The Appalachian Inner Piedmont: An exhumed strike-parallel, tectonically forced orogenic channel

Geological Society Special Publication

Volumn 268, Issue , 2006, Pages 517-541

  Hatcher Jr , Robert D ^a   Merschat, Arthur J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COLLISION ZONE; CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; EXHUMATION; OROGENY; SUBDUCTION;

APPALACHIANS; NORTH AMERICA;

EID: 33847378809     PISSN: 03058719     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.268.01.24     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (126)

1. Acheson, D. J. 1990. Elementary Fluid Dynamics. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
2. Azcárraga, J., Abalos, B. & Cil Ibarguchi, J. I. 2002. On the relationship between kilometer-scale sheath folds, ductile thrusts and minor structures in the basal high-pressure units of the Cabo Ortegal complex (NW Spain). Journal of Structural Geology, 24, 1971-1989.
3. Beaumont, C., Jamieson, R. A., Nguyen, M. H. & Lee, B. 2001. Himalayan tectonics explained by extrusion of a low-viscosity crustal channel coupled to focused surface denudation. Nature, 414, 738-742.
4. Beaumont, C., Jamieson, R. A., Nguyen, M. H. & Medvede, S. 2004. Crustal channel flows: 1. Numerical models with applications to the tectonics of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109. DOI: 10.1029/2003JB002809.
5. Beaumont, C., Nguyen, M. H., Jamieson, R. A. & Ellis, S. 2006. Crustal flow modes in large hot orogens. In: Law, R. D., Searle, M. P. & Godin, L. (eds) Channel Flow, Ductile Extrusion and Exhumation in Continental Collision Zones. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 268, 91-145.
6. Bentley, R. D. & Neathery, T. N. 1970. Geology of the Brevard zone and related rocks of the Inner Piedmont of Alabama. Alabama Geological Society, Eighth Annual Field Trip Guidebook.
7. Bier, S. E. 2001. Geology of the southeastern South Mountains, North Carolina. MS thesis, University of Tennessee.
8. Bier, S. E., Bream, B. R. & Giorgis, S. D. 2002. Inner Piedmont stratigraphy, metamorphism, and deformation in the Marion-South Mountains area, North Carolina. In: Hatcher, R. D. Jr & Bream, B. R. (eds) Inner Piedmont geology in the South Mountains-Blue Ridge Foothills and the southwestern Brushy Mountains, central-western North Carolina. Carolina Geological Society Guidebook, 65-100.
9. Bird, P. 1991. Lateral extrusion of lower crust from under high topography in the isostatic limit. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 10275-10286.
10. Bream, B. R. 2002. The southern Appalachian Inner Piedmont: New perspectives based on recent detailed geologic mapping, Nd isotopic evidence, and zircon geochronology. In: Hatcher, R. D. Jr & Bream, B. R. (eds) Inner Piedmont geology in the South Mountains-Blue Ridge Foothills and the southwestern Brushy Mountains, central-western North Carolina. Carolina Geological Society Guidebook, 45-63.
11. Bream, B. R. 2003. Tectonic implications of geochronology and geochemistry of para- and orthogneisses from the southern Appalachian crystalline core. PhD dissertation, University of Tennessee.
12. Bream, B. R., Hatcher, R. D. Jr., Miller, C. F. & Fullagar, P. D. 2001. Geochemistry and provenance of Inner Piedmont paragneisses, NC and SC: Evidence for an internal terrane boundary? Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 33, 65.
13. Bream, B. R., Hatcher, R. D. Jr., Miller, C. F. & Fullagar, P. D. 2004. Detrital zircon ages and Nd isotopic data from the southern Appalachian crystalline core, GA-SC-NC-TN: New provenance constraints for Laurentian margin paragneisses. In: Tollo, R. P., Corriveau, L., McLelland, J. & Bartholomew, M. J. (eds) Proterozoic Evolution of the Grenville orogen in North America. Geological Society of America, Memoir 197, 459-475.
14. Brodkey, R. S. & Hershey, H. C. 1988. Transport phenomena: A unified approach. McGraw-Hill, New York.
15. Brunel, M. 1986. Ductile thrusting in the Himalayas: Shear sense criteria and stretching lineations. Tectonics, 5, 247-265.
16. Burchfiel, B. C. 2004. New technology; new geological challenges. GSA Today, 14(2), 4-10.
17. Burchfiel, B. C. & Royden, L. H. 1985. North-south extension within the convergent Himalayan region. Geology, 13, 679-682.
18. Butler, J. R. 1991. Metamorphism. In: Horton, J. W. Jr & Zullo, V. A. (eds) The Geology of the Carolinas. Carolina Geological Society 50th Anniversary Volume. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, 127-142.
19. Carrigan, C. W., Bream, B. R., Miller, C. F. & Hatcher, R. D. Jr. 2001. Ion Microprobe analyses of zircon rims from the eastern Blue Ridge and Inner Piedmont, NC-SC-GA. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 33(2), 7.
20. Clark, M. K. & Royden, L. H. 2000. Topographic ooze: Building the eastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow. Geology, 28, 703-706.
21. Coney, P. J. 1980. Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes: An overview. In: Crittenden, M. D. Jr, Coney, P. J., & Davis, G. H. (eds) Cordilleran Metamorphic Core Complexes. Geological Society of America, Memoir 153, 7-34.
22. Conley, J. F. & Drummond, K. M. 1981. Geologic map and mineral resources summary of the northeast 1/4 of the Marion quadrangle, North Carolina. North Carolina Geological Survey, GM 210-NE, scale 1/24,000.
23. Costain, C. K. & Decker, E. R. 1987. Heat flow at the proposed Appalachian ultradeep core hole (ADCOH) site. In: Hopson, J. L. & Hatcher, R. D. Jr (eds) Appalachian ultradeep core hole project site investigation: Data set I. ADCOH Project Publication 5. University of Tennessee, Department of Geological Sciences, Studies in Geology, 17.
24. Costain, J. K., Speer, J. A., Glover, L., Perry, L., Dashevsky, S. & Mckinney, M. 1986. Heat flow in the Piedmont and Atlantic Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States. Journal of Geophysical Research, 91, 2123-2135.
25. Culshaw, N. G., Davidson, A. & Nadeau, L. 1983. Structural subdivisions of the Grenville province in the Parry Sound-Algonquin region. Geological Survey of Canada Paper, 83-1B, 243-252.
26. Culshaw, N. G., Jamieson, R. A., Ketchum, J. W. F., Wodica, N., Corrigan, D. & Reynolds, P. H. 1997. Transect across the northwestern Grenville orogen, Georgian Bay, Ontario: Polystage convergence and extension in the lower orogenic crust. Tectonics, 16, 966-982.
27. Curl, D. C. 1998. Stratigraphy and structure of Wellford and Reidville quadrangles in part of the eastern Inner Piedmont, near Spartanburg, South Carolina. MS thesis, University of Tennessee.
28. Dallmeyer, R. D. 1989. Late Palaeozoic thermal evolution of crystalline terranes within portions of the U.S., Appalachian orogen. In: Hatcher, R. D. Jr, THOMAS, W. A. & Viele, G. W. (eds) The Appalachian-Ouachita orogen in the United States. The Geology of North America F-2. Geological Society of America, Boulder Colorado, 417-444.
29. Dallmeyer, R. D., Wright, J. E., Secor, D. T. Jr. & Snoke, A. W. 1986. Character of the Alleghanian orogeny in the southern Appalachians: Part II. Geochronological constraints on the tectonothermal evolution of the eastern Piedmont in South Carolina. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 97, 1382-1392.
30. Davis, T. L. 1993a. Lithostratigraphy, structure, and metamorphism of a crystalline thrust terrane, western Inner Piedmont, North Carolina. PhD dissertation, University of Tennessee.
31. Davis, T. L. 1993b. Geology of the Columbus Promontory, western Piedmont, North Carolina, southern Appalachians. In: Hatcher R. D. Jr & Davis, T. L. (eds) Studies of Inner Piedmont Geology with a Focus on the Columbus Promontory. Carolina Geological Society Guidebook. North Carolina Geological Survey, 17-43.
32. Davis, T. L., Hatcher, R. D. Jr., Liu, A. & Tabor, J. R. 1991. Southern Appalachian western Inner Piedmont: A progressive crustal-scale shear zone. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs (Annual Meeting), 23, A138.
33. Dennis, A. J. 1989. Tectogenesis of an accreted terrane: the Carolina arc in the Palaeozoic. PhD dissertation, University of South Carolina.
34. Dennis, A. J. & Wright, J. E. 1997a. The Carolina terrane in northwestern South Carolina, U.S.A.: Late Precambrian-Cambrian deformation and metamorphism in a peri-Gondwanan oceanic arc. Tectonics, 16, 460-473.
35. Dennis, A. J. & Wright, J. E. 1997b. Middle and Late Palaeozoic monazite U-Pb ages, Inner Piedmont, South Carolina. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 29(3), 12.
36. England, P. & Houseman, G. 1989. Extension during continental convergence, with application to the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94(B12), 17,561-17,579.
37. Espenshade, G. H., Rankin, D. W., Shaw, K. W. & Neuman, R. B. 1975. Geologic map of the east half of the Winston-Salem quadrangle, North Carolina - Virginia. US Geological Survey Map I-709-B, scale 1:250,000.
38. Giorgis, S. D. 1999. Inner Piedmont geology of the northwestern South Mountains near Morganton, North Carolina. MS thesis, University of Tennessee.
39. Giorgis, S. D., Mapes, R. W. & Bream, B. R. 2002. The Walker Top Granite: Acadian granitoid or eastern Inner Piedmont basement? In: Hatcher, R. D. Jr & Bream, B. R. (eds) Inner Piedmont geology in the South Mountains-Blue Ridge Foothills and the southwestern Brushy Mountains, central-western North Carolina. Carolina Geological Society Guidebook, 33-43.
40. Goldsmith, R. 1981. Structural patterns in the Inner Piedmont of the Charlotte and Winston-Salem 2-degree quadrangles, North Carolina and South Carolina. In: HORTON Jr, J. W., Butler, J. R. & Milton, D. M. (eds) Geological Investigations of the Kings Mountain Belt and Adjacent Areas in the Carolinas. Carolina Geological Society Field Trip Guidebook, 9-27.
41. Goldsmith, R., Milton, D. J. & Horton, J. W. Jr. 1988. Geologic map of the Charlotte 1-degree × 2-degree quadrangle, North Carolina and South Carolina. US Geological Survey Map I-1251-E, scale 1:250,000.
42. Grant, W. H. 1958. The geology of Hart County, Georgia. Georgia State Division of Conservation, Geological Survey, Bulletin 67.
43. Griffin, V. S. Jr. 1969. Migmatitic Inner Piedmont belt of northwestern South Carolina. South Carolina Division of Geology, Geologic Notes, 13, 87-104.
44. Griffin, V. S. Jr. 1971a. Stockwork tectonics in the Appalachian Piedmont of South Carolina and Georgia. Geologischen Rundschau, 60, 868-886.
45. Griffin, V. S. Jr. 1971b. The Inner Piedmont belt of the southern crystalline Appalachians. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 82, 1885-1898.
46. Griffin, V.S. Jr. 1974a. Geology of the Walhalla quadrangle, S.C. South Carolina Division of Geology, MS-19, scale 1:24,000.
47. Griffin, V. S. Jr. 1974b. Analysis of the Piedmont in northwest South Carolina. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 85, 1123-1138.
48. Grujic, D., Casey, M., Davidson, C., Hollister, L. S., Kundig, R., Pavlis, T. & Schmid, S. 1996. Ductile extrusion of the Higher Himalayan crystal-lines in Bhutan: evidence from quartz microfabrics. Tectonophysics, 260, 21-43.
49. Grujic, D., Hollister, L. S. & Parrish, R. R. 2002. Himalayan metamorphic sequence as an orogenic channel: Insight from Bhutan. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 198, 177-191.
50. Hadley, J. B. & Nelson, A. E. 1971. Geology of the Knoxville 1 × 2 degree quadrangle, North Carolina, Tennessee, and South Carolina. US Geological Survey Map I-654, scale 1:250,000.
51. Haller, J. 1956. Probleme der Tiefentektonik: Bauformen im Migmatit-Stockwerk der ostgrönländischen Kaledonien. Geologischen Rundschau, 45, 159-167.
52. Hanmer, S. 1988. Ductile thrusting at mid-crustal level, southwestern Grenville province. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 25, 1049-1059.
53. Hatcher, R. D. Jr. 1972. Developmental model for the southern Appalachians. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 83, 2735-2760.
54. Hatcher, R. D. Jr. 1978. Tectonics of the western Piedmont and Blue Ridge: Review and speculation. American Journal of Science, 278, 276-304.
55. Hatcher, R. D. Jr. 1993. Perspective on the tectonics of the Inner Piedmont, southern Appalachians. In: Hatcher, R. D. Jr & Davis, T. L. (eds) Studies of Inner Piedmont geology with a focus on the Columbus Promontory. Carolina Geological Society Guidebook, North Carolina Geological Survey, 17-43.
56. Hatcher, R. D. Jr. 2001. Rheological partitioning during multiple reactivation of the Palaeozoic Brevard Fault Zone, Southern Appalachians, USA. In: Holdsworth, R. E., Strachan, R. A., Macloughlin, J. F. & Knipe, R. J. (eds) The Nature and Significance of Fault Zone Weakening. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 186, 255-269.
57. Hatcher, R. D. Jr. 2002. An Inner Piedmont primer. In: Hatcher, R. D. Jr & Bream, B. R. (eds) Inner Piedmont geology in the South Mountains-Blue Ridge Foothills and the southwestern Brushy Mountains, central-western North Carolina. Carolina Geological Society Guidebook, 1-18.
58. Hatcher, R. D. Jr. 2004. Properties of thrusts and the upper bounds for the size of thrust sheets. In: McClay, K. R. (ed.) Thrust Tectonics and Hydrocarbon Systems. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 82, 18-29.
59. Hatcher, R. D. Jr & Acker, L. L. 1984. Geology of the Salem quadrangle, South Carolina. South Carolina Geological Survey, MS-26, scale 1/24,000.
60. Hatcher, R. D. Jr & Goldberg, S. A. 1991. The Blue Ridge Geologic Province. In: Horton, J. W. Jr & Zullo, V. A. (eds) The Geology of the Carolinas. Carolina Geological Society 50th Anniversary Volume, The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, 11-35.
61. Hatcher, R. D. Jr & Hooper, R. J. 1992. Evolution of crystalline thrust sheets in the internal parts of mountain chains. In: McClay, K. R. (ed.) Thrust Tectonics. Chapman and Hall, London, 217-234.
62. Hatcher, R. D. Jr, Bream, B. R., Miller, C. L., Eckert, J. O. Jr. Fullagar, P. D. & Carrigan, C. W. 2004. Palaeozoic Structure of Southern Appalachian Blue Ridge Grenvillian Internal Basement Massifs. In: Tollo, R. P., Corriveau, L., McLelland, J. & Bartholomew, M. J. (eds) Proterozoic Evolution of the Grenville Orogen in North America. Geological Society of America, Memoir 197, 525-547.
63. Hauck, M. L., Nelson, K. D., Brown, L. D., Zhao, W. & Ross, A. R. 1998. Crustal structure of the Himalayan orogen at c. 90° east longitude from Project INDEPTH deep reflection profiles. Tectonics, 17, 481-500.
64. Heyn, T. 1984. Stratigraphic and structural relationships along the southwestern flank of the Saura-town Mountains anticlinorium. MS thesis, University of South Carolina.
65. Hibbard, J. P., Tracy, R. J. & Henika, W. S. 2003. Smith River allochthon: A southern Appalachian peri-Gondwanan terrane emplaced directly on Laurentia? Geology, 31, 215-218.
66. Higgins, M. W., Crawford, T. J., Atkins, R. L. & Crawford, R. F. 2003. Geologic map of the Atlanta 30′ × 60′ quadrangle, Georgia. US Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Series Map I-2062, scale 1:100,000.
67. Hodges, K.V. 2006. A synthesis of the channel flow extrusion hypothesis as developed for the Himalayan-Tibetan orogenic system. In: Law, R. D., Searle, M.P. & Godin, L. (eds) Channel Flow, Ductile Extrusion and Exhumation in Continental Collision Zones. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 268, 71-90.
68. Hooper, R. J. & Hatcher, R. D. Jr. 1988. The Pine Mountain terrane, a complex window in the Georgia and Alabama Piedmont: Evidence from the eastern termination: Reply. Geology, 16, 1049-1050.
69. Hooper, R. J. & Hatcher, R. D. Jr. 1992. The origin of the Pine Mountain window: An internal basement massif within the Piedmont of Alabama and Georgia. In: Mason, R. (ed.) International Basement Tectonics Association. Basement Tectonics 7. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 375-383.
70. Hooper, R. J., Hatcher, R. D., Jr., Troyer, P. K., Dawson, R. J. & Redmond, C. G. 1997. The character of the Avalon terrane in central Georgia. In: Glover, L. III & Gates, A. E. (eds) Central and Southern Appalachian Sutures: Results of the EDGE Project and Related Studies. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 314, 1-14.
71. Hopson, J. L. 1984. Stratigraphy and structure of the Alto allochthon, Ayersville quadrangle, Georgia. MS thesis, University of South Carolina.
72. Hopson, J. L. 1994. Structure of part of the Blue Ridge, northeastern Georgia and North Carolina. PhD dissertation, University of Tennessee.
73. Hopson, J. L. & Hatcher, R. D. Jr. 1988. Structural and stratigraphic setting of the Alto allochthon, northeast Georgia. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 100, 339-350.
74. Jamieson, R. A., Culshaw, N., Beaumont, C., Nguyen, M. H. & Slagstad, T. 2004. Hot nappes and lumpy channels: Mid-crustal flow modes in the Western Grenville orogen. In: Searle, M. P., Law, R. D. & Godin, L. (convenors) Channel flow, ductile extrusion and exhumation of lower-mid crust in continental collision zones, Abstract Book. Geological Society, London.
75. Jamieson, R. A., Beaumont, C. & Medvedev, S. & Nguyen, M. H. 2004. Crustal channel flows: 2. Numerical models with implications for metamorphism in the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109. DOI: 10.1029/2003JB00002811.
76. King, P. B. 1955. A geologic section across the southern Appalachians: An outline to the geology in the segment in Tennessee, North Carolina, and South Carolina. In: Russell, R. J. (ed.) Guides to Southeastern Geology. Geological Society of America, New York, 332-373.
77. Kish, S. 1997. The Cat Square charnockite - a Palaeozoic charnockite in the Inner Piedmont of North Carolina. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 29(3), 28.
78. Laubscher, H. P. 1988. Material balance in Alpine orogeny. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 100, 1313-1328.
79. Lemmon, R. E. & Dunn, D. E. 1973a. Geologic map and mineral resources of the Bat Cave quadrangle, North Carolina. North Carolina Geological Survey, GM 202-NW, scale 1/24000.
80. Lemmon, R. E. & Dunn, D. E. 1973b. Geologic map and mineral resources of the Fruitland quadrangle, North Carolina. North Carolina Geological Survey, GM 202-NW, scale 1/24000.
81. Liu, A. 1991. Structural geology and deformation history of the Brevard fault zone, Chauga belt, and Inner Piedmont, northwestern South Carolina and adjacent areas. PhD dissertation, University of Tennessee.
82. Luth, W. D., Jahns, R. H. & Tuttle, O. F. 1964. The granite system at pressures of 4 to 10 kilobars. Journal of Geophysical Research, 69, 759-773.
83. McConnell, K. I. 1990. Geology and geochronology of the Sauratown Mountains anticlinorium, northwestern North Carolina. PhD dissertation, University of South Carolina.
84. McSween, H. Y. Jr, Sando, T. W., Clark, S. R., Harden, J. T. & Strange, E. A. 1984. The gabbro-metagabbro association of the southern Appalachian Piedmont. American Journal of Science, 284, 437-461.
85. McSween, H. Y. Jr, Speer, J. A. & Fullagar, P. D. 1991. 7. Plutonic rocks. In: Horton, J. W. Jr & Zullo, V. A. (eds) The Geology of the Carolinas. Carolina Geological Society 50th Anniversary Volume. The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, 109-126.
86. Mancktelow, N. S. 1995. Nonlithostatic pressure during sediment subduction and the development and exhumation of high pressure metamorphic rocks. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 571-583.
87. Mapes, R. W. 2002, Geochemistry and geochronology of mid-Palaeozoic granitic plutonism in the southern Appalachian Piedmont terrane, North Carolina-South Carolina-Georgia. MS tbesis, Vanderbilt University.
88. Mapes, R. W., Miller, C. F., Fullagar, P. D. & Bream, B. R. 2001. Nature and origin of Acadian plutonism, Piedmont terane, NC-GA. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 33(6), 92.
89. Martínez- Martínez, J. M., Soto, J. I. & Balanyá 1997. Crustal decoupling and intracrustal flow beneath domal exhumed core complexes, Betics (SE Spain). Terra Nova, 9, 223-227.
90. Maybin, A. H. III. 1995. Geologic map of the Simpsonville, Quadrangle, South Carolina. South Carolina Geological Survey, Open File Map 92, scale 1:24,000.
91. Maybin, A. H. III. 1997. Geologic map of the Pelham quadrangle, South Carolina. South Carolina Geological Survey, Open File Map, scale 1/ 24,000.
92. Mehnert, K. R. 1968. Migmatites and the Origin of Granitic Rocks. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
93. Merschat, A. J. 2003. Inner Piedmont tectonics in the southwestern Brushy Mountains, North Carolina: Field and laboratory data revealing 3-D crustal flow and sillimanite I and II metamorphism. MS thesis, University of Tennessee.
94. Merschat, A. J., Hatcher, R. D. Jr. & Davis, T. L. 2005. The northern Inner Piedmont, southern Appalachians, USA: Kinematics of transpression and SW-directed mid-crustal flow. Journal of Structural Geology, 27, 1252-1281.
95. Miller, C. F., Hatcher, R. D., Jr., Ayers, J. C., Coath C. D. & Harrison, T. M. 2000. Age and zircon inheritance of eastern Blue Ridge plutons, southwestern North Carolina and Northeastern Georgia, with implications for magma history and evolution of the southern Appalachian orogen. American Journal of Science, 300, 142-172.
96. Mirante, D. C. & Patino-Douce, A. E. 2000. Melting and migmatization in the southern Appalachian Inner Piedmont of northeast Georgia; the Athens gneiss. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 33, 297.
97. Moser, D. E., Heaman, L. M., Krogh, T. E. & HANES, J. A. 1996. Intracrustal extension of an Archean orogen revealed using single-grain U-Pb geochronology. Tectonics, 15, 1093-1109.
98. Neilson, M. J. 1988. The structure and stratigraphy of the Tallassee Synform, Dadeville Belt, Alabama. Southeastern Geology, 29, 41-50.
99. Nelson, A. E., Horton, J. W. & Clarke, J. W. 1998. Geologic map of the Greenville 1°' × 2° quadrangle, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. US Geological Survey, Map I-2175, scale 1:250,000.
100. Nelson, K. D. 1988. The Pine Mountain terrane, a complex window in the Georgia and Alabama Piedmont: Evidence from the eastern termination: Comment. Geology, 16, 1049.
101. Nelson, K. D., Zhao, W., Brown, L. D. et al. 1996. Partially molten middle crust beneath southern Tibet; synthesis of Project INDEPTH results. Science, 274, 1684-1688.
102. Niewendorp, C. A. 1995a. Geology of the Bush River quadrangle, South Carolina. South Carolina Geological Survey, Open File Map 84, scale 1/ 24,000.
103. Niewendorp, C. A. 1995b. Geology of the Joanna quadrangle, South Carolina. South Carolina Geological Survey, Open File Map 85, scale 1/ 24,000.
104. Niewendorp, C. A. 1996. Geology of the Laurens North quadrangle, South Carolina. South Carolina Geological Survey, Open File Map 89, scale 1/ 24,000.
105. Niewendorp, C. A. 1997. Geology of the Paris Mountain Quadrangle, South Carolina. South Carolina Geological Survey, Open File Map 99, scale 1:24,000.
106. Niewendorp, C. A. & Maybin, A. H. III. 1994a. Geology of the Laurens South quadrangle, South Carolina. South Carolina Geological Survey, Open File Map 77, scale 1/24,000.
107. Niewendorp, C. A. & Maybin, A. H. III. 1994b. Geology of the Cross Hill quadrangle, South Carolina. South Carolina Geological Survey, Open File Map 78, scale 1/24,000.
108. Ownby, S. E., Miller, C. F., Berquist, P. J., Carrigan, C. W., Wooden, J. L. & Fullagar, P. D. 2004. U-Pb geochronology and geochemistry of a portion of the Mars Hill terrane, North Carolina-Tennessee: Constraints on origin, history, and tectonic assembly. In: Tollo, R. P., Corriveau, L., McLelland, J. & Bartholomew, M. J. (eds) Proterozoic Tectonic Evolution of the Grenville orogen in North America. Geological Society of America, Memoir 197, 609-632.
109. Platt, J. P. & Behrmann, J. H. 1986. Structures and fabrics in a crustal-scale shear zone, Betic Cordillera, SE Spain. Journal of Structural Geology, 8, 15-33.
110. Rankin, D. W., Espenshade, G. J. & Neuman, R. B. 1972. Geologic map of the west half of the Winston-Salem quadrangle, North Carolina, Virginia, and Tennessee. US Geological Survey, Map I-709-A, scale 1:250,000.
111. Rosenberg, C. L. & Handy, M. R. 2005. Experimental deformation of partially melted granite revisited: implications for the continental crust. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 23, 19-28.
112. Samson, S. D. & Secor, D. 2000. New U-Pb geochronological evidence for a Silurian magmatic event in central South Carolina. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 32(2), A71.
113. Steltenpohl, M. G. (ed.) 2005. Southernmost Appalachian terranes, Allabama and Georgia. Southeastern Section Geological Society of America Field Trip guide. Alabama Geological Society.
114. Steltenpohl, M. G. & Moore, W. B. 1988. Metamorphism in the Aabama Piedmont. Geological Survey of Alabama, Mineral Resources Circular 138.
115. Steltenpohl, M. G., Kish, S. A. & Neilson, M. J. 1990. Geology of the southern Inner Piedmont, Alabama and southwest Georgia. Alabama Geological Survey & Alabama Geological Society, Guidebook for Field Trip VII.
116. Stieve, A. L. 1989. The structural evolution and metamorphism of the southern portion of the Tallulah Falls Dome, northeast Georgia. PhD dissertation, University of South Carolina.
117. Student, J. J. & Sinha, A. K. 1992. Carboniferous U-Pb ages of zircons from the Box Ankle and Ocmulgee faults, central Georgia: Implications for accretionary models. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 24(2), 69.
118. Vauchez, A., Babaie, H. A. & Babaei, A. 1993. Orogen-parallel tangential motion in the Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous southern Appalachians internides. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 30, 1297-1305.
119. Wegmann, C. E. 1935. Zur Deutung der Migmatite. Geologicschen Rundschau, 26, 20-350.
120. West, T. E., Jr. 1996. Geology of the Shoals Junction quadrangle, South Carolina. South Carolina Geological Survey, Open File Map 88, scale 1/ 24,000.
121. West, T. E., Jr. 1997. Structural studies along the Carolina-Inner Piedmont terrane boundary in South Carolina and Georgia: implications for the tectonics of the southern Appalachians. PhD dissertation, University of South Carolina.
122. West, T. 1998. Structural analysis of the Carolina-Inner Piedmont terrane boundary: Implications for the age and kinematics of the central Piedmont suture, a terrane boundary that records Palaeozoic Laurentia-Gondwana interactions. Tectonics, 17, 379-394.
123. Whisonant, J. S. 1979. Geologic map ofthe SE 1/4 of the Marion quadrangle, North Carolina. North Carolina Geological Survey, GM 210-SE, scale 1/24,000.
124. Williams, S. T. 2000. Structure, stratigraphy, and migmatization in the southwestern South Mountains, North Carolina. MS thesis, University of Tennessee.
125. Willis, J. D. 1984. Geology of the Cross Anchor area - the boundary between the Carolina terrane and Inner Piedmont in northwestern South Carolina. MS thesis, University of South Carolina.
126. Yanagihara, G. M. 1994. Structure, stratigraphy, and metamorphism of a part of the Columbus Promontory, western Inner Piedmont, North Carolina. MS thesis, University of Tennessee.