srvin, "Essay Review on Paul U. Unschuld, 'Medicine in China, a History of Pharmaceutics, and Nan-Ching: The Classics of Difficult Issues,'" ISIS 81 (1990): 722-31, esp. 727
34. Zhongyi Qingqiu Jiaru Xuexiaoxitong zhi Wenjian [The documents on assimilating Chinese medicine into the school system], Zhonghua Yixue Zazhi [Chinese medical journal] 12, no. 1 (1926): 73-80, esp. 74
35. Yu Yan, "Jiuyi Xuexiao Xitongan Boyi," Zhonghua Yixue Zazhi 12, no. (1926): 5-12
36. See Mengsou, "Bo Yuyanshi Zhongyi Buneng Lieru Xitongyi" [A denouncement of Yu Yan's rejection of assimilating Chinese medicine into the medical school system], Annals of the Medical Profession, nos. 5-7 (1926), esp. no. 6 (1926): 3
37. Sun Yunan, "Jmyixiao Xitongan Buoyi zhi Buoyi" [A denouncement of Yu Yan's rejection of assimilating Chinese medicine into the medical school system], Sansan Yibao 3, no. 14 (1926): 1-2
38. See Sean Hsiang-lin Lei, "Chinese Medical Revolution versus National Medical Movement: Medical Group Formation in the Field of the State" (in progress)
39. Shen Bao [Shen news] 18 March 1929
40. Ralph Croizier, Traditional Medicine in Modern China: Science, Nationalism, and the Tensions of Cultural Change (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968)
41. See Shen Bao, 21 March 1929
42. Wang Qizhang, "Is the Old Medicine Really Awaking?" in Ershi Nianlai Zhongguo Yishi Chuyi [The preliminary comments on the recent twenty years' medical matters in China] (Shanghai: Zgengliao Yibao Press, 1935), 201-202
43. Zhao, Jmdai Zhongxiyi Lunzheng Shi, 225-235
44. Chen Cunren, Zhongguo Yaoxue Dacidian (Shanghai: World Press, 1935)
45. Zhang Changshao, Xiandai de Zhongyao Yanjiu [Modern research on Chinese drugs] (Shanghai: Zhongguo Kexue Tushu Yiqi Gongsi, 1954), 10
46. Chen Guofu, "Laobingren Tan Zhongyi Xiyi" [An old patient on Chinese medicine and Western medicine], in Complete Works of Mr. Chen Guofu, 6:7-24, esp. 10
47. Yu Yan, "Huanghan Yixue Piping" [A critique of Japanese-Chinese medicine], Yixue Weekly, nos. 70-85 (January-April 1931)
48. Yu Yan, "Woguo Yixue Geming zhi Jianshe yu Pohuai," Zkongxi Yiyao, 169
49. This statement was asserted in a self-evident fashion on many occasions. For example, Fang Shouyuan, "Zhongguo Jiuyiyao de Kexuehua Wenti" [The problem of scientizing old medicine in China], Zhongxi Yiyaov 2 (1936): 193-95
50. Quoted from Croizier, Traditional Medicine in Modern China, 92
51. Lu Yuanlei, "Ni Guoyiyao Xueshu Zhengli Dagang Caoan," Shenzhou Guoyi Xuebao [Bulletin of Shengzhou National Medicine] 1, no. 1 (1932): 1-9
52. Tan, Yixue Geming Lunzhan, 1
53. Tan Cizhong, "Re-submitting to the Academia Sinica: Pharmaceutical Experiments Should Not Ignore Experience," in Tan, Yixue Geming Lunzhan, 50-55, esp. 50
54. See Furth, "Doctor's Practice."
55. Quoted from Zhao, Jindai Zhongxiyi Lunzheng Shi, 74
56. Yun Tieqiao, Shanghanlun Yanjiu [The study of treatise on cold damage disorders] (1923; rpt., Taipei: Huadmg Press, 1988), 7; my emphasis
57. Yu Yan, "Shanghanlun yanjiu bianhuo" [The problems of "The study of treatise on cold damage disorders"], in Yixue Geming Lunwenxuan [Collected essays on medical revolution], 2d ed. (Shanghai: Shehui Yibao Press, 1932), 271-320, esp. 271
58. Concerning the historical evolution of the meaning of this idiom in premodern China see Liao Yuqun, "Guanyu Zhongguo Chuantong Yixue de yi ge Guanman: Yi Zhe Yi Ye" [A well-known opinion, Yi Zhe Yi Ye, in traditional Chinese medicine), Dalu Zazhi [Continent magazine], 2000, 1-19
59. Quoted from Jing Risheng, "Zhiji Zhibi" [Knowing oneself and knowing other people], Zhongxi Yiyao 3, no. 1 (1937): 15-24, esp. 17
60. He Jiamou, "Zhongyi Kexuehua Wenti" [The problem of scientizing Chinese medicine], Zhongxi Yiyao 2, no. 3 (1936): 214-32, esp. 221
61. Shou Nengmo, "Gaijin Zhongyi zhi Wojian" [My opinions on reforming Chinese medicine], Sansan Yibao 2, no. 3 (1924): 5-13
62. Yuan Fuchu, "Gaijin Zhongyi Zhi Wojian" [My opinion on improving Chinese medicine], Sansan Yibao 2, no, 12 (1924): 1-4, esp. 1
63. Yu Yan, "Wo ye Tan Tan Swowe Guoyi" [My opinion on the so-called national medicme], Yishi Huikan [Collected essays on medical affairs] 21 (1934): 432
64. Steven Shapin, The Scientific Revolution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 95
65. I have briefly discussed the Japanese construction of jmgyan in section 4 of this article. With regard to Ayurvedic and Turkish medicine, see Deepak Kumar, "Unequal Contenders, Uneven Ground: Medical Encounters in British India, 1820-1920," in Western Medicine As Contested Knowledge, ed. Andrew Cunningham and Bridie Andrews (New York: Manchester University Press, 1997), 172-190
66. David Arnold, The New Cambridge History of India, vol. 5, Science, Technology, and Medicine in Colonial India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), esp. 176-185
67. Feza Gunergun, "The Turkish Response to Western Medicine and the Turkish Medical Historiography," (paper presented at the International Symposium on the Comparative History of Medicine - East and Wxst, Division of Medical History, Taniguchi Foundation, Seoul, Korea, July 1998)
68. Thomas Gieryn, Cultural Boundaries of Science: Credibility on the Line (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999)
69. Farquhar, Knowing Practice, 3
70. Quoted from Martin Jay, "Experience without a Subject: Walter Benjamin and the Novel," in Cultural Semantics: Keywords of Our Time (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1998)