Union citizenship and access to social benefits

Common Market Law Review

Volumn 42, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 1245-1267

  Hailbronner, Kay ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KONSTANZ   (Germany)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 33847291604     PISSN: 01650750     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (75)

1. Students Directive 1993/96; Retired Persons Directive 90/365; Directive 90/364, concerning other Persons, who may support themselves ("Playboy Directive"); see Randelzhofer and Forsthoff, in Grabitz and Hilf (Eds.), Das Recht der Europäischen Union (Beck, looseleaf), Art. 39, No. 49.
2. Regulation No 1612/68 on freedom of movement for workers within the Community, O.J. 1968, L 257.
3. See e.g. Case 207/78, Even, [1979] ECR 2019, at para 22.
4. The concept was applied in, e.g., Case C-237/94, O'Flynn, [1996] ECR 1-2617.
5. See in general Barnard, The substantive law of the EU(OUP, 2004), p. 236 et seq.
6. See O'Flynn, supra note 4.
7. Case 197/86, Brown, [1988] ECR 3205.
8. Case 316/85, Lebon, [1987] ECR 2811.
9. Case C-85/96, Maria Martinez Sala, [1998] ECR I-2691.
10. See Tomuschat, annotation of Sala in 37 CML Rev. (2003), 449, 455.
11. See e.g. Iliopoulou and Toner, 39 CML Rev., 609, 616; Scheuing, (2003) EuR, 744, 785.
12. Case C-184/99, Grzelczyk, [2001] ECR I-6193.
13. Case C-209/03, Bidar v. London Borough of Ealing, judgment of 15 March 2005, nyr.
14. Case C-456/02, C-456/02, Trojani v. Centre Public D'Aide Sociale de Bruxelles, judgment of 7 Sept. 2004, nyr.
15. Case C-138/02, Collins v. Secretary of State for Work and Pensions, judgment of 23 March 2004, nyr.
16. At para 63.
17. See Grzelczyk, cited supra note 11 at para 31.
18. Bidar, cited supra note 12 at para 42.
19. Cited supra note 14 at para 62.
20. At para 33.
21. For a detailed analysis see Bode, Europarechtliche Gleichbehandlungsansprüche Studierender und ihre Auswirkungen in den Mitgliedstaaten (Nomos, 2005), p. 326 et seq.;
22. see also Kanitz and Steinberg, "Grenzenloses Gemeinschaftsrecht? Die Rechtsprechung des EuGH zu Grundfreiheiten, Unionsbürgerschaft und Grundrechten als Kompetenzproblem", (2003) EuR, 1013, 1032;
23. Sander, "Die Unionsbürgerschaft als Türöffner zu mitgliedstaatlichen Sozialversicherungssystemen?" (2005) DVBL, 1014 et seq.
24. Supra note 6, at para 18.
25. At para 35.
26. Trojani, cited supra note 13.
27. Ibid, at para 30.
28. Ibid, at para 40.
29. Ibid, at para 43.
30. For a criticism of the methodology of the Court see Hailbronner, "Die Unionsbürger-schaft und das Ende rationaler Jurisprudenz durch den EuGH?", (2004) NJW, 2189 et seq.;
31. Niemann, "Von der Unionsbügerschaft zur Sozialunion?", (2004) EuR, 946;
32. D. Martin, "Comments on Mazzoleni and Grzelczyk" (2002) European Journal of Migration and Law, 9 et seq.;
33. see Bode, case note on Bidar, (2005) EuZW, 279;
34. Sander, supra note 20, 1014, 1016 et seq.
35. Cited supra note 1.
36. See e.g. Badura, Staatsrecht, 3rd ed., at p. 319; Grabitz, "Der Grundsatz der Verhältnismäßigkeit in der Rechtsprechung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts", 98 AöR (1973), 568.
37. See Wollenschläger, case note on Trojani, (2005) EuZW, 309, 311; further references at 311.
38. Sala, supra note 8, at para 63.
39. See para 44.
40. At para 39.
41. In Grzelczyk, the Belgian minimex was clearly not a "social security benefit"; the Court, however, did repeat in Bidar the same statement referring also to social security benefits.
42. See also Dougan, "Fees, grants, loans and dole cheques: Who covers the costs of migrant education within the EU?" 42 CML Rev., 17.
43. Bidar, cited supra note 12, at para 44.
44. Ibid, at para 45.
45. See Bode, op. cit. supra note 27, 2005, 279, 281.
46. At para 43; see also Bode, at 281 ("nahezu abenteuerlich erscheint die Argumentation des EuGH").
47. Collins, cited supra note 14, at para 69.
48. Bidar at para 57.
49. Bidar at para 56 relying upon Grzelczyk, op. cit. para 44.
50. See for an extensive discussion Dougan, op. cit. supra note 35.
51. See Scheuing, "Freizügigkeit als Unions bürgerrecht", (2003) EuR, 744, 785;
52. Borchardt, "Der sozialrechtliche Gehalt der Unionsbü rgerschaft", (2000), NJW, 2057.
53. For an extensive debate on the basis of the Court's reasonable burden principle see Dougan op. cit. supra note 35.
54. Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and the Council on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States, O.J. 2004, 158/77 (Corrigendum, in the English version erroneously labelled Directive 2004/58, in O.J. 2004, L 299/35.)
55. See Art. 4 of the Directive.
56. See Art. 7(3)(a), (d).
57. See Art. 16(2).
58. See Art. 17.
59. Art. 24(2), 1st sentence.
60. Art. 14(3).
61. Art. 24(2).
62. For a discussion of access of students to social benefits see Dougan op. cit. supra note 35.
63. Golynker, "Jobseekers' rights in the European Union: Challenges of changing the paradigm of social solidarity", 30 EL Rev. (2005), 111 et seq.;
64. see also Niemann, op. cit. supra note 27.
65. Tomuschat, op. cit. supra note 9, 454.
66. See Sinn, "Europe faces a Rise in Welfare-Migration", Financial Times, 13 July 2004, p. 13;
67. see also lfo Institute of Economic Research, University of Munich, "IFO Viewpoint" of 20 July 2004, No. 54.
68. See Giddens, Beyond Left and Right (Stanford, 1994), p. 136 et seq.:
69. see also Eichenhofer and Abig, Zugang zu steuerfinanzierten Sozialleistungen nach dem Staatsangehörigkeitsprinzip? (LIT Münster, 2004), p. 37.
70. For a restricted right of social welfare in the German Reich of 1871 on the basis of the responsibility of the state of local origin see Tomuschat, op. cit. supra note 9 at 455; in Switzerland, Kantons not having a university have to pay for the students studying in other Kantons.
71. See Dougan op. cit. supra note 35.
72. Sinn, "EU Enlargement, Migration and the new Constitution", in 50 CES IFO Economic Studies (2004), 685 et seq.
73. Eichenhofer and Abig, op. cit. supra note 58, p. 37 et seq.
74. Judgment of 16 Sept. 1996, Gaygusuz v. Austria (for unemployment benefits).
75. See Langenfeld, "Erweiterung ad infinitum - zur Finalität der Europäischen Union", (2005) Zeitschrift für Rechtspolitik, 73.