Soil NH4+/NO3- nitrogen characteristics in primary forests and the adaptability of some coniferous species

Frontiers of Forestry in China

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 1-10

  Cui, Xiaoyang ^a   Song, Jinfeng ^a  

^a NORTHEAST FORESTRY UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Adaptation; Ammonium; Coniferous trees; Forest soil; Nitrate; Physiological and biochemical mechanisms

Indexed keywords

CONIFERALES; CONIFEROPHYTA; PICEA ABIES; PICEA GLAUCA; PINUS BANKSIANA; PSEUDOTSUGA; PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII; TSUGA; TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA;

EID: 33847407598     PISSN: 16733517     EISSN: 16733630     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11461-007-0001-8     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. Adams M A, Attiwill P M (1982). Nitrogen mineralization and nitrate reduction in forests. Soil Biol Biochem, 14: 197-202
2. Aerts R, Chapin F S (2000). The mineral nutrition of wild plant revisited: a re-evaluation of processes and patterns. Adv Ecol Res, 30: 1-67
3. Attiwill P M, Polglase P J, Weston C J, Adams M A (1996). Nutrient cycling in forests of south-eastern Australia. In: Attiwill P M, Adams M A, eds. Nutrition of Eucalypts. Melbourne: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Publishing, 191-228
4. Baldwin I T, Olson R K, Reiners W A (1983). Protein binding phenolics and the inhibition of nitrification in subalpine balsam fir soils. Soil Biol Biochem, 15: 419-423
5. Barker A V, Mills H A (1980). Ammonium and nitrate nutrition of horticultural crops. Hort Rev, 2: 395-423
6. Bedell J P, Chalot M, Garnier A, Botton B (1999). Effects of nitrogen source on growth and activity of nitrogen-assimilating enzymes in Douglas-fir seedlings. Tree Physiol, 19: 205-210
7. Berg B, Ekbohm G, McClaugherty C (1984). Lignin and holocellulose relations during decomposition in a Scots pine forest. Can J Bot, 62: 2,540-2,550
8. Berg B, McClaugherty C (1987). Nitrogen release from litter in relation to disappearance of lignin. Biochemistry, 4: 219-224
9. Berg B (1986). Nutrient release from litter and humus in coniferous forest soils: A mini-review. Scand J For Res, 1: 359-369
10. Bijlsma R J, Lambers H (2000). A dynamic whole-plant model of integrated metabolism of nitrogen and carbon 2: Balanced growth driven by C fluxes and regulated by signals from C and N substrate. Plant Soil, 220: 71-87
11. Bijlsma R J, Lambers H, Kooijman A L (2000). A dynamic whole-plant model of integrated metabolism of nitrogen and carbon 1. Comparative ecological implication of ammonium-nitrate interactions. Plant Soil, 220: 49-69
12. Binkley D, Hart S C (1989). The components of nitrogen availability assessments in forest soils. Adv Soil Sci, 10: 57-112
13. Bloom A J (1988). Ammonium and nitrate as nitrogen sources for plant growth. ISI Atlas Sci, 1: 55-59
14. 4 and condensed tannins extracted from Kalmia angustifolia and balsam fir. Soil Biol Biochem, 32: 1,227-1,240
15. Brais S, Camire C, Bergeron Y, Pare D (1995). Changes in nutrient availability and forest floor characteristics in relation to stand age and forest composition in the southern part of the boreal forest of northwestern Quebec. For Ecol Manag, 76: 181-189
16. Bremner J M, McCarthy G W (1988). Effects of terpenoids on nitrification in soil. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 52: 1,630-1,633
17. Cai X M, Shang Y C (1995). General Ecology. Beijing: Beijing University Press, 29-32 (in Chinese)
18. Clarkson D T (1985). Factors affecting mineral nutrient acquisition by plants. Ann Rev Plant Physiol, 36: 77-116
19. Claussen W, Lenz F (1999). Effect of ammonium or nitrate nutrient on net photosynthesis, growth, and activity of the enzymes nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase in blueberry, raspberry and strawberry. Plant Soil, 208: 95-102
20. Cole D W (1981). Nitrogen uptake and translocation by forest ecosystems. In: Clark F E, Rosswall T, eds. Terrestrial Nitrogen Cycles, Vol 33. Stockholm: Ecol Bull, 219-232
21. Cooper A B (1986). Suppression of nitrate formation within an exotic conifer plantation. Plant Soil, 93: 383-394
22. Cooper H D, Clarkson D T (1989). Cycling of amino nitrogen and other nutrients between shoots and roots in cereals as a possible mechanism integrating shoot and root in the regulation of nutrient uptake. J Exp Bot, 40: 753-762
23. Cui X Y (1998). Behaviors in nitrogen nutrition of Pinus koraiensis and Betula platyphylla and their interspecific differentiation. Chin J Appl Ecol, 9(2): 123-127 (in Chinese)
24. Cui X Y (1998). Ecology of Forest Nitrogen Nutrition in Northeast China. Harbin: Northeast Forestry University Press, 14-16 (in Chinese)
25. Cui X Y (1994). Forest Soil and Forest Productivity Potential in Northeast China. Harbin: Heilongjiang Science and Technology Press, 37-92 (in Chinese)
26. Cui X Y (2001). Nitrogen nutrition patterns of larch and ash trees and their interspecific differentiation. Chin J Appl Ecol, 12(6): 815-818 (in Chinese)
27. Cui X Y, Zheng G Q (1998). Soil nitrogen status of larch plantations in comparison with secondary broad-leaved forest. J For Res, 9(1): 13-15
28. Davidson E A, Hart S C, Firestone M K (1992). Internal cycling of nitrate in soils of a mature coniferous forest. Ecology, 73: 1,148-1,156
29. DeLuca T H, Nilsson M C, Zackrisson O (2002). Nitrogen mineralization and phenol accumulation along a fire chronosequence in northern Sweden. Oecologia, 133: 206-214
30. Devito K, Westrook C J, Schiff S L (1999). Nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in upland and peatland forest soils in two Canadian shield catchments. Can J For Res, 29: 1,793-1,804
31. Donaldson J M, Henderson G S (1990). Nitrification potential of secondary succession upland oak forests I. Mineralization and nitrification during laboratory incubations. Soil Sci Sco Am J, 54: 892-897
32. Evans C A, Miller E K, Friedland A J (1998). Nitrogen mineralization associated with birch and fir under different soil moisture regimes. Can J For Res, 28: 1,890-1,898
33. Falkengren-Grerup U (1995). Interspecies differences in the preference of ammonium and nitrate in vascular plants. Oecologia, 102: 305-311
34. 15N-labelled ammonium and nitrate sources by intact ectomycorrhizal systems of Fagus sylvatica infected with Paxillus involutus. New Phytol, 113: 47-55
35. Flaig H, Mohr H (1992). Assimilation of nitrate and ammonium by the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedling under conditions of high nitrogen supply. Physiol Plant, 84: 568-576
36. Forde B G, Clarkson D T (1999). Nitrate and ammonium nutrition of plants: physiological and molecular aspects. Adv Bot Res, 33: 1-90
37. Gahoonia T S (1993). Influence of root-induced pH on the solubility of soil aluminum in the rhizosphere. Plant Soil, 149: 289-291
38. Garnett T P, Smethurst P J (1999). Ammonium and nitrate up take by Eucalyptus nitens: effects of pH and temperature. Plant Soil, 214: 133-140
39. Gerendas J, Zhu Z, Bendixen R, Ratclifle R G, Sattelmacher R (1997). Physiological and biochemical processes related to ammonium toxicity in higher plants. Z Pflanzenernhr Bodenk, 160: 239-251
40. Gessler A, Schneider C, von Sengbusch D, Weber P, Hanemann U, Huber C, Rothe A, Kreutzer K, Rennengerg H (1998). Field and laboratory experiments on net uptake of nitrate and ammonium by the roots of spruce (Picea abies) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees. New Phytol, 138: 275-285
41. Giardina P, Rhoades C C (2001). Clear cutting and burning affect nitrogen supply, phosphorus fractions and seedling growth in soils from a Wyoming lodgepole pine forest. For Ecol Manag, 140: 19-28
42. Glass A D, Siddiqi M Y (1999). Nitrogen absorption by plant roots. In: Strivatava H S, Singh R P, eds. Nitrogen Nutrition in Higher Plants. New Delhi: Associated Publishing Co., 21-56
43. Gosz J R, White C S (1986). Seasonal and annual variation in nitrogen mineralization and nitrification along an elevational gradient in New Mexico. Bioeochemistry, 2: 281-297
44. Guo S, Brück H, Sattelmacher B (2002). Effects of supplied nitrogen form on growth and water uptake of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants. Plant Soil, 239: 267-275
45. Gutschick V P, Alamos L, Mexico N (1981). Evolved strategies in nitrogen acquisition by plants. Am Nat, 118(5): 607-637
46. Hemissari H S (1990). Temporal variations of nutrient concentration in Scots pine needle. Scand J For Res, 59(2): 177-193
47. Ineson P, Taylor K, Harrison A F, Poskitt J, Harrison A F, Taylor K, Woods C (1998). Effects of climate change on nitrogen dynamics in upland soils. 1. A transplant approach. Global Change Biol, 4(1): 143-152
48. Ingestad T (1979). Mineral nutrient requirements of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies seedlings. Physiol Plant, 45: 373-380
49. --N by aspen seedlings. Shandong For Sci Technol, 1: 62-66 (in Chinese)
50. Johnson D W, Ball J T (1990). Environmental pollution and impacts on soils and forests of North America. Water Air Soil Pollut, 54: 3-20
51. Johnson D W, Edwards N T (1979). Effects of stem girdling on biochemical cycles in a mixed deciduous forest in eastern Tennessee II. Soil nitrogen mineralization and nitrification rates. Oecologia, 40: 259-271
52. Johnson D W (1992). Nitrogen retention in forest soils. J Environ Qual, 21: 1-12
53. Jones H E, Dighton J (1993). The use of nutrient bioassays to assess the response of Eucalyptus grandis to fertilizer application 2. A field experiment. Can J For Res, 23: 7-13
54. Jones H E, Hgberg P, Ohlsson H (1991). Nutrient assessment of a forest fertilization experiment in northern Sweden by root bioassays. For Ecol Manag, 64: 59-69
55. Knoepp J D, Turner D P, Tingey D T (1993). Effects of ammonium and nitrate on nutrient up take and activity of nitrogen assimilating enzymes in western hemlock. For Ecol Manag, 59: 179-191
56. Kronzucker H J, Siddiqi M H, Glass A D M (1997). Conifer root discrimination against soil nitrate and the ecology of forest succession. Nature, 385: 59-61
57. + influx in spruce. Plant Physiol, 110: 773-779
58. Lamb D (1980). Soil nitrogen mineralization in a secondary rainforest succession. Oecologia, 47: 257-263
59. Lavoie N, Vézina L, Margolis H A (1992). Absorption and assimilation of nitrate and ammonium ions by jack pine seedlings. Tree Physiol, 11: 171-183
60. Lee J A, Steward G R (1976). Ecological aspects of nitrogen assimilation. Adv Bot Res, 6: 1-43
61. Li G C, Han X G, Huang J H (2001). Dry-season dynamics of soil inorganic nitrogen pools in primary Lithocarpus xylocarpus forest and degraded vegetations in AiLao Mountain, Yunnan Province. Acta Phytoecol Sin, 25(2): 210-217 (in Chinese)
62. Li Y W (1995a). Chemi-ecological studies on the nitrogen cycle processes of forest (I). Acta Ecol Sin, 15(Suppl. B): 31-40 (in Chinese)
63. Li Y W (1995b). Chemi-ecological studies on the nitrogen cycle processes of forest (II). Acta Ecol Sin, 15(Suppl. B): 148-159 (in Chinese)
64. Liao H, Yan X L (2003). Advanced Science of Plant Nutrition. Beijing: Science Press, 197-202 (in Chinese)
65. Lodhi M A K (1978). Comparative inhibition of nitrifiers and nitrification in a forest community as a result of the allelopathic nature of various tree species. Am J Bot, 65: 1,135-1,137
66. Lynch J (1998). The role of nutrient-efficiency of crops in modern agriculture. J Crop Pro, 1: 241-264
67. 15N-ammonium assimilation in tomato plants with exogenous A-ketoglutarate. Plant Sci, 85: 135-141
68. Majdi H, Persson H (1995). Effects of ammonium sulphate application on the chemistry of bulk soil, rhizosphere, and fine-root distribution in a Picea abies (L.) stand. Plant Soil, 168-169: 151-160
69. Majerowicz N, Kerbauy G B, Nievola C C, Suzuki R M (2000). Growth and nitrogen metabolism of Catasetum fimbriatum (Orchidaceae) grown with different nitrogen sources. Environ Exp Bot, 44: 195-206
70. Malagoli M, Dal Canal A, Quaggiotti S, Pegoraro P, Bottacin A (2000). Differences in nitrate and ammonium uptake between Scots pine and European larch. Plant Soil, 221: 1-3
71. Margolis H A, Vezina L P, Ouimet R (1988). Relation of light and nitrogen source to growth, nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activity of jack pine seedlings. Physiol Plant, 72: 790-795
72. Marschner H, Hausslings M, George E (1991). Ammonium and nitrate up take rates and rhizosphere pH in non-mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Trees, 5: 14-21
73. Mehrer I, Mohr H (1989). Ammonium toxicity: description of the syndrome in Sinapsis alba and the search for its causation. Physiol Plant, 77: 545-554
74. Miller P M, Eddleman L M, Miller J M (1991). The response of juvenile and small adult western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) to nitrate and ammonium fertilization. Can J Bot, 69: 2,344-2,352
75. Mo J M, Kong G H (1997). Effects of litter and understory removal on soil N availability in a subtropical pine forest of China. Acta Ecol Sin, 17(1): 109-112 (in Chinese)
76. Mortland M M, Wolcott A R (1965). Sorption of inorganic nitrogen compounds by soils materials. In: Bartholomew W V, Clark F E, eds. Soil Nitrogen. Agron Monogr, 10. ASA, Madison, WI, 150-197
77. Muller B, Touraine B, Rennenberg H (1996). Interaction between atmospheric and pedospheric nitrogen nutrition in spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) seedlings. Plant Cell Environ, 19: 345-355
78. Nommik H, Vahtras K (1982). Retention and fixation of ammonium and ammonia in soils. In: Stevensen F J, ed. Nitrogen in Agricultural Soils. Agron Mongr, 22. ASA, Madison, WI, 123-172
79. Northup R R (1995). Polyphenol control of nitrogen release from pine litter. Nature, 377: 227-229.
80. Northup R R (1998). Polyphenols as regulators of plant-litter-soil interactions in northern California's pygmy forest: a positive feedback? Biochemistry, 42: 189-220
81. Oaks A, Hirel B (1985). Nitrogen metabolism in roots. Ann Rev Plant Physiol, 36: 345-365
82. Ohrui K, Mitchell M J, Bischoff J M (1999). Effect of landscape position on N mineralization and nitrification in a forested watershed in the Adirondack Mountains of New York. Can J For Res, 29: 497-508
83. Olson R K, Reiners W A (1983). Nitrification in subalpine Balsam fir soils: Tests for inhibitory factors. Soil Biol Biochem, 15: 413-418
84. Olsthoorn A F M, Keltjens W G, van Baren B, Hopman M C G (1991). Influence of ammonium on fine root development and rhizosphere pH of Douglas-fir seedling in sand. Plant Soil, 133: 75-81
85. Olykan S T, Adams J A (1995). Pinus radiata seedling growth and micronutrient uptake in a sand culture experiment, as affected by the form of nitrogen. N Z J For Sci, 25: 49-60
86. Pastor J, Post W M (1986). Influence of climate, soil moisture, and succession on forest carbon and nitrogen cycles. Biochemistry, 2: 3-21
87. Pearson J, Stewart G R (1993). The deposition of atmospheric ammonia and its effects on plants. New Phytol, 125: 283-305
88. Peuke D A, Tischner R (1991). Nitrate uptake and reduction of a specially cultivated spruce seedlings, Picea abies (L.) Karst. J Exp Bot, 239: 723-728
89. Plassard C, Bonafos B, Touraine B (2000). Differential effects of mineral and organic N sources, and of ectomycorrhizal infection by Hebeloma cylindrosporum, on growth and N utilization in Pinus pinaster. Plant Cell Environ, 23: 1,195-1,205
90. Prescott C E, Hope G D, Blevins L L (2003). Effect of gap size on litter decomposition and soil nitrate concentrations in a high-elevation spruce-fir forest. Can J For Res, 33: 2,210-2,220
91. Rashid G H, Scheafer R (1988). Seasonal variation in the nitrogen mineralization and mineral nitrogen accumulation in two temperate forest soils. Pedobiologia, 31: 335-347
92. Rathfon R A (1993). Temporal variations of nutrient concentration in the needles of Pitch pine, Loblolly pine and their hybrid pine. For Ecol Manag, 58(1/2): 137-151
93. Raven J A, Smith F A (1976). Nitrogen assimilation and transport in vascular land plants in relation to intercellular pH regulation. New Phytol, 76: 415-431
94. Raven J A, Wollenweber B, Handeley L L (1992). A comparison of ammonium and nitrate as nitrogen sources for photolithotrophs. New Phytol, 121: 19-32
95. Rice E L, Pancholy S K (1972). Inhibition of nitrification by climax ecosystems. Am J Bot, 59: 1,033-1,040
96. Rice E L, Pancholy S K (1973). Inhibition of nitrification by climax eco systems II. Additional evidence and possible role of tannins. Am J Bot, 60: 691-702
97. Robertson G P (1982). Factors regulating nitrification in a primary and secondary succession. Ecology, 63: 1,561-1,573
98. Robertson G P, Vitousek P M (1981). Nitrification potentials in primary and secondary succession. Ecology, 62: 376-386
99. Ruan J Y, Zhang F S, Ming H W (2000). Effect of nitrogen form and phosphorus source on the growth, nutrient uptake and rhizosphere soil property of Camellia sinensis L. Plant Soil, 223: 63-71
100. Ryan P J, Gessel S P, Zasoski R J (1986). Acid tolerance of Pacific Northwest conifers in solution culture I. Effect of high aluminum concentration and solution acidity. Plant Soil, 96: 239-257
101. 15N ammonium uptake by coniferous seedlings. Can J For Res, 14: 885-892.
102. Schimel J P (1998). The role of balsam poplar secondary chemicals in controlling soil nutrient dynamics through succession in the Alaskan taiga. Biochemistry, 42: 221-234
103. Schimel J P, Firestone M K (1989a). Inorganic N incorporation by coniferous forest floor material. Soil Biol Biochem, 21: 41-46
104. Schimel J P, Firestone M K (1989b). Nitrogen incorporation and flow through a coniferous forest soil profile. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 53: 779-784
105. Schimel J, Granstrm A (1996). Fire severity and vegetation response in the boreal Swedish forest. Ecology, 77: 1,436-1,450
106. Seith B, Setzer B, Flaig H, Mohr H (1994). Appearance of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase in different organs of the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings as affected by light, nitrate and ammonium. Physiol Plant, 91: 419-426
107. Serna M D, Legaz B F, Primomillo E (1992). The influence of nitrogen concentration and ammonium/nitrate ratio on N-uptake, mineral composition and yield of citrus. Plant Soil, 147: 13-23
108. Sha L Q, Cao M (1999). Nutrients in treefall gap of tropical seasonal rainforest in Xishuangbana. J Northeast For Univ, 27(6): 78-80 (in Chinese)
109. Sha L Q, Meng Y, Feng Z L, Zheng Z, Cao M, Liu H M (2000). Nitrification and net N mineralization rate of soils under different tropical forests in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China. Acta Phytoecol Sin, 24: 152-156 (in Chinese)
110. Souto X C, Chiapusio G, Pellissier F (2000). Relationships between phenolics and soil microorganisms in spruce forests: significance for natural regenration. J Chem Ecol, 26: 2,025-2,034
111. Srivastata H S, Singht R P (1987). Role and regulation of L-glutamate dehydrogenase activity in higher plants, Phytochemistry, 26: 597-610
112. Stadler J, Gebauer G (1992). Nitrate reduction and nitrate content in ash trees (Fraxinus excelsior L.): distribution between compartments, site comparison and seasonal variation. Trees, 6: 236-240
113. Stark J M, Hart S C (1997). High rates of nitrification and nitrate turnover in undisturbed coniferous forests. Nature, 385: 61-64
114. Stewart G R, Hegarty E E, Specht R L (1988). Inorganic nitrogen assimilation in plants of Australian rainforest communities. Physiol Plant, 74: 26-33
115. Stewart G R, Pearson J, Kershaw J L, Clough E C M (1989). Biochemical aspects of inorganic nitrogen assimilation by woody plants. Ann Sci For, 46(Suppl.): 648-653
116. Turnbull M H, Schmidt S, Erskine P D, Richards S, Stewart G R (1996). Root adaptation and nitrogen source acquisition in natural ecosystems. Tree Physiol, 16: 941-948
117. Turner D P, Franz E H (1985). The influence of western hemlock and western red cedar on microbial numbers, nitrogen mineralization and nitrification. Plant Soil, 88: 259-267
118. Van den Driessche R, Dangerfield J (1975). Response of Douglas-fir seedlings to nitrate and ammonium nitrogen sources under various environmental conditions. Plant Soil, 42: 685-702
119. Van den Driessche R (1971). Response of conifer seedlings to nitrate and ammonium sources of nitrogen. Plant Soil, 34: 421-439
120. Vessey J K, Henry L T, Chaillou S, Jr Raper C D (1990). Root-zone acidity affects relative uptake of nitrate and ammonium from mixed nitrogen sources. J Plant Nutr, 13: 95-116
121. Vezina L P, Margolis H A, Ouimet R (1988). The activity, characterization and distribution of the nitrogen assimilation enzyme, glutamine synthetase, in jack pine seedlings. Tree Physiol, 4: 109-118
122. Vidmar J J, Zhuo D, Siddiqi M Y, Schjoerring J K, Touraine B, Glass A D M (2000). Regulation of high-affinity nitrate transporter genes and high-affinity nitrate influx by nitrogen pools in roots of barley. Plant Physiol, 123: 307-318
123. Vitousek P M (1981). Clear cutting and the nitrogen cycle: Terrestrial nitrogen cycles. Ecol Bull, 33: 631-642
124. Vitousek P M, Gosz J R, Grier C C, Melillo J M, Reiners W A (1982). A comparative analysis of potential nitrification and nitrate mobility in forest ecosystems. Ecol Monogr, 52(2): 155-177
125. + level in relation to site quality in Douglas-fir soil and litter. Northwest Sci, 56: 83-89
126. Vollbrecht A, Klein E, Kasemir H (1989). Different effects of supplied ammonium on glutamine sythetase activity in mustard (Sinapis alba) and pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings. Physiol Plant, 77: 129-135
127. Vollbrecht P, Kasemir H I (1992). Effects of exogenously supplied ammonium on root development of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedling. Bot Acta, 105(4): 306-312
128. Vuorinen A H, Rossi P, Vapaavuori E M (1995). Combined effect of inorganic carbon and different nitrogen sources in the growth media on biomass production and nitrogen up take in young willow and birch plants. Plant Physiol, 147: 236-242
129. Walch-Liu P, Neumann G, Bangerth F, Engels C (2000). Rapid effects of nitrogen form on leaf morphogenesis in tobacco. J Exp Bot, 51: 227-237
130. Wang Q R, Li J Y, Li Z S (1998). Dynamics and prospect on studies of high acquisition of soil unavailable phosphorus by plants. Plant Nutr Fertil Sci, 4(2): 107-116 (in Chinese)
131. + uptake of detached roots and NRA of leaves of different ammonium tolerated plants. J Shandong Agr Univ, 30(1): 47-52 (in Chinese)
132. Wang Z Q, Liu X K (1991). Seasonal dynamics of nutrient elements in the leaves, branches and bark of Pinus koeaiensis and Juglans mandshurica mixed forest. J Northeast For Univ, 19(Suppl): 251-257 (in Chinese)
133. Warren C R, Adams M A (2002). Possible cause of slow growth of nitrate-supplied Pinus pinaster. Can J For Res, 32: 569-580
134. 4 fertilization: transport of soluble non-protein nitrogen compounds in xylem and phloem. New Phytol, 140: 461-475
135. White C S (1986). Volatile and water-soluble inhibitors of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in a ponderosa pine ecosystem. Biol Fertil Soils, 2: 97-104
136. Wu C, Wang Z Q, Fan Z Q, Sun H L (2003). Effects of different concentrations and form ratios of nitrogen on chlorophyll biosynthesis, photosynthesis, and biomass partitioning in Fraxinus mandshrurica seedlings. Acta Phytoecol Sin, 27(6): 771-779
137. Xu C Y (2001). Effects of Fine Root Nutrition on Leaf Photosynthesis of Manchurian Ash Seedlings. Postdoctoral Thesis. Harbin: Northeast Forestry University, 37-40 (in Chinese)
138. Xu L Y, Li J Q (1989). Seasonal dynamics of mineral element concentrations in Korean pine seedlings. For Sci Technol, 4: 3-6 (in Chinese)
139. Zhang F S, Li X L, Wang J G (1998). Environmental Stress and Rhizosphere Nutrition of Plant. Beijing: China Agricultural Press, 4-50 (in Chinese)
140. Zhang Y D, Fan Z Q, Wang Q C (2000). Effect of different nitrogen forms on growth of Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings. Chin J Appl Ecol, 11(5): 665-667 (in Chinese)
141. Zhou C P, Ouyang H (2001). Temperature and moisture effects on soil nitrogen mineralization in deciduous broad-leaved forest. Acta Phytoecol Sin, 25(2): 204-209 (in Chinese)