Stand structure and development of an insect-mediated boreal forest landscape

Forest Ecology and Management

Volumn 241, Issue 1-3, 2007, Pages 101-114

  McCarthy, John W ^a   Weetman, Gordon ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Balsam fir; Chronosequence; Hemlock looper; Insect herbivory; Newfoundland; Spruce budworm

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY;

CHRONOSEQUENCE; HEMLOCK LOOPER; INSECT HERBIVORY;

FORESTRY;

BOREAL FOREST; CHRONOSEQUENCE; CONIFEROUS TREE; DENSITY DEPENDENCE; HARVESTING; HERBIVORY; INSECT; MORTALITY; SELF THINNING; STAND STRUCTURE;

ABIES AMABILIS; GROWTH; INSECTS; NEWFOUNDLAND; SPRUCE BUDWORM;

CANADA; NEWFOUNDLAND; NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR; NORTH AMERICA;

ABIES; ABIES BALSAMEA; CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA; CONIUM; HEXAPODA; LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA; PICEA; PICEA MARIANA;

EID: 33847280367     PISSN: 03781127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.12.030     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Bailey R.L., and Dell T.R. Quantifying diameter distributions with the Weibull function. For. Sci. 19 (1973) 97-104
2. Banfield C.E. Climate. In: South G.R. (Ed). Biogeography and Ecology of the Island of Newfoundland. Monographiae Biologicae vol. 48 (1983), Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague 37-106
3. Baskerville, G.L., 1961. Development of immature balsam fir following crown release. Can. Dep. For., For. Res. Div. Tech. Note No. 101.
4. Baskerville, G.L., 1965. Deterioration and replacement in two overmature forest stands. Can. Dep. For. Publ. No. 1125.
5. Baskerville G.L. Spruce budworm: super silviculturist. For. Chron. 51 (1975) 138-140
6. Bélanger L., Coté S., and Marchand S. Variations in the abundance of advanced fir regeneration in the principal fir ecological types of the balsam fir-white birch domain in central Quebec. In: Simpson C.M. (Ed). Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Regeneration Management. Fredericton, N.B., Forestry Canada-Maritimes Region, 27-28 March 1990 (1991) 43-53
7. Bergeron Y., and Leduc A. Relationships between change in fire frequency and mortality due to spruce budworm outbreaks in the southern Canadian boreal forest. J. Veg. Sci. 9 (1998) 492-500
8. Blais J.R. Some relationships of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) to black spruce, Picea mariana (Moench) Voss. For. Chron. 33 (1957) 364-372
9. Blais J.R. Collection and analysis of radial-growth data from trees for evidence of past spruce budworm outbreaks. For. Chron. 38 (1962) 474-484
10. Blais J.R. Spruce budworm outbreaks in the past three centuries in the Laurentide Park, Quebec. For. Sci. 11 (1965) 130-138
11. Blais J.R. Regional variation in susceptibility of eastern North American forests to budworm attack based on history of outbreaks. For. Chron. 44 (1968) 17-23
12. Blais J.R. Trends in the frequency, extent, and severity of spruce budworm outbreaks in eastern Canada. Can. J. For. Res. 13 (1983) 539-547
13. Boucher D., De Grandpré L., and Gauthier S. Développement d'un outil de classification de la structure des peuplements et comparaison de deux territoires de la pessière à mousses du Québec. For. Chron. 79 (2003) 318-328
14. Canadian Climate Normals, 1971-2000. Available from http://www.climate.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca/climate_normals/index_e.html. [accessed 26 January 2007].
15. Carroll W.J. History of the hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guen.), (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in Newfoundland, and notes on its biology. Can. Ent. 88 (1956) 587-599
16. Coté S., and Bélanger L. Variations de la régénération préétablie dans les sapinères boréales en fonction de leurs caractéristiques écologiques. Can. J. For. Res. 21 (1991) 1779-1795
17. Crummey H.R. Insect control in Newfoundland, 1973-1989. In: Armstrong J.A., and Ives W.G.H. (Eds). Forest Insect Pests in Canada (1995), Nat. Resour. Can., Can. For. Serv., Sci. Sustain. Dev. Directorate, Ottawa 641-647
18. Damman A.W.H. An ecological subdivision of the Island of Newfoundland. In: South G.R. (Ed). Biogeography and Ecology of the Island of Newfoundland. Monographiae Biologicae vol. 48 (1983), Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague 163-206
19. Dell T.R., Matney T.G., and Zarnoch S.J. Section 25 Mathematics and statistics. In: Wenger K.F. (Ed). Forestry Handbook (1984), John Wiley & Sons, New York 1253-1318
20. Doucet R. La régénération prééetablie dans les peuplements forestiers naturels au Québec. For. Chron. 64 (1988) 116-120
21. Engelmark O. Boreal forest disturbances. In: Walker L.R. (Ed). Ecosystems of Disturbed Ground. Ecosystems of the World vol. 16 (1999), Elsevier, Amsterdam 161-186
22. Furyaev V.V., Wein R.W., and MacLean D.A. Fire influences in Abies-dominated forests. In: Wein R.W., and MacLean D.A. (Eds). The Role of Fire in Northern Circumpolar Ecosystems (1983), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester 221-234
23. Ghent A.W. Studies of regeneration in forest stands devastated by the spruce budworm. II. Age, height growth, and related studies of balsam fir seedlings. For. Sci. 4 (1958) 135-146
24. Guay R., Gagnon R., and Morin H. A new automatic and interactive tree-ring measurement system based on a line scan camera. For. Chron. 68 (1992) 138-141
25. Hatcher R.J. Balsam fir advance growth after cutting in Quebec. For. Chron. 40 (1964) 86-92
26. Hudak J. Integrated pest management and the eastern spruce budworm. For. Ecol. Manage. 39 (1991) 313-337
27. Hudak, J. (Ed.), 1996. The eastern hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guen.) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in Newfoundland, 1983-1995. Nat. Resour. Can., Can. For. Serv., Newfoundland and Labrador Reg. Inf. Rep. N-X-302.
28. Hudak, J., Raske, A.G. (Eds.), 1981. Review of the spruce budworm outbreak in Newfoundland-its control and forest management implications. Environ. Can., Can. For. Serv., Newfoundland For. Res. Cent. Inf. Rep. N-X-205.
29. Hudak J., and Raske A.G. Forest insect pests in the Newfoundland and Labrador region. In: Armstrong J.A., and Ives W.G.H. (Eds). Forest Insect Pests in Canada (1995), Nat. Resour. Can., Can. For. Serv., Sci. Sustain. Dev. Directorate, Ottawa 1-9
30. Hudak, J., Sutton, W.J., Stone, D.M., O'Brien, D.S., Osmond, S.M., Crummey, H.R., 1996. Outbreak history of eastern hemlock looper in Newfoundland, 1983-1995. In: Hudak, J. (Ed.), The eastern hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guen.) (Lepidoptera:Geometridae) in Newfoundland, 1983-1995. Nat. Resour. Can., Can. For. Serv., Newfoundland and Labrador Reg. Inf. Rep. N-X-302, pp. 2-6.
31. Hutchings M.J. The structure of plant populations. In: Crawley M.J. (Ed). Plant Ecology (1997), Blackwell Science, Oxford 325-358
32. Jardon Y., and Doyon F. Balsam Fir Stand Dynamics After Insect Outbreak Disturbances in Western Newfoundland Ecoregion (Corner Brook Subregion) (2003), Western Newfoundland Model Forest, Inc., Corner Brook, Newfoundland
33. Kneeshaw D.D., and Bergeron Y. Ecological factors affecting the abundance of advance regeneration in Quebec's southwestern boreal forest. Can. J. For. Res. 26 (1996) 888-898
34. Krause C. The use of dendrochronological material from buildings to get information about past spruce budworm outbreaks. Can. J. For. Res. 27 (1997) 69-75
35. Lesieur D., Gauthier S., and Bergeron Y. Fire frequency and vegetation dynamics for the south-central boreal forest of Quebec, Canada. Can. J. For. Res. 32 (2002) 1996-2009
36. Lorimer C.G., and Krug A.G. Diameter distributions in even-aged stands of shade-tolerant and midtolerant tree species. Am. Midl. Nat. 109 (1983) 331-345
37. MacLean D.A. Effects of spruce budworm outbreaks on vegetation, structure, and succession of balsam fir forests on Cape Breton Island, Canada. In: Werger M.J.A., van der Aart P.J.M., During H.J., and Verhoeven J.T.A. (Eds). Plant Form and Vegetation Structure (1988), SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands 253-261
38. MacLean D.A., and Ostaff D.P. Patterns of balsam fir mortality caused by an uncontrolled spruce budworm outbreak. Can. J. For. Res. 19 (1989) 1087-1095
39. MacLean D.A., and MacKinnon W.E. Effects of stand and site characteristics on susceptibility and vulnerability of balsam fir and spruce to spruce budworm in New Brunswick. Can. J. For. Res. 27 (1997) 1859-1871
40. MacLean D.A., and Ebert P. The impact of hemlock looper (Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guen.)) on balsam fir and spruce in New Brunswick, Canada. For. Ecol. Manage. 120 (1999) 77-87
41. MacLean D.A., Kline A.W., and Lavigne D.R. Effectiveness of spruce budworm spraying in New Brunswick in protecting the spruce component of spruce-fir stands. Can. J. For. Res. 14 (1984) 163-176
42. Magurran A.E. Ecological Diversity and its Measurement (1988), Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
43. Mattson W.J., Simmons G.A., and Witter J.A. The spruce budworm in eastern North America. In: Berryman A.A. (Ed). Dynamics of Forest Insect Populations: Patterns, Causes, Implications (1988), Plenum Press, New York 309-330
44. McCune B., and Mefford M.J. PC-ORD. Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data, Version 4 (1999), MjM Software Design, Glenenden Beach, OR, USA
45. McCune, B., Grace, J.B., with a contribution from D.L. Urban, 2002. Analysis of Ecological Communities. MjM Software Design, Gleneden Beach, OR, USA.
46. Meades, W.J., Moores, L., 1994. Forest Site Classification Manual: A Field Guide to the Damman Forest Types of Newfoundland, 2nd ed. Western Newfoundland Model Forest, Inc., Dep. For. Agric., Nat. Resour. Can., Can. For. Serv., For. Resour. Dev. Agreement FRDA Rep. 003.
47. Morin H. Importance et évolution des épidémies de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette dans l'est du Canada: l'apport de la dendrochronologie. Géogr. Phys. Quat. 52 (1998) 237-244
48. Morin H., and Laprise D. Seeding bank dynamics in boreal balsam fir forests. Can. J. For. Res. 27 (1997) 1442-1451
49. Morin H., Laprise D., and Bergeron Y. Chronology of spruce budworm outbreaks near Lake Duparquet, Abitibi region, Quebec. Can. J. For. Res. 23 (1993) 1497-1506
50. Newton P.F. Base-age invariant polymorphic site index curves for black spruce and balsam fir within central Newfoundland. N. J. Appl. For. 9 (1992) 18-22
51. Oliver C.D. Forest development in North America following major disturbances. For. Ecol. Manage. 3 (1981) 153-168
52. Oliver C.D., and Larson B.C. Forest Stand Dynamics (1996), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York update edition
53. Otvos, I.S., Moody, B.H., 1978. The spruce budworm in Newfoundland: history, status and control. Fish. Environ. Can., For. Serv., Newfoundland For. Res. Cent. Inf. Rep. N-X-150.
54. Otvos, I.S., Clark, R.C., Clarke, L.J., 1971. The hemlock looper in Newfoundland: the outbreak, 1966 to 1971 and aerial spraying, 1968 and 1969. Environ. Can., For. Serv., Newfoundland For. Res. Cent. Inf. Rep. N-X-68.
55. Otvos, I.S., Clarke, L.J., Durling, D.S., 1979. A history of recorded eastern hemlock looper outbreaks in Newfoundland. Environ. Can., For. Serv., Newfoundland For. Res. Cent. Inf. Rep. N-X-179.
56. Page, G., 1968. Site-index curves for spruce and fir in the forest regions of Newfoundland. Dep. For. Rural Dev., For. Br., For. Res. Lab. Inf. Rep. N-X-22.
57. Page, G., Robinson, A.J., 1969. The development of young stands of native spruce and fir in Newfoundland. Can. For. Serv., Dep. Fish. For., For. Res. Lab. Inf. Rep. N-X-33.
58. Poole, C.F., Carroll, W.J., Rowe, A.T., 1981. Report of the Royal Commission on Forest Protection and Management, Part 1. St. John's, Newfoundland.
59. Poore M.E.D. The method of successive approximation in descriptive ecology. Adv. Ecol. Res. 1 (1962) 35-68
60. Pothier D., and Savard F. Actualisation des Tables de Production pour les Principales Espèces Forestières du Québec (1998), Gouvernment du Québec, Ministère des Ressources naturelles, Forêt Québec, Québec
61. Raske A.G., and Alvo M. Vulnerability of forest types to spruce budworm damage in Newfoundland: an empirical approach based on large sample size. For. Ecol. Manage. 15 (1986) 31-42
62. Raske, A.G., Clarke, L.J., Sutton, W.J., 1982. The status of the spruce budworm in Newfoundland in 1981. Environ. Can., Can. For. Serv., Newfoundland For. Res. Cent. Inf. Rep. N-X-210.
63. Rowe, J.S., 1977. Forest Regions of Canada. Can. For. Serv. Publ. No. 1300, Reprint ed. Ottawa, Ontario.
64. ® User's Guide, Version 8 (1999), SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC
65. Simpson, R., Coy, D., 1999. An ecological atlas of forest insect defoliation in Canada 1980-1996. Nat. Resour. Can., Can. For. Serv., Atlantic For. Cent. Inf. Rep. M-X-206E.
66. Staudhammer C.L., and LeMay V.M. Introduction and evaluation of possible indices of stand structural diversity. Can. J. For. Res. 31 (2001) 1105-1115
67. Tabachnick B.G., and Fidell L.S. Using Multivariate Statistics. 4th ed. (2001), Allyn and Bacon, Boston
68. Thompson I.D., Larson D.J., and Montevecchi W.A. Characterization of old "wet boreal" forests, with an example from balsam fir forests of western Newfoundland. Environ. Rev. 11 (2003) S23-S46
69. Vincent, A.B., 1962. Development of balsam fir thickets in the Green River watershed following the spruce budworm outbreak of 1913-1919. Can. Dep. For., For. Res. Br. Tech. Note No. 119.
70. Westoby M. The self-thinning rule. Adv. Ecol. Res. 14 (1984) 167-225
71. Wile, B.C., 1979. Natural regeneration under mature and overmature stands of balsam fir on the Cape Breton Highlands. Dep. Environ., Can. For. Serv., Maritimes For. Res. Cent. Inf. Rep. M-X-104.
72. Williams D.W., and Liebhold A.M. Spatial synchrony of spruce budworm outbreaks in eastern North America. Ecology 81 (2000) 2753-2766
73. Wishart D. An algorithm for hierarchical classifications. Biometrics 25 (1969) 165-170
74. Wyszomirski T. Detecting and displaying size bimodality: kurtosis, skewness and bimodalizable distributions. J. Theor. Biol. 158 (1992) 109-128