Mechanical properties of ZnO nanowires

Sensors and Actuators, A: Physical

Volumn 134, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 169-176

  Desai, A V ^a   Haque, M A ^a  

^a The Pennsylvania State University   (United States)

Author keywords

Mechanical properties; MEMS; Nanowires; Size effects; ZnO

Indexed keywords

ACTUATORS; MICROELECTROMECHANICAL DEVICES; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; SENSORS; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; ZINC OXIDE;

FRACTURE STRAIN; SIZE EFFECTS; SLENDER COLUMNS;

NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS;

EID: 33847308653     PISSN: 09244247     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2006.04.046     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Xia Y., Yang P., Sun Y., Wu Y., Mayers B., Gates B., Yin Y., Kim F., and Yan H. One-dimensional nanostructures: synthesis, characterization, and applications. Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 353-389
2. Goldberger J., He R., Zhang Y., Lee S., Yan H., Choi H.-J., and Yang P. Single-crystal gallium nitride nanotubes. Nature 422 (2003) 599-602
3. Lee S.-K., Choi H.-J., Pauzauskie P., Yang P., Cho N.-K., Park H.-D., Suh E.-K., Lim K.-Y., and Lee H.-J. Gallium nitride nanowires with a metal initiated metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) approach. Phys. Status Solidi C: Conf. 1 (2004) 2775-2778
4. Wang Z.L., Gao R.P., Poncharal P., de Heer W.A., Dai Z.R., and Pan Z.W. Mechanical and electrostatic properties of carbon nanotubes and nanowires. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 16 (2001) 3-10
5. Wang Z.L. Nanostructures of ZnO. Mater. Today 7 (2004) 26-33
6. Ozgur U., Alivov Y.I., Liu C., Teke A., Reshchikov M.A., Dogan S., Avrutin V., Cho S.-J., and Morko H. A comprehensive review of ZnO materials and devices. J. Appl. Phys. 98 (2005) 041301
7. Karpina V.A., Lazorenko V.I., Lashkarev C.V., Dobrowolski V.D., Kopylova L.I., Baturin V.A., Pustovoytov S.A., Karpenko A.J., Eremin S.A., Lytvyn P.M., Ovsyannikov V.P., and Mazurenko E.A. ZnO-analogue of GaN with new perspective possibilities. Cryst. Res. Technol. 39 (2004) 980-992
8. Lu J.G., Fan Z., Chang P.-C., and Wang D. Electrical and optical properties of ZnO nanowires. Proceedings of the Smart Materials III. 13-15 December 2004, Sydney, Australia (2005)
9. Wang Z.L. ZnO nanostructures: growth, properties and applications. J. Phys. Condens. Mat. 16 (2004) 829-858
10. Mukhopadhyay A.K., Chaudhuri M.R., Seal A., Dalui S.K., Banerjee M., and Phani K.K. Mechanical characterization of microwave sintered ZnO. Bull. Mater. Sci. 24 (2001) 125-128
11. Gadzhiev G.G. The thermal and elastic properties of ZnO-based ceramics at high temperatures. Teplofizika Vysokikh Temperatur 41 (2003) 877-882
12. Tljhen W., Tamagawa T., Ye C.-P., Hsueh C.-C., Schiller P., and Polla D.L. Properties of piezoelectric thin films for micromechanical devices and systems. Proceedings of the IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, MEMS '91. January 30-February 2 1991, Nara, Japan (1991)
13. Zhang Y., Wang Z., Cheeke J.D.N., and Hickernell F.S. Direct characterization of ZnO films in composite resonators by the resonance spectrum method. Proceedings of the IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. 17-20 October 1999, Caesars Tahoe, NV, USA (1999)
14. Verardi P., and Dinescu M. Characteristics of ZnO thin film transducers deposited by pulsed laser deposition. Proceedings of the IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, Part 2 (of 2). 7-10 November 1995, Seattle, WA, USA (1995)
15. Kadota M., Miura T., and Minakata M. Piezoelectric and optical properties of ZnO films deposited by an electron-cyclotron-resonance sputtering system. J. Cryst. Growth 237-239 (2002) 523-527
16. Bai X.D., Gao P.X., Wang Z.L., and Wang E.G. Dual-mode mechanical resonance of individual ZnO nanobelts. Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 (2003) 4806-4808
17. Song J., Wang X., Riedo E., and Wang Z.L. Elastic property of vertically aligned nanowires. Nano Lett. 5 (2005) 1954-1958
18. Zhao M.H., Wang Z.L., and Mao S.X. Piezoelectric characterization of individual ZnO nanobelt probed by piezoresponse force microscope. Nano Lett. 4 (2004) 587-590
19. Chen C.Q., Shi Y., Zhang Y.S., Zhu J., and Yan Y.J. Size dependence of Young's modulus in ZnO nanowires. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 (2006) 075505
20. Huang Y., Bai X., and Zhang Y. In situ mechanical properties of individual ZnO nanowires and the mass measurement of nanoparticles. J. Phys. Condens. Mat. 18 (2006) 179-184
21. Tao N.J., He H.X., Shu C., and Li C.Z. Adsorbate effect on the mechanical stability of atomically thin metallic wires. J. Electroanal. Chem. 522 (2002) 26-32
22. Rodrigues V., Bettini J., Silva P.C., and Ugarte D. Evidence for spontaneous spin-polarized transport in magnetic nanowires. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (2003) 96801-97801
23. Weiss G., and Brouer S. Influence of strain on conductance fluctuations in Bi-nanowires. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Low Temperature Physics (LT-22), vol. 284 (III). 4-11 August 1999. Phys. B: Condens. Mat. (2000) 1736-1737
24. Salvetat J.-P., Kulik A.J., Bonard J.-M., Briggs G.A.D., Stockli T., Metenier K., Bonnamy S., Beguin F., Burnham N.A., and Forro L. Elastic modulus of ordered and disordered multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Adv. Mater. 11 (1999) 161-165
25. Wu B., Heidelberg A., and Boland J.J. Mechanical properties of ultrahigh-strength gold nanowires. Nat. Mater. 4 (2005) 525-529
26. Shanmugham S., Jeong J., Alkhateeb A., and Aston D.E. Polymer nanowire elastic moduli measured with digital pulsed force mode AFM. Langmuir 21 (2005) 10214-10218
27. Wong E.W., Sheehan P.E., and Lieber C.M. Nanobeam mechanics: elasticity, strength, and toughness of nanorods and nanotubes. Science 277 (1997) 1971-1975
28. Yu M.-F., Lourie O., Dyer M.J., Moloni K., Kelly T.F., and Ruoff R.S. Strength and breaking mechanism of multiwalled carbon nanotubes under tensile load. Science 287 (2000) 637-640
29. Erts D., Lohmus A., Lohmus R., Olin H., Pokropivny A.V., Ryen L., and Svensson K. Force interactions and adhesion of gold contacts using a combined atomic force microscope and transmission electron microscope. Appl. Surf. Sci. 188 (2002) 460-466
30. Feng G., Yong Y., Lee C.J., Cho K., and Nix W.D. Mechanical properties of GaN and ZnO nanowires using nanoindentation. JOM 56 (2004) 35
31. Fang T.-H., and Chang W.-J. Nanolithography and nanoindentation of tantalum-oxide nanowires and nanodots using scanning probe microscopy. Phys. B: Condens. Mat. 352 (2004) 190-199
32. Bansal S., Toimil-Molares E., Saxena A., and Tummala R.R. Nanoindentation of single crystal and polycrystalline copper nanowires. Proceedings of the 55th Electronic Components and Technology Conference, ECTC. 31 May-4 June 2005, Lake Buena Vista, FL, United States (2005)
33. Li X., Nardi P., Back C.-W., Kim J.-M., and Kim Y.-K. Direct nanomechanical machining of gold nanowires using a nanoindenter and an atomic force microscope. J. Micromech. Microeng. 15 (2005) 551-556
34. Mao X.S., Zhao M., Jiang C.B., and Li S. Nanomechanical behaviour of piezoelectric nanowire. JOM 56 (2004) 261
35. Qi H.J., Teo K.B.K., Lau K.K.S., Boyce M.C., Milne W.I., Robertson J., and Gleason K.K. Determination of mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes and vertically aligned carbon nanotube forests using nanoindentation. Proceedings of a Symposium on Dynamic Failure and Thin Film. 16 January 2003, Pasadena, United States (2003)
36. Fischer-Cripps A.C. Review of analysis methods for sub-micron indentation testing. Vacuum 58 (2000) 569-585
37. Poncharal P., Wang Z.L., Ugarte D., and de Heer W.A. Electrostatic deflections and electromechanical resonances of carbon nanotubes. Science 283 (1999) 1513-1516
38. Demczyk B.G., Wang Y.M., Cumings J., Hetman M., Han W., Zettl A., and Ritchie R.O. Direct mechanical measurement of the tensile strength and elastic modulus of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 334 (2002) 173-178
39. Lu S., Chung J., Dikin D., Lee J., and Ruoff R.S. An integrated MEMS system for in situ mechanical testing of nanostructures. Proceedings of the 3rd ASME Integrated Nanosystems Conference-Design, Synthesis, and Applications. 22-24 September 2004, Pasadena, CA, United States (2004)
40. Zhu Y., and Espinosa H.D. An electromechanical material testing system for in situ electron microscopy and applications. PNAS 102 (2005) 14503-14508
41. Samuel B.A., Desai A.V., and Haque M.A. Design and modeling of a MEMS pico-Newton loading/sensing device. Sens. Actuators A: Phys. 127 (2006) 155-162
42. Desai A.V., Haque M.A., and Eklund P.C. MEMS test-bed for electromechanical testing of nanowires and nanotubes. Proceedings of the ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. Orlando, Florida (2005)
43. A.V. Desai, M.A. Haque, Test-bed for mechanical characterization of nanowires, J. Nanoeng. Nanosyst., in press.
44. Kulkarni A.J., Zhou M., and Ke F.J. Orientation and size dependence of the elastic properties of ZnO nanobelts. Nanotechnology 16 (2005) 2749-2756
45. Wu H.A. Molecular dynamics study on mechanics of metal nanowire. Mech. Res. Commun. 33 (2006) 9-16
46. Schröer P., Krüger P., and Pollmann J. Self-consistent electronic-structure calculations of the (101 over(0, ̄)) surfaces of the wurtzite. Phys. Rev. B (Condens. Mat. Mater. Phys.) 49 (1994) 17092-17101
47. Jaffe J.E., Harrison N.M., and Hess A.C. Ab initio study of ZnO (101 over(0, ̄)) surface relaxation. Phys. Rev. B (Condens. Mat. Mater. Phys.) 49 (1994) 11153-11158
48. Meyer B., and Marx D. Density-functional study of the structure and stability of ZnO surfaces. Phys. Rev. B (Condens. Mat. Mater. Phys.) 67 (2003) 035403
49. Sun C.Q., Zhou J., Tay B.K., Zeng X.T., Li S., Chen T.P., Bai H.L., and Jiang E.Y. Bond-order-bond-length-bond-strength (bond-OLS) correlation mechanism for the shape-and-size dependence of a nanosolid. J. Phys. Condens. Mat. 14 (2002) 7781-7795
50. Wang Z.L. Nanobelts, nanowires, and nanodiskettes of semiconducting oxides-from materials to nanodevices. Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 432-436
51. Kobiakov I.B. Elastic, piezoelectric and dielectric properties of ZnO and CdS single crystals in a wide range of temperatures. Solid State Commun. 35 (1980) 305-310
52. Zhou L.G., and Huang H. Are surfaces elastically softer or stiffer?. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84 (2004) 1940-1942
53. Miller R.E., and Shenoy V.B. Size-dependent elastic properties of nanosized structural elements. Nanotechnology 11 (2000) 139-147