Possibility of channel flow in the southern Canadian Cordillera: A new approach to explain existing data

Geological Society Special Publication

Volumn 268, Issue , 2006, Pages 589-611

  Kuiper, Yvette D ^a   Williams, Paul F ^b   Kruse, Stefan ^b  

^a BOSTON COLLEGE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHANNEL FLOW; DETACHMENT FAULT; FOLDING; SHEAR ZONE; TECTONIC EVOLUTION;

CANADA; CANADIAN CORDILLERA; NORTH AMERICA;

EID: 33847380984     PISSN: 03058719     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.268.01.27     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (106)

1. Adams, M. G., Lentz, D. R., Shaw, C. S. J., Williams, P. F., Archibald, D. A. & Cousens, B. 2005. Eocene shoshonitic mafic dykes intruding the Monashee Complex, British Columbia: a petrogenetic relationship with the Kamloops Group volcanic sequence? Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 42, 11-24.
2. Archibald, D. A., Glover, J. K., Price, R. A., Farrap, E. & Carmichael, D. M. 1983. Geochronology and tectonic implications of magmatism and metamorphism, southern Kootenay Arc and neighbouring regions, southeastern British Columbia. Part I: Jurassic to mid-Cretaceous. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 20, 1891-1913.
3. Archibald, D. A., Krogh, T. E., Armstrong, R. L. & Farrar, E. 1984. Geochronology and tectonic implications of magmatism and metamorphism, southern Kootenay Arc and neighbouring regions, southeastern British Columbia. Part II: Mid-Cretaceous to Eocene. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 21, 567-583.
4. Armstrong, R. L. 1988. Mesozoic and early Cenozoic magmatic evolution of the Canadian Cordillera. In: Clark, S. P., Burchfiel, B. C. & Suppe, J. (eds) Processes in Continental Lithospheric Processes. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 218, 55-91.
5. Armstrong, R. L., Parrish, R. R., van der Heyden, P., Scott, K. & Runkle, D. 1991. Early Proterozoic basement exposures in the southern Canadian Cordillera: core gneiss of Frenchman Cap, Unit I of the Grand Forks Gneiss, and the Vaseaux Formation. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 28, 1169-1201.
6. Beaumont, C., Jamieson, R. A., Nguyen, M. H. & Lee, B. 2001. Himalayan tectonics explained by extrusion of a low-viscosity channel coupled to focused surface denudation. Nature, 414, 738-742.
7. Beaumont, C., Jamieson, R. A., Nguyen, M. H. & Medvedev S. 2004. Crustal channel flows: 1. Numerical models with applications to the tectonics of the Himalayan-Tibetan Orogen. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, B06406. DOI: 10.1029/2003JB002809.
8. Bird, P. 1991. Lateral extrusion of lower crust from under high topography, in the isostatic limit. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 10,275-10,286.
9. Brandon, A. D. & Lambert, R. St. J. 1993. Geochemical characterization of mid-Cretaceous granitoids of the Kootenay Arc in the southern Canadian Cordillera. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 30, 1076-1090.
10. Brown, R. L. 1980. Frenchman Cap dome, Shuswap complex, British Columbia: a progress report. In: Current Research, Part A. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 80-1A, 47-51.
11. Brown, R. L. & Carr, S. D. 1990. Lithospheric thickening and orogenic collapse within the Canadian Cordillera. Proceedings of the Pacific Rim '90 Congress, Brisbane, Australia, Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2, 1-10.
12. Brown, R. L. & Gibson, H. D. 2006. An argument for channel flow in the southern Canadian Cordillera and comparison with Himalayan tectonics. In: Law, R. D., Searle, M. P. & Godin, L. (eds) Channel Flow, Ductile Extrusion and Exhumation in Continental Collision Zones. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 268, 543-559.
13. Brown, R. L. & Journeay, J. M. 1987. Tectonic denudation of the Shuswap metamorphic terrane of southeastern British Columbia. Geology, 15, 142-146.
14. Brown, R. L. & Tippett, C. R. 1979. The Selkirk fan structure of the southeastern Canadian Cordillera. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 89, 548-558.
15. Brown, R. L., Journeay, J. M., Lane, L. S., Murphy, D. C. & Rees, C. J. 1986. Obduction, backfolding, and piggyback thrusting in the metamorphic hinterland of the southeastern Canadian Cordillera. Journal of Structural Geology, 8, 255-268.
16. Brown, R. L., Carr, S. D., Johnson, B. J., Coleman, V. J., Cook, F. A. & Varsek, J. L. 1992. The Monashee décollement of the southern Canadian Cordillera: a crustal-scale shear zone linking the Rocky Mountain foreland belt to lower crust beneath accreted terranes. In: McClay, K. R. (ed.) Thrust Tectonics. Chapman and Hall, London, 357-364.
17. Carr, S. D. 1991. Three crustal zones in the Thor-Odin - Pinnacles area, southern Omineca Belt, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 28, 2003-2023.
18. Carr, S. D. 1992. Tectonic setting and U-Pb geochronology of the early Tertiary Ladybird leucogranite suite, Thor-Odin - Pinnacles area, southern Omineca Belt, British Columbia. Tectonics, 11, 258-278.
19. Carr, S. D. 1995. The southern Omineca Belt, British Columbia: new perspectives from the Lithoprobe Geoscience Program. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 32, 1720-1739.
20. Carr, S. D. & Simony, P. 2006. Ductile thrusting versus channel flow in the southeastern Canadian Cordillera: evolution of a coherent crystalline thrust sheet. In: Law, R. D., Searle, M. P. & Godin, L. (eds) Channel Flow, Ductile Extrusion and Exhumation in Continental Collision Zones. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 268, 559-578.
21. Carr, S. D., Parrish, R. R. & Brown, R. L. 1987. Eocene structural development of the Valhalla complex, southeastern British Columbia. Tectonics, 6, 175-196.
22. Casey, M. & Dietrich, D. 1997. Overthrust shear in mountain building. In: Sengupta, S. (ed.) Evolution of Geological Structures in Micro- to Macro-scales. Chapman and Hall, London, 119-142.
23. Clark, M. K. & Royden, L. H. 2000. Topographic ooze: Building the eastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow. Geology, 28, 703-706.
24. Coleman, M. E. 1998. U-Pb constraints on Oligocene-Miocene deformation and anatexis within the central Himalaya, Marsyandi Valley, Nepal. American Journal of Science, 298, 553-571.
25. Colpron, M., Price, R. A., Archibald, D. A. & Carmichael, D. M. 1996. Middle Jurassic exhumation along the western flank of the Selkirk fan structure: Thermobarometric and thermochronometric constraints from the Illecillewaet synclinorium, southeastern British Columbia. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 108, 1372-1392.
26. Colpron, M., Warren, M. J. & Price, R. A. 1998. Selkirk fan structure, southeastern Canadian Cordillera: Tectonic wedging against an inherited basement ramp. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 110, 1060-1074.
27. 39Ar thermochronometric constraints on the tectonic evolution of the Clachnacudainn complex, southeastern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 36, 1989-2006.
28. Cook, F. A. 1995. Lithospheric processes and products in the southern Canadian Cordillera: a Lithoprobe perspective. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 32, 1803-1824.
29. Crowley, J. L. 1997. U-Pb geochronologic constraints on the cover sequence of the Monashee complex, Canadian Cordillera: Paleoproterozoic deposition on basement. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 34, 1008-1022.
30. Crowley, J. L. 1999. U-Pb geochronologic constraints on Paleoproterozoic tectonism in the Monashee complex, Canadian Cordillera: elucidating an overprinted geologic history. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 111, 560-577.
31. Crowley, J. L. & Brown, R. L. 1994. Tectonic links between the Clachnacudainn terrane and Selkirk allochthon, southern Omineca Belt, Canadian Cordillera. Tectonics, 13, 1035-1051.
32. Crowley, J. L. & Ghent, E. D. 1999. An electron microprobe study of the U-Th-Pb systematics of metamorphosed monazite: the role of Pb diffusion versus overgrowth and recrystallization. Chemical Geology, 157, 285-302.
33. Crowley, J. L. & Parrish, R. R. 1999. U-Pb isotopic constraints on diachronous metamorphism in the northern Monashee complex, southern Canadian Cordillera. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 17, 483-502.
34. Crowley, J. L., Ghent, E. D., Carr, S. D., Simony, P. S. & Hamilton, M. A. 2000. Multiple thermotectonic events in a continuous metamorphic sequence, Mica Creek area, southeastern Canadian Cordillera. Geological Materials Research, 2, 1-45.
35. Crowley, J. L., Brown, R. L. & Parrish, R. R. 2001. Diachronous deformation and a strain gradient beneath the Selkirk allochthon, northern Monashee complex, southeastern Canadian Cordillera. Journal of Structural Geology, 23, 1103-1121.
36. Crowley, J. L., Brown, R. L., Gibson, H. D. & Tubrett, M., 2005. Weakly deformed c. 1.85 Ga granites in the Monashee complex, British Columbia: evidence for a rigid basement during Tertiary orogenesis in the hinterland of the Canadian Cordillera. Cordilleran Tectonics Workshop Meeting (18-20 February 2005), Whitehorse, Yukon, 8-9.
37. Davidson, C., Grujic, D. E., Hollister, L. S. & Schmid, S. M., 1997. Metamorphic reactions related to decompression and synkinematic intrusion of leucogranite, High Himalayan Crystallines, Bhutan. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 15, 593-612.
38. Digel, S. G., Ghent, E. D., Carr, S. D. & Simony, P. S. 1998. Early Cretaceous kyanite-sillimanite metamorphism and Paleocene sillimanite overprint near Mount Cheadle, southeastern British Columbia: geometry, geochronology, and metamorphic implications. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 35, 1070-1087.
39. Ferguson, C. A. & Simony, P. S. 1991. Preliminary report on structural evolution and stratigraphic correlations, northern Cariboo Mountains, British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 91-1A, 103-110.
40. Foster, G., Gibson, H. D., Parrish, R. R., Horstwood, M., Fraser, J. & Tindle, A. 2002. Textural, chemical and isotopic insights into the nature and behaviour of metamorphic monazite. Chemical Geology, 191, 183-207.
41. Fyson, W. K. 1970. Structural relations in metamorphic rocks, Shuswap Lake area, British Columbia. In: Wheeler, J. O. (ed) Structure of the Southern Canadian Cordillera. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper, 6, 107-122.
42. Gervais, F., Brown, R. L. & Crowley, J. L. 2005. Proterozoic strain in the core of the Frenchman Cap dome, Monashee complex; tectonic implications of a strong basement. Cordilleran Tectonics Workshop Meeting (18-20 February 2005), White-horse, Yukon, 10-11.
43. Ghosh, D. K. 1995a. Nd-Sr isotopic constraints on the interactions of the Intermontane Superterrane with the western edge of North America in the southern Canadian Cordillera. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 32, 1740-1758.
44. Ghosh, D. K. 1995b. U-Pb geochronology of Jurassic to early Tertiary granitic intrusives from the Nelson-Castlegar area, southeastern British Columbia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 32, 1668-1680.
45. Gibson, H. D., Brown, R. L. & Parrish, R. R. 1999. Deformation-induced inverted metamorphic field gradients: an example from the southeastern Canadian Cordillera. Journal of Structural Geology, 21, 751-767.
46. Gibson H. D., Brown, R. L. & Carr, S. D. 2005. U-TH-Pb geochronologic constraints on the structural evolution of the Selkirk fan, northern Selkirk Mountains, southern Canadian Cordillera. Journal of Structural Geology, 27, 1899-1924.
47. Grujic, D., Casey, M., Davidson, C., Hollister, L. S., Kundig, R., Pavlis, T. & Schmid, S. 1996. Ductile extrusion of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline in Bhutan: evidence from quartz micro-fabrics. Tectonophysics, 260, 21-44.
48. Grujic, D., Hollister, L. S. & Parrish, R. R. 2002. Himalayan metamorphic sequence as an orogenic channel: insight from Bhutan. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 198, 177-191.
49. Jamieson, R. A., Beaumont, C., Nguyen, M. H. & Lee, B. 2002. Interaction of metamorphism, deformation and exhumation in large convergent orogens. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 20, 9-24.
50. Jamieson, R. A., Beaumont, C., Medvedev, S. & Nguyen M. H. 2004. Crustal channel flows: 2. Numerical models with implications for metamorphism in the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, B06407. DOI: 10.1029/2003JB002811.
51. Johnson, B. J. 1994. Structure and tectonic setting of the Okanagan Valley fault system in the Shuswap Lake area, southern British Columbia. PhD Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa.
52. Johnson, B. J. & Brown, R. L. 1996. Crustal structure and early Tertiary extensional tectonics of the Omineca belt at 51°N latitude, southern Canadian Cordillera. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 33, 1596-1611.
53. Johnson, D. H., Williams, P. F., Brown, R. L., Crowley, J. L. & Carr, S. D. 2000. Northeast-ward extrusion and extensional exhumation of crystalline rocks of the Monashee Complex, southeastern Canadian Cordillera. Journal of Structural Geology, 22, 603-625.
54. Journeay, J. M. 1986. Stratigraphy, internal strain, and thermo-tectonic evolution of northern Frenchman Cap dome, an exhumed basement duplex structure, Omineca hinterland, southeastern Canadian Cordillera. PhD Thesis, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario.
55. Journeay, J. M. & Williams, S. P. 1995. GIS map Library: a window on Cordilleran geology (v. 1.0). Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 2948.
56. Kruse, S., McNutt, M., Phipps-Morgan, J., Royden, L. & Wernicke, B. 1991. Lithospheric extension near Lake Mead, Nevada: A model for ductile flow in the lower crust. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 4435-4456.
57. Kruse, S. & Williams, P. F. 2006. The Victor Creek Fault of southern British Columbia: constraints on geometry and kinematics. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 42, 2141-2160.
58. Kruse, S., McNeill, P. & Williams, P. F. 2003. A new compilation map of the Thor-Odin culmination, Monashee complex, BC. Geological Association of Canada Mineralogical Association of Canada and Society of Economic Geologists Annual Meeting (25-29 May 2003), Vancouver.
59. Kruse, S., McNeill, P. & Williams, P. F. 2004. Geological map of the Thor-Odin dome, southern Monashee complex, BC. Website: http:// www.unb.ca/fredericton/science/geology/monashee
60. Kuiper, Y. D. 2003. Isotopic constraints on timing of deformation and metamorphism in Thor-Odin, Monashee Complex, southeastern British Columbia. PhD Thesis, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton.
61. Kyser, T. K., Ghent, E. D. & Sevigny, J. H. 1994. Petrogenesis of two-mica granites, northern Monashee Mountains, British Columbia: Evidence from oxygen, hydrogen and strontium isotopic compositions. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 106, 1531-1537.
62. Lane, L. S. 1984. Deformation history of the Monashee Decollement and Columbia River Fault zone. PhD Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa.
63. McDonough, M. R. & Simony, P. S. 1988. Structural evolution of basement gneisses and Hadrynian cover, Bulldog Creek area, Rocky Mountains, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 25, 1687-1702.
64. McKenzie, D., Nimmo, F., Jackson, J. A., Gans, P. B. & Miller, E. L. 2000. Characteristics and consequences of flow in the lower crust. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 11,029-11,046.
65. Mancktelow, N. S. 1995. Nonlithostatic pressure during sediment subduction and the development and exhumation of high pressure metamorphic rocks. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 571-583.
66. Means, W. D. 1995. Shear zones and rock history. Tectonophysics, 247, 157-160.
67. Monger, J. W. H., Price, R. A. & Tempelman-Kluit, D. J. 1982. Tectonic accretion and the origin of the two major metamorphic and plutonic welts in the Canadian Cordillera. Geology, 10, 70-75.
68. Monger, J. W. H., Wheeler, J. O., Tipper, H. W., et al. 1991. Part B. Cordilleran terranes. In: Gabrielse, H. & Yorath, C. J. (eds) Upper Devonian to Middle Jurassic Assemblages, Geology of the Cordilleran Orogen in Canada, Geological Survey of Canada, Geology of Canada 4, 281-327.
69. Morrison, M. L. 1982. Structure and petrology of the Malton gneiss complex. PhD Thesis, University of Calgary.
70. Murphy, D. C. 1987. Suprastructure/infrastructure transition, east-central Cariboo Mountains, British Columbia: geometry, kinematics and tectonic implications. Journal of Structural Geology, 9, 13-29.
71. Murphy, D. C., Van der Heyden, P., Parrish, R. R., Klepacki, D. W., McMillan, W., Struik, L. C. & Gabites, J. 1995. New geochronological constraints on Jurassic deformation of the western edge of North America, southeastern Canadian Cordillera. In: Miller, D. M. & Busby, C. (eds) Jurassic Magmatism and Tectonics of the North American Cordillera. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 299, 159-171.
72. Norlander, B. H., Whitney, D. L., Teyssier, C. & Vanderhaeghe, O. 2002. Partial melting and decompression of the Thor-Odin dome, Shuswap metamorphic core complex, Canadian Cordillera. Lithos, 61, 103-125.
73. Parkinson, D. L. 1991. Age and isotopic character of Early Proterozoic basement gneisses in the southern Monashee Complex, southeastern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 28, 1159-1168.
74. Parrish, R. R. 1995. Thermal evolution of the southeastern Canadian Cordillera. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 32, 1618-1642.
75. Parrish, R. R., Carr, S. D. & Parkinson, D. L. 1988. Eocene extensional tectonics and geochronology of the southern Omineca Belt, British Columbia and Washington. Tectonics, 7, 181-212.
76. Pigage, L. C. 1977. Rb-Sr dates for granodiorite intrusions on the northeast margin of the Shuswap Metamorphic Complex, Cariboo Mountains, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 14, 1690-1695.
77. Price, R. A. 1981. The Cordilleran Thrust and Fold Belt in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains. In: McClay, K. R. & Price, N. J. (eds) Thrust and Nappe Tectonics. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 9, 427-448.
78. Price, R. A. 1986. The southeastern Canadian Cordillera: thrust faulting, tectonic wedging, and delamination of the lithosphere. Journal of Structural Geology, 8, 239-254.
79. Price, R. A. 2000. The evolution of the southern Cordilleran foreland thrust and fold belt and the kinematics of Cordilleran orogenesis. GeoCanada2000, Abstract 435.
80. Price, R. A. & Mountjoy, E. W. 1970. Geologic structure of the Canadian Rocky Mountains between Bow and Athabasca rivers - a progress report. Geological Survey of Canada, Special Paper, 6, 7-25.
81. Raeside, R. P. & Simony, P. S. 1982. Stratigraphy and deformational history of the Scrip Nappe, Monashee Mountains, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 20, 639-650.
82. Ramsay, J. G. 1997. The geometry of a deformed unconformity in the Caledonides of NW Scotland. In: Sengupta, S. (ed.) Evolution of Geological Structures in Micro- to Macro-scales. Chapman and Hall, London, 445-472.
83. Read, P. B. & Brown, R. L. 1981. Columbia River fault zone: southeastern margin of the Shuswap and Monashee complexes, southern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 18, 1127-1145.
84. Reesor, J. E. & Moore, J. M. 1971. Petrology and structure of the Thor-Odin gneiss dome, Shuswap metamorphic complex. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin, 195.
85. Reid, L. F. 2003. Stratigraphy, structure, petrology, geochronology and geochemistry of the Hobson Lake area (Cariboo Mountains, British Columbia) in relation to the tectonic evolution of the south Canadian Cordillera. PhD Thesis, University of Calgary.
86. Reid, L. F., Simony, P. S. & Ross, G. M. 2002. Dextral strike-slip faulting in the Cariboo Mountains, British Columbia: a natural example of wrench tectonics in relation to Cordilleran tectonics. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 39, 953-970.
87. Royden, L. H. 1996. Coupling and decoupling of crust and mantle in convergent orogens: Implications for strain partitioning in the crust, Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 17,679-17,705.
88. Royden, L. H., Burchfiel, B. C., King, R. W., Chen, Z., Shen, F. & Liu Y. 1997. Surface deformation and lower crustal flow in eastern Tibet. Science, 276, 788-790.
89. Scaillet, B. & Searle, M. P. 2006. Mechanisms and timescales of felsic magma segregation, ascent and emplacement in the Himalayas. In: Law, R. D., Searle, M. P. & Godin, L. (eds) Channel Flow, Ductile Extrusion and Exhumation in Continental Collision Zones. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 268, 293-308.
90. Scammell, R. J. 1993. Mid-Cretaceous to Tertiary thermotectonic history of former mid-crustal rocks, southern Omineca Belt, Canadian Cordillera. PhD Thesis, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario.
91. Schaubs, P. M. & Carr, S. D. 1998. Geology of metasedimentary rocks and late Cretaceous deformation history, in the Northern Valhalla complex, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 38, 1018-1036.
92. Schaubs, P. M., Carr, S. D. & Berman, R. G. 2002. Structural and metamorphic constraints on ca. 70 Ma deformation of the northern Valhalla complex, British Columbia: implications for the tectonic evolution of the southern Omineca belt. Journal of Structural Geology, 24, 1195-1214.
93. Searle, M. P. 1999. Emplacement of Himalayan leucogranites by magma injection along giant sill complexes: examples from the Cho Oyu, Gyachuang Kang and Everest leucogranites (Nepal Himalaya). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 17, 773-783.
94. Sevigny, J. H. & Simony, P. S. 1989. Geometric relationship between the Scrip Nappe and metamorphic isograds in the northern Adams River area, Monashee Mountains, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 26, 606-610.
95. Sevigny, J. H., Parrish, R. R. & Ghent, E. D. 1989. Petrogenesis of peraluminous granites, Monashee Mountains, southeastern Canadian Cordillera. Journal of Petrology, 30, 557-581.
96. Sevigny, J. H., Parrish, R. R., Donelick, R. A. & Ghent, E. D. 1990. Northern Monashee Mountains, Omineca Crystalline Belt, British Columbia: Timing of metamorphism, anatexis, and tectonic denudation. Geology, 18, 103-106.
97. Shen, F., Royden, L. H. & Burchfiel, B. C. 2001. Large-scale crustal deformation of the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 6793-6816.
98. Simony, P.S. & Carr, S.D. 1997. Large lateral ramps in the Eocene Valkyr shear zone: extensional ductile faulting controlled by plutonism in southern British Columbia. Journal of Structural Geology, 19, 769-784.
99. Simony, P. S., Ghent, E. D., Craw, D., Mitchell, W. & Robbins, D. B. 1980. Structural and metamorphic evolution of northeast flank of Shuswap complex, southern Canoe River area, British Columbia. In: Crittenden, M. D., Coney, P. J. & Davis, G. H. (eds) Cordilleran Metamorphic Core Complexes. Geological Society of America Memoir, 153, 445-460.
100. Spark, R. N. 2001. Crustal thickening and tectonic denudation within the Thor-Odin culmination, Monashee Complex, southern Canadian Cordillera. PhD Thesis, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada.
101. Spear, F. S. & Parrish, R. R. 1996. Petrology and cooling rates of the Valhalla Complex, British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Petrology, 37, 733-765.
102. Unterschutz, J. L. E., Creaser, R. A., Erdmer, P., Thompson, R. I. & Daughtry, K. L. 2002. North American margin origin of Quesnel terrane strata in the southern Canadian Cordillera: Inferences from geochemical and Nd isotopic characteristics of Triassic metasedimentary rocks. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 114, 462-475.
103. Vanderhaeghe, O. & Teyssier, C. 1997. Formation of the Shuswap metamorphic core complex during late-orogenic collapse of the Canadian Cordillera: Role of ductile thinning and partial melting of the mid- to lower crust. Geodinamica Acta, 10, 41-58.
104. Vanderhaeghe, O., Teyssier, C. & Wysoczanski, R. 1999. Structural and geochronological constraints on the role of partial melting during the formation of the Shuswap metamorphic core complex at the latitude of the Thor-Odin dome, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 36, 917-943.
105. Westaway, R. 1995. Crustal volume balance during the India-Eurasia collision and altitude of the Tibetan Plateau: A working hypothesis. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 15,173-15,192.
106. Williams, P. F. & Jiang, D. 2005. An investigation of lower crustal deformation: Evidence for channel flow and its implications for tectonics and structural studies. Journal of Structural Geology, 27, 1486-1504.