ACG practice guidelines: Esophageal reflux testing

American Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 102, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 668-685

  Hirano, Ikuo ^a   Richter, Joel E ^b   Fass, Ronnie ^c   Baroni, Darren S ^c   Bernstein, David E ^c   Bharucha, Adil E ^c   Brugge, William R ^c   Chang, Lin ^c   Chey, William ^c   Cohen, Matthew E ^c   Cunningham, John T ^c   Edmundowicz, Steven A ^c   Inadomi, John M ^c   Koch, Timothy R ^c   Mutlu, Ece A ^c   Parkman, Henry P ^c   Prather, Charlene ^c   Pratt, Daniel S ^c   Roach, Albert C ^c   Sampliner, Richard E ^c   Sridhar, Subbaramiah ^c   Vakil, Nimish ^c   Valdovinos, Miguel A ^c   Wong, Benjamin C Y ^c   Zfass, Alvin M ^c   more..

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b TEMPLE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACLOFEN; ESOMEPRAZOLE; OMEPRAZOLE; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR;

AMBULATORY MONITORING; ASTHMA; BARRETT ESOPHAGUS; BILE REFLUX; CALIBRATION; CATHETER; CATHETERIZATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; COUGHING; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; DEVICE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG MEGADOSE; DUODENOGASTRIC REFLUX; ELECTRODE; ENDOSCOPY; ESOPHAGITIS; ESOPHAGUS IMPEDANCE TEST; ESOPHAGUS PH; GASTROENTEROLOGICAL PROCEDURES; GASTROENTEROLOGY; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HEARTBURN; HOARSENESS; HUMAN; IMPEDANCE; LARYNGOSCOPY; MANOMETRY; NONHUMAN; PH CAPSULE; PH MEASUREMENT; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SORE THROAT; STOMACH PH; TELEMETRY; THORAX PAIN;

CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY; ELECTRIC IMPEDANCE; ESOPHAGEAL PH MONITORING; ESOPHAGUS; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HUMANS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS;

EID: 33847327394     PISSN: 00029270     EISSN: 15720241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00936.x     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Ergun GA, Kahrilas PJ. Clinical applications of esophageal manometry and pH monitoring. Am J Gastroenterol 1996;91:1077-89.
2. Kahrilas PJ, Quigley EM. Clinical esophageal pH recording: A technical review for practice guideline development. Gastroenterology 1996;110:1982-96.
3. Radaelli F, Strocchi E, Passaretti S, et al. Is esophageal pH monitoring used appropriately in an open-access system? A prospective multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:2115-20.
4. Eckardt VF, Dilling B, Bernhard G. The impact of open access 24-h pH-metry on the diagnosis and management of esophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:616-21.
5. Netzer P, Gut A, Heer R, et al. Five-year audit of ambulatory 24-hour esophageal pH-manometry in clinical practice. Scand J Gastroenterol 1999;34:676-82.
6. Emde C, Garner A, Blum AL. Technical aspects of intraluminal pH-metry in man: Current status and recommendations. Gut 1987;28:1177-88.
7. Pandolfino JE, Richter JE, Ours T, et al. Ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring using a wireless system. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:740-9.
8. Richter JE, Bradley LA, DeMeester TR, et al. Normal 24-hr ambulatory esophageal pH values. Influence of study center, pH electrode, age, and gender. Dig Dis Sci 1992;37:849-56.
9. Fass R. Effect of ambulatory 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring on reflux-provoking activities. Clin Cornerstone 1999;1:1-17.
10. Mearin F, Balboa A, Dot J, et al. How standard is a standard day during a standard ambulatory 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring? Scand J Gastroenterol 1998;33:583-5.
11. Wong WM, Bautista J, Dekel R, et al. Feasibility and tolerability of transnasal/per-oral placement of the wireless pH capsule vs. traditional 24-h oesophageal pH monitoring - a randomized trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005;21:155-63.
12. Pandolfino JE, Bianchi LK, Lee TJ, et al. Esophagogastric junction morphology predicts susceptibility to exercise-induced reflux. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:1430-6.
13. Pandolfino JE, Schreiner MA, Lee TJ, et al. Comparison of the Bravo wireless and Digitrapper catheter-based pH monitoring systems for measuring esophageal acid exposure. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:1466-76.
14. Pandolfino J, Zhang Q, Schreiner M, et al. Acid reflux event detection using the Bravo™ wireless vs the Slimline™ catheter pH systems: Why are the numbers so different? Gut 2005;54:1687-92.
15. des Varannes SB, Mion F, Ducrotte P, et al. Simultaneous recordings of oesophageal acid exposure with conventional pH monitoring and a wireless system (Bravo). Gut 2005;54:1682-6.
16. Ward EM, Devault KR, Bouras EP, et al. Successful oesophageal pH monitoring with a catheter-free system. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;19:449-54.
17. Fajardo NR, Wise JL, Locke GR 3rd, et al. Esophageal perforation after placement of wireless Bravo pH probe. Gastrointest Endosc 2006;63:184-5.
18. Pandolfino JE, Schreiner MA, Lee TJ, et al. Bravo capsule placement in the gastric cardia: A novel method for analysis of proximal stomach acid environment. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:1721-7.
19. Hirano I, Zhang Q, Pandolfino J, et al. Four-day Bravo pH capsule monitoring with and without proton pump inhibitor therapy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;3:1083-8.
20. Tseng D, Rizvi AZ, Fennerty MB, et al. Forty-eight-hour pH monitoring increases sensitivity in detecting abnormal esophageal acid exposure. J Gastrointest Surg 2005;9:1043-51; discussion 1051-2.
21. Remes-Troche JM, Ibarra-Palomino J, Carmona-Sanchez RI, et al. Performance, tolerability, and symptoms related to prolonged pH monitoring using the Bravo system in Mexico. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:2382-6.
22. Ahlawat SK, Novak DJ, Williams DC, et al. Day-to-day variability in acid reflux patterns using the BRAVO pH monitoring system. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006;40:20-4.
23. Bhat YM, McGrath KM, Bielefeldt K. Wireless esophageal pH monitoring: New technique means new questions. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006;40:116-21.
24. Lee YC, Wang HP, Chiu HM, et al. Patients with functional heartburn are more likely to report retrosternal discomfort during wireless pH monitoring. Gastrointest Endosc 2005;62:834-41.
25. Wenner J, Johnsson F, Johansson J, et al. Wireless oesophageal pH monitoring: Feasibility, safety and normal values in healthy subjects. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005;40:768-74.
26. Kahrilas PJ, Lin S, Chen J, et al. The effect of hiatus hernia on gastro-oesophageal junction pressure. Gut 1999;44:476-82.
27. Tharavej C, Hagen JA, Portale G, et al. Bravo capsule induction of esophageal hypercontractility and chest pain. Surg Endosc 2006;20:783-6.
28. Johnsson F, Joelsson B. Reproducibility of ambulatory oesophageal pH monitoring. Gut 1988;29:886-9.
29. Wiener GJ, Morgan TM, Copper JB, et al. Ambulatory 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring. Reproducibility and variability of pH parameters. Dig Dis Sci 1988;33:1127-33.
30. Arora AS, Murray JA. Streamlining 24-hour pH study for GERD: Use of a 3-hour postprandial test. Dig Dis Sci 2003;48:10-5.
31. Prakash C, Clouse RE. Value of extended recording time with wireless pH monitoring in evaluating gastroesophageal reflux disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;3:329-34.
32. Wise JL, Kammer PK, Murray JA. Post-test calibration of single-use, antimony, 24-hour ambulatory esophageal pH probes is necessary. Dig Dis Sci 2004;49:688-92.
33. Aksglaede K, Funch-Jensen P, Thommesen P. Intraesophageal pH probe movement during eating and talking. A videoradiographic study. Acta Radiol 2003;44:131-5.
34. Mones J, Clave P, Mearin F. Esophageal pH monitoring: Are you sure that the electrode is properly placed? Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:975-8.
35. Anggiansah A, Sumboonnanonda K, Wang J, et al. Significantly reduced acid detection at 10 centimeters compared to 5 centimeters above lower esophageal sphincter in patients with acid reflux. Am J Gastroenterol 1993;88:842-6.
36. Fletcher J, Wirz A, Henry E, et al. Studies of acid exposure immediately above the gastro-oesophageal squamocolumnar junction: Evidence of short segment reflux. Gut 2004;53:168-73.
37. Pandolfino J, Lee TJ, Schreiner M, et al. Comparison of esophageal acid exposure at 1 cm and 6 cm above the squamocolumnar junction using the Bravo pH monitoring system. Dis Esophagus 2006;19:177-82.
38. DeVault KR, Castell DO. Updated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. The Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:1434-42.
39. Charbel S, Khandwala F, Vaezi MF. The role of esophageal pH monitoring in symptomatic patients on PPI therapy. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:283-9.
40. Milkes D, Gerson LB, Triadafilopoulos G. Complete elimination of reflux symptoms does not guarantee normalization of intraesophageal and intragastric pH in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:991-6.
41. Kuo B, Castell DO. Optimal dosing of omeprazole 40 mg daily: Effects on gastric and esophageal pH and serum gastrin in healthy controls. Am J Gastroenterol 1996;91:1532-8.
42. Wiener GJ, Richter JE, Copper JB, et al. The symptom index: A clinically important parameter of ambulatory 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring. Am J Gastroenterol 1988;83:358-61.
43. Singh S, Richter JE, Bradley LA, et al. The symptom index. Differential usefulness in suspected acid-related complaints of heartburn and chest pain. Dig Dis Sci 1993;38:1402-8.
44. Breumelhof R, Smout AJ. The symptom sensitivity index: A valuable additional parameter in 24-hour esophageal pH recording. Am J Gastroenterol 1991;86:160-4.
45. Weusten BL, Roelofs JM, Akkermans LM, et al. The symptom-association probability: An improved method for symptom analysis of 24-hour esophageal pH data. Gastroenterology 1994;107:1741-5.
46. Watson RG, Tham TC, Johnston BT, et al. Double blind cross-over placebo controlled study of omeprazole in the treatment of patients with reflux symptoms and physiological levels of acid reflux - the "sensitive oesophagus." Gut 1997;40:587-90.
47. Shi G, Bruley des Varannes S, Scarpignato C, et al. Reflux related symptoms in patients with normal oesophageal exposure to acid. Gut 1995;37:457-64.
48. Taghavi SA, Ghasedi M, Saberi-Firoozi M, et al. Symptom association probability and symptom sensitivity index: Preferable but still suboptimal predictors of response to high dose omeprazole. Gut 2005;54:1067-71.
49. Dinelli M, Passaretti S, Di Francia I, et al. Area under pH 4: A more sensitive parameter for the quantitative analysis of esophageal acid exposure in adults. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:3139-44.
50. Rebecchi F, Di FI, Giaccone C, et al. Improving the analysis of esophageal acid exposure by a new parameter: Area under H+. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:568-74.
51. Gardner JD, Rodriguez-Stanley S, Robinson M. Integrated acidity and the pathophysiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:1363-70.
52. Katz PO. Lessons learned from intragastric pH monitoring. J Clin Gastroenterol 2001;33:107-13.
53. Bell NJ, Burget D, Howden CW, et al. Appropriate acid suppression for the management of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Digestion 1992;51(suppl 1):59-67.
54. Katz PO, Anderson C, KhouryR, et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux associated with nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough on proton pump inhibitors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1998;12:1231-4.
55. Peghini PL, Katz PO, Bracy NA, et al. Nocturnal recovery of gastric acid secretion with twice-daily dosing of proton pump inhibitors. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:763-7.
56. Fackler WK, Ours TM, Vaezi MF, et al. Long-term effect of H2RA therapy on nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough. Gastroenterology 2002;122:625-32.
57. Katsube T, Adachi K, Kawamura A, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection influences nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000;14:1049-56.
58. Sugimoto M, Furuta T, Shirai N, et al. Comparison of an increased dosage regimen of rabeprazole versus a concomitant dosage regimen of famotidine with rabeprazole for nocturnal gastric acid inhibition in relation to cytochrome P450 2C19 genotypes. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005;77:302-11.
59. Fiorucci S, Santucci L, Chiucchiu S, et al. Gastric acidity and gastroesophageal reflux patterns in patients with esophagitis. Gastroenterology 1992;103:855-61.
60. Ours TM, Fackler WK, Richter JE, et al. Nocturnal acid breakthrough: Clinical significance and correlation with esophageal acid exposure. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:545-50.
61. Hicks DM, Ours TM, Abelson TI, et al. The prevalence of hypopharynx findings associated with gastroesophageal reflux in normal volunteers. J Voice 2002;16:564-79.
62. Orr WC, Harnish MJ. The efficacy of omeprazole twice daily with supplemental H2 blockade at bedtime in the suppression of nocturnal oesophageal and gastric acidity. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;17:1553-8.
63. Fouad YM, Katz PO, Castell DO. Oesophageal motility defects associated with nocturnal gastro-oesophageal reflux on proton pump inhibitors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999;13:1467-71.
64. Katz PO, Hatlebakk JG, Castell DO. Gastric acidity and acid breakthrough with twice-daily omeprazole or lansoprazole. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000;14:709-14.
65. Sifrim D. Relevance of volume and proximal extent of reflux in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Gut 2005;54:175-8.
66. McCollough M, Jabbar A, Cacchione R, et al. Proximal sensor data from routine dual-sensor esophageal pH monitoring is often inaccurate. Dig Dis Sci 2004;49:1607-11.
67. Weusten BL, Akkermans LM, vanBerge-Henegouwen GP, et al. Spatiotemporal characteristics of physiological gastroesophageal reflux. Am J Physiol 1994;266:G357-62.
68. Wiener GJ, Koufman JA, Wu WC, et al. Chronic hoarseness secondary to gastroesophageal reflux disease: Documentation with 24-h ambulatory pH monitoring. Am J Gastroenterol 1989;84:1503-8.
69. Williams RB, Ali GN, Wallace KL, et al. Esophagopharyngeal acid regurgitation: Dual pH monitoring criteria for its detection and insights into mechanisms. Gastroenterology 1999;117:1051-61.
70. Wo JM, Jabbar A, Winstead W, et al. Hypopharyngeal pH monitoring artifact in detection of laryngopharyngeal reflux. Dig Dis Sci 2002;47:2579-85.
71. Vaezi MF, Schroeder PL, Richter JE. Reproducibility of proximal probe pH parameters in 24-hour ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92:825-9.
72. Bove M, Ruth M, Cange L, et al. 24-h pharyngeal pH monitoring in healthy volunteers: A normative study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2000;35:234-41.
73. Koufman JA. The otolaryngologic manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): A clinical investigation of 225 patients using ambulatory 24-hour pH monitoring and an experimental investigation of the role of acid and pepsin in the development of laryngeal injury. Laryngoscope 1991;101:1-78.
74. Dobhan R, Castell DO. Normal and abnormal proximal esophageal acid exposure: Results of ambulatory dual-probe pH monitoring. 1993;88:25-9.
75. Cool M, Poelmans J, Feenstra L, et al. Characteristics and clinical relevance of proximal esophageal pH monitoring. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:2317-23.
76. Koufman JA, Amin MR, Panetti M. Prevalence of reflux in 113 consecutive patients with laryngeal and voice disorders. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;123:385-8.
77. Singh S, Bradley LA, Richter JE. Determinants of oesophageal 'alkaline' pH environment in controls and patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Gut 1993;34:309-16.
78. Bechi P, Pucciani F, Baldini F, et al. Long-term ambulatory enterogastric reflux monitoring. Validation of a new fiberoptic technique. Dig Dis Sci 1993;38:1297-306.
79. Vaezi MF, Singh S, Richter JE. Role of acid and duodenogastric reflux in esophageal mucosal injury: A review of animal and human studies. Gastroenterology 1995;108:1897-907.
80. Vaezi MF, Richter JE. Role of acid and duodenogastroesophageal reflux in gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology 1996;111:1192-9.
81. Marshall RE, Anggiansah A, Owen WA, et al. The relationship between acid and bile reflux and symptoms in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Gut 1997;40:182-7.
82. Champion G, Richter JE, Vaezi MF, et al. Duodenogastroesophageal reflux: Relationship to pH and importance in Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology 1994;107:747-54.
83. Marshall RE, Anggiansah A, Manifold DK, et al. Effect of omeprazole 20 mg twice daily on duodenogastric and gastro-oesophageal bile reflux in Barrett's oesophagus. Gut 1998;43:603-6.
84. Netzer P, Gut A, Brundler R, et al. Influence of pantoprazole on oesophageal motility, and bile and acid reflux in patients with oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001;15:1375-84.
85. Tack J, Koek G, Demedts I, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease poorly responsive to single-dose proton pump inhibitors in patients without Barrett's esophagus: Acid reflux, bile reflux, or both? Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:981-8.
86. Koek GH, Sifrim D, Lerut T, et al. Effect of the GABA(B) agonist baclofen in patients with symptoms and duodenogastrooesophageal reflux refractory to proton pump inhibitors. Gut 2003;52:1397-402.
87. Shay S. Esophageal impedance monitoring: The ups and downs of a new test. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:1020-2.
88. Shay SS, Bomeli S, Richter J. Multichannel intraluminal impedance accurately detects fasting, recumbent reflux events and their clearing. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002;283:G376-83.
89. Shay S, Tutuian R, Sifrim D, et al. Twenty-four hour ambulatory simultaneous impedance and pH monitoring: A multicenter report of normal values from 60 healthy volunteers. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:1037-43.
90. Vela MF, Camacho-Lobato L, Srinivasan R, et al. Simultaneous intraesophageal impedance and pH measurement of acid and nonacid gastroesophageal reflux: Effect of omeprazole. Gastroenterology 2001;120:1599-606.
91. Sifrim D, Castell D, Dent J, et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux monitoring: Review and consensus report on detection and definitions of acid, non-acid, and gas reflux. Gut 2004;53:1024-31.
92. Bredenoord AJ, Weusten BL, Curvers WL, et al. Determinants of perception of heartburn and regurgitation. Gut 2006;55:313-8.
93. Zerbib F, Bruley des Barannes S, Roman S, et al. 24 hour ambulatory esophageal multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH in healthy European subjects. Gastroenterology 2005;128:A396.
94. Sifrim D, Holloway R, Silny J, et al. Acid, nonacid, and gas reflux in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease during ambulatory 24-hour pH-impedance recordings. Gastroenterology 2001;120:1588-98.
95. Bredenoord AJ, Weusten BL, Timmer R, et al. Addition of esophageal impedance monitoring to pH monitoring increases the yield of symptom association analysis in patients off PPI therapy. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:453-9.
96. Mainie I, Tutuian R, Shay S, et al. Acid and non-acid reflux in patients with persistent symptoms despite acid suppressive therapy. A multicentre study using combined ambulatory impedance-pH monitoring. Gut 2006;55:1398-402.
97. Zerbib F, Roman S, Ropert A, et al. Esophageal pH-impedance monitoring and symptom analysis in GERD. A study in patients off and on therapy. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:1956-63.
98. Lundell LR, Dent J, Bennett JR, et al. Endoscopic assessment of oesophagitis: Clinical and functional correlates and further validation of the Los Angeles classification. Gut 1999;45:172-80.
99. Johansson KE, Ask P, Boeryd B, et al. Oesophagitis, signs of reflux, and gastric acid secretion in patients with symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1986;21:837-47.
100. Robertson D, Aldersley M, Shepherd H, et al. Patterns of acid reflux in complicated oesophagitis. Gut 1987;28:1484-8.
101. Saraswat VA, Dhiman RK, Mishra A, et al. Correlation of 24-hr esophageal pH patterns with clinical features and endoscopy in gastroesophageal reflux disease. Dig Dis Sci 1994;39:199-205.
102. Masclee AA, de Best AC, de Graaf R, et al. Ambulatory 24-hour pH-metry in the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Determination of criteria and relation to endoscopy. Scand J Gastroenterol 1990;25:225-30.
103. Martinez SD, Malagon IB, Garewal HS, et al. Non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) - acid reflux and symptom patterns. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;17:537-45.
104. Oberg S, DeMeester TR, Peters JH, et al. The extent of Barrett's esophagus depends on the status of the lower esophageal sphincter and the degree of esophageal acid exposure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;117:572-80.
105. Fass R, Hell RW, Garewal HS, et al. Correlation of oesophageal acid exposure with Barrett's oesophagus length. Gut 2001;48:310-3.
106. Katzka DA, Castell DO. Successful elimination of reflux symptoms does not insure adequate control of acid reflux in patients with Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:989-91.
107. Gerson LB, Boparai V, Ullah N, et al. Oesophageal and gastric pH profiles in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and Barrett's oesophagus treated with proton pump inhibitors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;20:637-43.
108. Ouatu-Lascar R, Triadafilopoulos G. Complete elimination of reflux symptoms does not guarantee normalization of intraesophageal acid reflux in patients with Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:711-6.
109. Yeh RW, Gerson LB, Triadafilopoulos G. Efficacy of esomeprazole in controlling reflux symptoms, intraesophageal, and intragastric pH in patients with Barrett's esophagus. Dis Esophagus 2003;16:193-8.
110. Fass R. Empirical trials in treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Dig Dis 2000;18:20-6.
111. Srinivasan R, Katz PO, Ramakrishnan A, et al. Maximal acid reflux control for Barrett's oesophagus: Feasible and effective. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001;15:519-24.
112. Robinson M, Maton PN, Allen ML, et al. Effect of different doses of omeprazole on 24-hour oesophageal acid exposure in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1991;5:645-51.
113. Robinson M, Maton PN, Rodriguez S, et al. Effects of oral rabeprazole on oesophageal and gastric pH in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997;11:973-80.
114. Holloway RH, Dent J, Narielvala F, et al. Relation between oesophageal acid exposure and healing of oesophagitis with omeprazole in patients with severe reflux oesophagitis. Gut 1996;38:649-54.
115. Frazzoni M, De Micheli E, Grisendi A, et al. Lansoprazole vs. omeprazole for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: A pH-metric comparison. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002;16:35-9.
116. Katzka DA, Paoletti V, Leite L, et al. Prolonged ambulatory pH monitoring in patients with persistent gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms: Testing while on therapy identifies the need for more aggressive anti-reflux therapy. Am J Gastroenterol 1996;91:2110-3.
117. Tack J, Janssen P. The esophagus and non-cardiac chest pain. In: Castell DO, Richter JE, eds. The esophagus, 4th Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2004:634-47.
118. Fass R, Fennerty MB, Ofman JJ, et al. The clinical and economic value of a short course of omeprazole in patients with noncardiac chest pain. Gastroenterology 1998;115:42-9.
119. Ofman JJ, Gralnek IM, Udani J, et al. The cost-effectiveness of the omeprazole test in patients with noncardiac chest pain. Am J Med 1999;107:219-27.
120. Cremonini F, Wise J, Moayyedi P, et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic use of proton pump inhibitors in noncardiac chest pain: A metaanalysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:1226-32.
121. Vaezi MF, Hicks DM, Abelson TI, et al. Laryngeal signs and symptoms and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): A critical assessment of cause and effect association. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003;1:333-44.
122. Ahmed T, Vaezi MF. The role of pH monitoring in extraesophageal gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2005;15:319-31.
123. Vaezi MF, Richter JE, Stasney CR. Treatment of chronic posterior laryngitis with esomeprazole. Laryngoscope 2006;116:254-60.
124. Noordzij JP, Khidr A, Desper E, et al. Correlation of pH probe-measured laryngopharyngeal reflux with symptoms and signs of reflux laryngitis. Laryngoscope 2002;112:2192-5.
125. Eubanks TR, Omelanczuk PE, Maronian N, et al. Pharyngeal pH monitoring in 222 patients with suspected laryngeal reflux. J Gastrointest Surg 2001;5:183-90; discussion 190-1.
126. Maldonado A, Diederich L, Castell DO, et al. Laryngopharyngeal reflux identified using a newcatheter design: Defining normal values and excluding artifacts. Laryngoscope 2003;113:349-55.
127. Shaker R, Milbrath M, Ren J, et al. Esophagopharyngeal distribution of refluxed gastric acid in patients with reflux laryngitis. 1995;109:1575-82.
128. Shaker R, Bardan E, Gu C, et al. Intrapharyngeal distribution of gastric acid refluxate. Laryngoscope 2003;113:1182-91.
129. Ulualp SO, Toohill RJ, Shaker R. Outcomes of acid suppressive therapy in patients with posterior laryngitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001;124:16-22.
130. Sifrim D, Dupont L, Blondeau K, et al. Weakly acidic reflux in patients with chronic unexplained cough during 24 hour pressure, pH, and impedance monitoring. Gut 2005;54:449-54.
131. Harding SM, Sontag SJ. Asthma and gastroesophageal reflux. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:S23-32.
132. Harding SM, Guzzo MR, Richter JE. The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in asthma patients without reflux symptoms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162:34-9.
133. Kiljander TO, Salomaa ER, Hietanen EK, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux in asthmatics: A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study with omeprazole. Chest 1999;116:1257-64.
134. Harding SM, Richter JE, Guzzo MR, et al. Asthma and gastroesophageal reflux: Acid suppressive therapy improves asthma outcome. Am J Med 1996;100:395-405.
135. O'Connor JF, Singer ME, Richter JE. The cost-effectiveness of strategies to assess gastroesophageal reflux as an exacerbating factor in asthma. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:1472-80.