Specific topics and complications of parenteral nutrition

Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery

Volumn 392, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 119-126

  Montalvo Jave, Eduardo E ^a,b,c   Zarraga, José L ^a   Sarr, Michael G ^c  

^a UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE BAJA CALIFORNIA   (Mexico)

^b Mayo Clinic   (United States)

^c MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

Complications of TPN; Nutritional support; Total parenteral nutrition

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; AMPHOTERICIN B; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CHOLECYSTOKININ; CHOLINE; GENTAMICIN; PHENOBARBITAL; PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; UROKINASE; URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID; VANCOMYCIN;

BACTEREMIA; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BONE DISEASE; CARNITINE DEFICIENCY; CATHETER COMPLICATION; CATHETER INFECTION; CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETERIZATION; DISSOLUTION; FATTY LIVER; FUNGAL STRAIN; HUMAN; INFECTION; INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS; KIDNEY DISEASE; LIVER DISEASE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; MYCOSIS; NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT; PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION; VEIN THROMBOSIS;

BILIARY TRACT DISEASES; CATHETERIZATION; HUMANS; KIDNEY DISEASES; LIVER DISEASES; PARENTERAL NUTRITION, TOTAL; VENOUS THROMBOSIS;

EID: 33847335070     PISSN: 14352443     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00423-006-0133-6     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Dudrick SJ, Wilmore DW, Vars HM, Rhoads JE (1968) Long-term total parenteral nutrition with growth, development, and positive nitrogen balance. Surgery 64:134-142
2. Howard L, Ament M, Fleming CR, Shike M, Steiger E (1995) Current use and clinical outcome of home parenteral and enteral nutrition therapies in the United States. Gastroenterology 109:355-365
3. The Veterans Affairs Total Parenteral Nutrition Cooperative Study Group (1991) Perioperative total parenteral nutrition in surgical patients. N Engl J Med 325:525-532
4. Buchman AL, Moukarzel A, Goodson B, Herzog F, Pollack P, Reyen L, Alvarez M, Ament ME, Gornbein J (1994) Catheter-related infections associated with home parenteral nutrition and predictive factors for the need for catheter removal in their treatment. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 18:297-302
5. Chen HS, Wang FD, Lin M, Lin YC, Huang LJ, Liu CY (2006) Risk factors for central venous catheter-related infections in general surgery. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 39:231-236
6. Reed CR, Sessler CN, Glauser FL, Phelan BA (1995) Central venous catheter infections: concepts and controversies. Intensive Care Med 21:177-183
7. Maki DG, Weise CE, Sarafin HW (1977) A semiquantitative culture method for identifying intravenous-catheter-related infection. N Engl J Med 296:1305-1309
8. Cleri DJ, Corrado ML, Seligman SJ (1980) Quantitative culture of intravenous catheters and other intravascular inserts. J Infect Dis 141:781-786
9. Snydman DR, Murray SA, Kornfeld SJ, Majka JA, Ellis CA (1982) Total parenteral nutrition-related infections. Prospective epidemiologic study using semiquantitative methods. Am J Med 73:695-699
10. Arnow PM, Quimosing EM, Beach M (1993) Consequences of intravascular catheter sepsis. Clin Infect Dis 16:778-784
11. Cercenado E, Ena J, Rodriguez-Creixems M, Romero I, Bouza E (1990) A conservative procedure for the diagnosis of catheter-related infections. Arch Int Med 150:1417-1420
12. Danzig LE, Short LJ, Collins K, Mahoney M, Sepe S, Bland L, Jarvis WR (1995) Bloodstream infections associated with a needleless intravenous infusion system in patients receiving home infusion therapy. JAMA 273:1862-1864
13. de Cicco M, Panarello G, Chiaradia V, Fracasso A, Veronesi A, Testa V, Santini G, Tesio F (1989) Source and route of microbial colonisation of parenteral nutrition catheters. Lancet 2:1258-1261
14. Kelly CS, Ligas JR, Smith CA, Madden GM, Ross KA, Becker DR (1986) Sepsis due to triple lumen central venous catheters. Surg Gynecol Obstet 163:14-16
15. Pemberton LB, Lyman B, Lander V, Covinsky J (1986) Sepsis from triple- vs single-lumen catheters during total parenteral nutrition in surgical or critically ill patients. Arch Surg 121:591-594
16. Hilton E, Haslett TM, Borenstein MT, Tucci V, Isenberg HD, Singer C (1988) Central catheter infections: single- vs triple-lumen catheters. Influence of guide wires on infection rates when used for replacement of catheters. Am J Med 84:667-672
17. McCarthy MC, Shives JK, Robison RJ, Broadie TA (1987) Prospective evaluation of single and triple lumen catheters in total parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 11:259-262
18. Lee RB, Buckner M, Sharp KW (1988) Do multi-lumen catheters increase central venous catheter sepsis compared to single-lumen catheters? J Trauma 28:1472-1475
19. Farkas JC, Liu N, Bleriot JP, Chevret S, Goldstein FW, Carlet J (1992) Single- versus triple-lumen central catheter-related sepsis: a prospective randomized study in a critically ill population. Am J Med 93:277-282
20. Gil RT, Kruse JA, Thill-Baharozian MC, Carlson RW (1989) Triple- vs single-lumen central venous catheters. A prospective study in a critically ill population. Arch Int Med 149:1139-1143
21. Maki DG, McCormack KN (1987) Defatting catheter insertion sites in total parenteral nutrition is of no value as an infection control measure. Controlled clinical trial. Am J Med 83:833-840
22. Eyer S, Brummitt C, Crossley K, Siegel R, Cerra F (1990) Catheter-related sepsis: prospective, randomized study of three methods of long-term catheter maintenance. Crit Care Med 18:1073-1079
23. Widmer AF (1997) Management of catheter-related bacteremia and fungemia in patients on total parenteral nutrition. Nutrition 13:18S-25S
24. Rannem T, Ladefoged K, Tvede M, Lorentzen JE, Jarnum S (1986) Catheter-related septicaemia in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition. Scand J Gastroenterol 21:455-460
25. Benoit JL, Carandang G, Sitrin M, Arnow PM (1995) Intraluminal antibiotic treatment of central venous catheter infections in patients receiving parenteral nutrition at home. Clin Infect Dis 21:1286-1288
26. Messing B, Peitra-Cohen S, Debure A, Beliah M, Bernier JJ (1988) Antibiotic-lock technique: a new approach to optimal therapy for catheter-related sepsis in home-parenteral nutrition patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 12:185-189
27. Gaillard JL, Merlino R, Pajot N, Goulet O, Fauchere JL, Ricour C, Veron M (1990) Conventional and nonconventional modes of vancomycin administration to decontaminate the internal surface of catheters colonized with coagulase-negative staphylococci. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 14:593-597
28. Sitzmann JV, Townsend TR, Siler MC, Bartlett JG (1985) Septic and technical complications of central venous catheterization. A prospective study of 200 consecutive patients. Ann Surg 202:766-770
29. Hagley MT, Martin B, Gast P, Traeger SM (1992) Infectious and mechanical complications of central venous catheters placed by percutaneous venipuncture and over guidewires. Crit Care Med 20:1426-1430
30. Pettigrew RA, Lang SD, Haydock DA, Parry BR, Bremner DA, Hill GL (1985) Catheter-related sepsis in patients on intravenous nutrition: a prospective study of quantitative catheter cultures and guidewire changes for suspected sepsis. Br J Surg 72:52-55
31. Cobb DK, High KP, Sawyer RG, Sable CA, Adams RB, Lindley DA, Pruett TL, Schwenzer KJ, Farr BM (1992) A controlled trial of scheduled replacement of central venous and pulmonary-artery catheters. N Engl J Med 327:1062-1068
32. Newsome HH Jr, Armstrong CW, Mayhall GC, Sugerman HJ, Miller K, Rich A, Dalton H (1984) Mechanical complications from insertion of subclavian venous feeding catheters: comparison of de novo percutaneous venipuncture to change of catheter over guidewire. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 8:560-562
33. Wang EE, Prober CG, Ford-Jones L, Gold R (1984) The management of central intravenous catheter infections. Pediatr Infect Dis 3:110-113
34. King DR, Komer M, Hoffman J, Ginn-Pease ME, Stanley ME, Powell D, Harmel RP Jr (1985) Broviac catheter sepsis: the natural history of an iatrogenic infection. J Pediatr Surg 20:728-733
35. Dato VM, Dajani AS (1990) Candidemia in children with central venous catheters: role of catheter removal and amphotericin B therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 9:309-314
36. Sitges-Serra A, Linares J, Garau J (1985) Catheter sepsis: the clue is the hub. Surgery 97:355-357
37. Salzman MB, Rubin LG (1997) Relevance of the catheter hub as a portal for microorganisms causing catheter-related bloodstream infections. Nutrition 13:15S-17S
38. Stotter AT, Ward H, Waterfield AH, Hilton J, Sim AJ (1987) Junctional care: the key to prevention of catheter sepsis in intravenous feeding. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 11:159-162
39. O'Keefe SJ, Burnes JU, Thompson RL (1994) Recurrent sepsis in home parenteral nutrition patients: an analysis of risk factors. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 18:256-263
40. Keohane PP, Jones BJ, Attrill H, Cribb A, Northover J, Frost P, Silk DB (1983) Effect of catheter tunnelling and a nutrition nurse on catheter sepsis during parenteral nutrition. A controlled trial. Lancet 2:1388-1390
41. Rex JH, Bennett JE, Sugar AM, Pappas PG, Serody J, Edwards JE, Washburn RG (1995) NIAID Mycoses Study Group and the Candidemia Study Group: intravascular catheter exchange and duration of candidemia. Clin Infect Dis 21:994-996
42. Cassidy FP Jr, Zajko AB, Bron KM, Reilly JJ Jr, Peitzman AB, Steed DL (1987) Noninfectious complications of long-term central venous catheters: radiologic evaluation and management. Am J Roentgenol 149:671-675
43. Hoshal VL Jr, Ause RG, Hoskins PA (1971) Fibrin sleeve formation on indwelling subclavian central venous catheters. Arch Surg 102:253-258
44. Buchman AL, Misra S, Moukarzel A, Ament ME (1994) Catheter thrombosis and superior/inferior vena cava syndrome are rare complications of long term parenteral nutrition. Clin Nutr 13:356-360
45. Beers TR, Burnes J, Fleming CR (1990) Superior vena caval obstruction in patients with gut failure receiving home parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 14:474-479
46. Dollery CM, Sullivan ID, Bauraind O, Bull C, Milla PJ (1994) Thrombosis and embolism in long-term central venous access for parenteral nutrition. Lancet 344:1043-1045
47. Stephens LC, Haire WD, Kotulak GD (1995) Are clinical signs accurate indicators of the cause of central venous catheter occlusion? JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 19:75-79
48. Haire WD, Lieberman RP (1992) Thrombosed central venous catheters: restoring function with 6-hour urokinase infusion after failure of bolus urokinase. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 16:129-132
49. Glynn MF, Langer B, Jeejeebhoy KN (1980) Therapy for thrombotic occlusion of long-term intravenous alimentation catheters. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 4:387-390
50. Bern MM, Lokich JJ, Wallach SR, Bothe A Jr, Benotti PN, Arkin CF, Greco FA, Huberman M, Moore C (1990) Very low doses of warfarin can prevent thrombosis in central venous catheters. A randomized prospective trial. Ann Intern Med 112:423-428
51. Veerabagu MP, Tuttle-Newhall J, Maliakkal R, Champagne C, Mascioli EA (1995) Warfarin and reduced central venous thrombosis in home total parenteral nutrition patients. Nutrition 11:142-144
52. Gould JR, Carloss HW, Skinner WL (1993) Groshong catheter-associated subclavian venous thrombosis. Am J Med 95:419-423
53. Griffith GC, Nichols G Jr, Asher JD, Flanagan B (1965) Heparin osteoporosis. JAMA 193:91-94
54. Lutomski DM, Palascak JE, Bower RH (1987) Warfarin resistance associated with intravenous lipid administration. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 11:316-318
55. Werlin SL, Lausten T, Jessen S, Toy L, Norton A, Dallman L, Bender J, Sabilan L, Rutkowski D (1995) Treatment of central venous catheter occlusions with ethanol and hydrochloric acid. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 19:416-418
56. Sando K, Fujii M, Tanaka K, Chen K, Yoshida H, Iiboshi Y, Nezu R, Konishi K, Takagi Y, Okada A (1997) Lock method using sodium hydroxide solution to clear occluded central venous access devices. Clin Nutr 16:185-188
57. Beau P, Matuchansky C (1987) Lipid delivery and catheter obstruction during cyclic total parenteral nutrition. Lancet 2:1095-1096
58. Hughes CA, Prince A, Dowling RH (1980) Speed of change in pancreatic mass and in intestinal bacteriology of parenterally fed rats. Clin Sci (Lond) 59:329-336
59. Johnson LR, Schanbacher LM, Dudrick SJ, Copeland EM (1977) Effect of long-term parenteral feeding on pancreatic secretion and serum secretin. Am J Physiol 233:E524-E529
60. Hughes CA, Dowling RH (1980) Speed of onset of adaptive mucosal hypoplasia and hypofunction in the intestine of parenterally fed rats. Clin Sci (Lond) 59:317-327
61. Clark RM (1976) Evidence for both luminal and systemic factors in the control of rat intestinal epithelial replacement. Clin Sci Mol Med 50:139-144
62. MacGregor IL, Wiley ZD, Lavigne ME, Way LW (1979) Slowed rate of gastric emptying of solid food in man by high caloric parenteral nutrition. Am J Surg 138:652-654
63. Casaubon PR, Dahlstrom KA, Vargas J, Hawkins R, Mogard M, Ament ME (1989) Intravenous fat emulsion (intralipid) delays gastric emptying, but does not cause gastroesophageal reflux in healthy volunteers. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 13:246-248
64. van der Hulst RR, van Kreel BK, von Meyenfeldt MF, Brummer RJ, Arends JW, Deutz NE, Soeters PB (1993) Glutamine and the preservation of gut integrity. Lancet 341:1363-1365
65. Sedman PC, MacFie J, Palmer MD, Mitchell CJ, Sagar PM (1995) Preoperative total parenteral nutrition is not associated with mucosal atrophy or bacterial translocation in humans. Br J Surg 82:1663-1667
66. van der Hulst RR, von Meyenfeldt MF, Tiebosch A, Buurman WA, Soeters PB (1997) Glutamine and intestinal immune cells in humans. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 21:310-315
67. Buchman AL, Moukarzel AA, Bhuta S, Belle M, Ament ME, Eckhert CD, Hollander D, Gornbein J, Kopple JD, Vijayaroghavan SR (1995) Parenteral nutrition is associated with intestinal morphologic and functional changes in humans. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 19:453-460
68. Tompkins RK, Waisman J, Watt CM, Corlin R, Keith R (1977) Absence of mucosal atrophy in human small intestine after prolonged isolation. Gastroenterology 73:1406-1409
69. Iiboshi Y, Nezu R, Kennedy M, Fujii M, Wasa M, Fukuzawa M, Kamata S, Takagi Y, Okada A (1994) Total parenteral nutrition decreases luminal mucous gel and increases permeability of small intestine. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 18:346-350
70. Illig KA, Ryan CK, Hardy DJ, Rhodes J, Locke W, Sax HC (1992) Total parenteral nutrition-induced changes in gut mucosal function: atrophy alone is not the issue. Surgery 112:631-637
71. Li J, Langkamp-Henken B, Suzuki K, Stahlgren LH (1994) Glutamine prevents parenteral nutrition-induced increases in intestinal permeability. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 18:303-307
72. Helton WS, Jacobs DO, Bonner-Weir S, Bueno R, Smith RJ, Wilmore DW (1990) Effects of glutamine-enriched parenteral nutrition on the exocrine pancreas. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 14:344-352
73. Cochran ST, Pagani JJ, Barbaric ZL (1979) Nephromegaly in hyperalimentation. Radiology 130:603-606
74. Buchman AL, Moukarzel A, Ament ME, Gornbein J, Goodson B, Carlson C, Hawkins RA (1993) Serious renal impairment is associated with long-term parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 17:438-444
75. Graf H, Stummvoll HK, Luger A, Prager R (1983) Effect of amino acid infusion on glomerular filtration rate. N Engl J Med 308:159-160
76. Moukarzel AA, Song MK, Buchman AL, Vargas J, Guss W, McDiarmid S, Reyen L, Ament ME (1992) Excessive chromium intake in children receiving total parenteral nutrition. Lancet 339:385-388
77. Buchman AL, Moukarzel AA, Ament ME (1995) Excessive urinary oxalate excretion occurs in long-term TPN patients both with and without ileostomies. J Am Coll Nutr 14:24-28
78. Klein GL, Targoff CM, Ament ME, Sherrard DJ, Bluestone R, Young JH, Norman AW, Coburn JW (1980) Bone disease associated with total parenteral nutrition. Lancet 2:1041-1044
79. DeFronzo RA, Cooke CR, Andres R, Faloona GR, Davis PJ (1975) The effect of insulin on renal handling of sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate in man. J Clin Invest 55:845-855
80. Bengoa JM, Sitrin MD, Wood RJ, Rosenberg IH (1983) Amino acid-induced hypercalciuria in patients on total parenteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 38:264-269
81. Ott SM, Maloney NA, Klein GL, Alfrey AC, Ament ME, Coburn JW, Sherrard DJ (1983) Aluminum is associated with low bone formation in patients receiving chronic parenteral nutrition. Ann Int Med 98:910-914
82. Hurley DL, McMahon MM (1990) Long-term parenteral nutrition and metabolic bone disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 19:113-131
83. Foldes J, Rimon B, Muggia-Sullam M, Gimmon Z, Leichter I, Steinberg R, Menczel J, Freund HR (1990) Progressive bone loss during long-term home total parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 14:139-142
84. Saitta JC, Ott SM, Sherrard DJ, Walden CE, Lipkin EW (1993) Metabolic bone disease in adults receiving long-term parenteral nutrition: longitudinal study with regional densitometry and bone biopsy. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 17:214-219
85. Chan S, McCowen KC, Bistrian BR, Thibault A, Keane-Ellison M, Forse RA, Babineau T, Burke P (1999) Incidence, prognosis, and etiology of end-stage liver disease in patients receiving home total parenteral nutrition. Surgery 126:28-34
86. Cavicchi M, Crenn P, Beau P, Degott C, Boutron MC, Messing B (1998) Severe liver complications associated with long-term parenteral nutrition are dependent on lipid parenteral input. Transplant Proc 30:2547
87. Sax HC, Talamini MA, Brackett K, Fischer JE (1986) Hepatic steatosis in total parenteral nutrition: failure of fatty infiltration to correlate with abnormal serum hepatic enzyme levels. Surgery 100:697-704
88. Robertson JF, Garden OJ, Shenkin A (1986) Intravenous nutrition and hepatic dysfunction. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 10:172-176
89. Baker AL, Rosenberg IH (1987) Hepatic complications of total parenteral nutrition. Am J Med 82:489-497
90. Halsted CH (2004) Nutrition and alcoholic liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 24:289-304
91. Buchman A (2002) Total parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 26:S43-S48
92. Stanko RT, Nathan G, Mendelow H, Adibi SA (1987) Development of hepatic cholestasis and fibrosis in patients with massive loss of intestine supported by prolonged parenteral nutrition. Gastroenterology 92:197-202
93. Bowyer BA, Fleming CR, Ludwig J, Petz J, McGill DB (1985) Does long-term home parenteral nutrition in adult patients cause chronic liver disease? JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 9:11-17
94. Reif S, Tano M, Oliverio R, Young C, Rossi T (1991) Total parenteral nutrition-induced steatosis: reversal by parenteral lipid infusion. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 15:102-104
95. Meguid MM, Akahoshi MP, Jeffers S, Hayashi RJ, Hammond WG (1984) Amelioration of metabolic complications of conventional total parenteral nutrition. A prospective randomized study. Arch Surg 119:1294-1298
96. Overett TK, Bistrian BR, Lowry SF, Hopkins BS, Miller D, Blackburn GL (1986) Total parenteral nutrition in patients with insulin-requiring diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Nutr 5:79-89
97. McMahon M, Manji N, Driscoll DF, Bistrian BR (1989) Parenteral nutrition in patients with diabetes mellitus: theoretical and practical considerations. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 13:545-553
98. Bowyer BA, Miles JM, Haymond MW, Fleming CR (1988) LCarnitine therapy in home parenteral nutrition patients with abnormal liver tests and low plasma carnitine concentrations. Gastroenterology 94:434-438
99. Buchman AL, Dubin MD, Moukarzel AA, Jenden DJ, Roch M, Rice KM, Gornbein J, Ament ME (1995) Choline deficiency: a cause of hepatic steatosis during parenteral nutrition that can be reversed with intravenous choline supplementation. Hepatology 22:1399-1403
100. Buchman AL (2006) Total parenteral nutrition: challenges and practice in the cirrhotic patient. Transplant Proc 38:1659-1663
101. Lombardi B, Ugazio G, Raick AN (1966) Choline-deficiency fatty liver: relation of plasma phospholipids to liver triglycerides. Am J Physiol 210:31-36
102. Buchman AL, Ament ME, Sohel M, Dubin M, Jenden DJ, Roch M, Pownall H, Farley W, Awal M, Ahn C (2001) Choline deficiency causes reversible hepatic abnormalities in patients receiving parenteral nutrition: proof of a human choline requirement: a placebo-controlled trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 25:260-268
103. Gleghorn EE, Merritt RJ, Subramanian N, Ramos A (1986) Phenobarbital does not prevent total parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in noninfected neonates. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 10:282-283
104. Spurr SG, Grylack LJ, Mehta NR (1989) Hyperalimentation-associated neonatal cholestasis: effect of oral gentamicin. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 13:633-636
105. Spagnuolo MI, Iorio R, Vegnente A, Guarino A (1996) Ursodeoxycholic acid for treatment of cholestasis in children on long-term total parenteral nutrition: a pilot study. Gastroenterology 111:716-719
106. Lindor KD, Burnes J (1991) Ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of home parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis. A case report. Gastroenterology 101:250-253
107. Teitelbaum DH, Han-Markey T, Drongowski RA, Coran AG, Bayar B, Geiger JD, Uitvlugt N, Schork MA (1997) Use of cholecystokinin to prevent the development of parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 21:100-103
108. Quigley EM, Marsh MN, Shaffer JL, Markin RS (1993) Hepatobiliary complications of total parenteral nutrition. Gastroenterology 104:286-301
109. Roslyn JJ, Pitt HA, Mann LL, Ament ME, DenBesten L (1983) Gallbladder disease in patients on long-term parenteral nutrition. Gastroenterology 84:148-154
110. Messing B, Bories C, Kunstlinger F, Bernier JJ (1983) Does total parenteral nutrition induce gallbladder sludge formation and lithiasis? Gastroenterology 84:1012-1019
111. Dawes LG, Muldoon JP, Greiner MA, Bertolotti M (1997) Cholecystokinin increases bile acid synthesis with total parenteral nutrition but does not prevent stone formation. J Surg Res 67:84-89
112. Priori P, Pezzilli R, Panuccio D, Nardi R, Gullo L (1997) Stimulation of gallbladder emptying by intravenous lipids. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 21:350-352