Time-of-flight ion composition measurement technique for space plasmas

Geophysical Monograph Series

Volumn 102, Issue , 1998, Pages 141-155

  Wüest, Martin ^a  

^a SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33847243687     PISSN: 00658448     EISSN: 23288779     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1029/GM102p0141     Document Type: Chapter

References (81)

1. Balsiger, H., Recent developments in ion mass spectrometers in the energy range below 100 keV, Adv. Space Res., 2,3-11,1983.
2. Balsiger, H., P. Eberhardt, J. Geiss, A. Ghielmetti, H.P. Walker, D.T. Young, H. Loidl, and H. Rosenbauer, A satellite-borne ion mass spectrometer for the energy range 0-16 keV, Space Set lnstrum.,2,499-521,1976.
3. Balsiger, H., K. Altwegg, E. Arijs, J.-L. Bartauz, J.-J. Berthelier, P. Bochsler, G.R. Carignan, P. Eberhardt, L.A. Fisk, S.A. Fuselier, A.G. Ghielmetti, F. Gliem, T.I. Gombosi, E. Kopp, A. Korth, S. Livi, C. Mazelle, H. Reme, J.A. Sauvaud, E.G. Shelley, J.H. Waite, B. Wilken, J. Woch, H. Wollnik, P. Wurz, D.T. Young, ROSETTA Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis ROSINA, COSPAR, Adv. Space Res., in press, 1996.
4. Blake, J.B. and N. Katz, A time-of-flight telescope for measuring the isotopic composition of interplanetary and magnetospheric particles in the energy range of 0.280 to ~3.5 MeV/nucleon, Proc. 14th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. 9, 3217, 1975.
5. Budnick, E. Yu., I.I. Cherkashin, L.S. Gorn, B.A. llyin, M.V. Iovlev, B.I. Khazanov, A.A. Klimashov, E.I. Morozova, and A. Yu. Safronov, Energetic charged particles experiment SKA-2, in: Interball, Mission and Payload, Yu. Galperin, T. Muliarchik, and J.P. Thouvenin, Eds., Space Research Institute IKI, Moscow, 239-248, 1995.
6. Bürgi, A., M. Oetliker, P. Bochsler and J. Geiss, Charge exchange of low energy ions in thin carbon foils, J. Appl. Phys. 68,2547-2554, 1990.
7. Cameron, A.E. and D.F. Eggers, An ion "velocitron", Rev. Sci. In-strum., 19, 605-607, 1948.
8. Doke, T., M. Fujii, M. Fujimoto, K. Fujiki, T. Fukui, F. Gliem, W. Güttler, N. Hasebe, T. Hayashi, T. Ito, K. Itsumi, T. Kashiwagi, J. Kikuchi, T. Kohno, S. Kokubun, S. Livi, K. Maezawa, H. Moriya, K. Munakata, H. Murakami, Y. Muraki, H. Nagoshi, A. Nakamoto, K. Nagata, A. Nishida, R. Rathje, T. Shino, H. Sommer, T. Takashima, T. Terasawa, S. Ullaland, W. Weiss, B. Wilken, T. Yamamoto, T. Yanagimachi, and S. Yanagita, The Energetic Particle Spectrometer HEP onboard the GEOTAIL Spacecraft, J. Geomag. Geoelectr., 46, 713-733, 1994.
9. Fredga, K., Ed., "VIKING, Scientific Aspects," Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, 60-63, 1981.
10. Fritz, T.A., D.T. Young, W.C. Feldmann, S.J. Bame, J.R. Cessna, D.N. Baker, B. Wilken, W. Stüdemann, P. Winterhofr; D.A. Bryant, D.S. Hall, J.F. Fennell, D. Chenette, N. Katz, S.I. Im-amoto, R. Koga, and F. Soeraas, The mass composition instruments, AFGL-701-11, in: CRRES/SPACERADExperiment Descriptions, M.S. Gussenhoven, E.G. Mullen, and R.C. Sagalyn, Eds., AFGL-TR-85-0017, 127-139, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory Hanscom AFB, MA 01731, 1985.
11. Fritz, T.A., R.O. Hedges, R.P. Vigil, S. Livi, B. Wilken, M. Grande, D.S. Hall, J.B. Blake, J.F. Fennell, S.I. Imamoto, N. Katz, and R. Koga, The POLAR CAMMICE Instruments, Draft submitted to Space Sci. Rev., 1993.
12. Gloeckler, G., A versatile detector system to measure the charge states, mass compositions, and energy spectrum of interplanetary and magnetospheric ions, Univ. of Maryland Tech Report TR77-043, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, 1977.
13. Gloeckler, G., Ion composition measurement techniques for space plasmas. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 61, 3613-3620, 1990.
14. Gloeckler, G., H. Balsiger, L.A. Fisk, J. Geiss, F. Gliem, F.M. Ipavich, J.F. McKenzie, K.W. Ogilvie, W. Stüdemann and B. Wilken, Technical proposal for the NASA/ESA Out-of-Ecliptic Mission, unpublished, 1977.
15. Gloeckler, G. and K.C. Hsich, Time-of-flight technique for particle identification of energies from 2 to 400 keV/nucleon, Nucl. In-strum. Metk, 165, 537-544, 1979.
16. Gloeckler, G, F.M. Ipavich, W. Stüdemann, B. Wilken, D.C. Hamilton, G. Kremser, D. Ilovestadt, F. Gliem, R.A. Lundgren, W. Rieck, E.O. Turns, J.C. Cain, L.S. MaSung, W. Weiss, and P. Winterhof, The Charge-Energy-Mass Spectrometer for 0.3-300 keV/e Ions on the AMPTE CCE, IEEE Trans, on Geosci and Remote Sens., GE-23, 234-240,1985.
17. Gloeckler, G., J. Geiss, H. Balsiger, P. Bedini, J.C. Cain, J. Fischer, L.A. Fisk, A.B. Galvin, F. Gliem, D.C. Hamilton, J.V. Hollweg, F.M. Ipavich, R. Joss, S. Livi, R. Lundgren, U. Mall, J.F. Mc-Kenzie, K.W. Ogilvie, F. Ottens, W. Rieck, E.O. Turns, R. von Steiger, W. Weiss, and B. Wilken, The Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer, Astron. Astrophys. Suppl Ser., 92, 267-289, 1992.
18. Gloeckler, G., H. Balsiger, A. Bürgi, P. Bochsler, L.A. Fisk., A.B. Galvin, J. Geiss, F. Gliem, D.C. Hamilton, T.E. Holzer, D. Hovestadt, F.M. Ipavich, E. Kirsch, R.A. Lundgren, K.W. Ogilvie, R.B. Sheldon, and B. Wilken, The Solar Wind and Suprathermal Ion Composition Investigation on the WIND Spacecraft, Space Sci Rev., 79-124, 1995.
19. Gonin, M., R. Kallenbach, P. Bochsler and A. Bürgi, Charge exchange of low energy particles passing through thin carbon foils: Dependence on foil thickness and charge yields of Mg, Ca, Ti, Co, and Ni, Nucl. Instr. and Metk, B101, 313-320,1995.
20. Grard, R., T.I. Gombosi, and R.Z. Sagdeev, The Vega Missions, in: Space Missions to Halley's Comet. R. Reinhard and B. Battrick, Eds., ESA SP-I066, Europ. Space Agency, Paris, 1986. See also: Venus-Halley Mission, Experiment Description and Scientific Objectives of the International Project Vega, 1984-1986, Im-primerie Louis-Jean, 05502 Cap, France, 1986.
21. Gringanz, K.I., V.V. Bezrukikh, V.D. Ozerov, and RE. Rybchinskii, A study of the interplanetary ionized gas, high-energy electrons, and corpuscular radiation from the Sun by means of the three-electrode trap for charged particles on the second Soviet cosmic rocket, Dokl. Akad. Nauk, SSSR, 131, 1301-1304, 1960, Sov. Pkys. Doki., 5,361-367,1961.
22. Grünwaldt, R, K. Gringauz, B. Wilken, I. Axford, C. Becker, M. Verigin, G. Vladimirova, F. Gliem, L. Denschikova, H. Dinse, P. Király, I. Klimenko, A. Remizov, V. Riedler, W. Rieck, A. Richter, H. Rosenbauer, S. Szalai, K. Szegö K. Schwing-enschuh, R. Schmidt, and M. Steller, SOVIKOMS energy-charge-mass-spectrometer for studying minor components of plasma in the solar wind in the near-Martian space from the PHOBOS spacecraft in: Instrumentation and Methods of Space Research, V.M. Balebanov, Ed., Nauka, Moscow, 53-59, 1989.
23. Grünwaldt, H., K. Gringauz, I. Axford, C. Becker, H. Dinse, F. Gliem, P. Király, I. Klimenko, A. Remizov, A. Richter, W. Rieck, V. Riedler, H. Rosenbauer, R. Schmidt, K. Schwing-enschuh, M. Steller, S. Szalai, K. Szegö, G. Vladimirova, M. Verigin, and B. Wilken, SOWICOMS: and Instrument for Energy, Mass and Charge Determination in Solar Wind and Mars Environment, in: Proc. 4th Internal. Seminar on Manufacturing of Scientific Space Instrumentation, Frunze, USSR, 18-21 Sept 1989, V.M. Balebanov, Ed., Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Space Research Institute, Moscow, p. 7-27, 1990.
24. Goldstein R. and M.M. Neugebauer, Advanced techniques for plasma composition and dynamics measurements. Adv. Space Res., 2,271-281,1983.
25. Gubler, L., P. Wurz, P. Bochsler, and E. Möbius, High resolution isochronous mass spectrometer for space plasma applications. Int. J. MassSpect., 148, 77-96, 1995.
26. Hamilton, D.C., G. Gloeckler, F.M. Ipavich, R.A. Lundgren, R.B. Sheldon, and D. Hovestadt, New high-resolution electrostatic ion mass analyzer using time-of-flight. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 61, 3104-3106,1990.
27. Hovestadt, D., B. Klecker, P. Laevcrenz, E. Seidenschwang, G.M. Mason, P.D. Bedini, G. Gloeckler, D.C. Hamilton, J.B. Blake, and D. Chenette, Experiment for charge determination of cosmic rays of interplanetary and solar origin on the space shuttle, Proc. 20th Internal. Cosmic Ray Conf(Moscow), 4,406-408, 1987.
28. Hovestadt, D., M. Hilchenbach, A. Bürgi, B. Klecker, P. Laeverenz, M. Scholer, H. Grünwaldt, W.I. Axford, S. Livi, E. Marsch, B. Wilken, H.P. Winterhoff, F.M. Ipavich, P. Bedini, MA. Coplan, A.B. Galvin, G. Gloeckler, P. Bochsler, H. Balsiger, J. Fischer, J. Geiss, R. Kallenbach, P. Wurz, K.-U. Reiche, F. Gliem, D.L. Judge, H.S. Ogawa, K.C. Hsieh, E. MObius, M.A. Lee, G.G. Managadze, M.I. Vcrigin, and M. Neugebauer, CELIAS-Charge, Element and Isotope Analysis System for SOHO, Solar Physics, 762,441-481, 1995.
29. Kissel, J., The Giotto Particulate Impact Analyser, Europ. Space Agency Spec. Publ., ESA-SP-1077, 67-83, 1986.
30. Kissel, J., R.Z. Sagdeev, J.L. Bertaux, V.N. Angarov, J. Audouze, J.E. Blamont, K. Büchler, E.N. Evlanov, H. Fcchtig, M.N. Fom-enkova, H. von Hoerner, N.A. Inogamov, V.N. Khromov, W. Knabe, F.R. Krueger, Y. Langevin, V.B. Leonas, A.C. Levasseur-Regourd, G.G. Managadze, S.N. Podkolzin, V.D. Shapiro, S.R. Tabaldyev, and B.V. Zubkov, Composition of comet Halley dust particles from Vega observations, Nature, 327,280-282, 1986.
31. Kissel, J. and F.R. Krueger, The organic component in dust from comet Halley as measured by the PUMA mass spectrometer onboard Vega 1, Nature, 326, 755-760, 1987.
32. MacKenzie, E.C., The investigation of ionospheric electron density and ion composition using rocket-borne probes, Doctoral dissertation, Electron Physics Department, University of Birmingham, London, 1964.
33. Mamyrin, B.A., Inventor's certificate no. 198034 1966, Bulletin of Inventions No. 13, p. 148, 1967.
34. Mamyrin, B.A., V.I. Karataev, D.V. Shmikk and V.A. Zagulin, The mass-rcflcctron, a new nonmagnetic time-of-flight mass spectrometer with high resolution, Sov. Phys.-JETP, 37, 45-48, 1973.
35. Mamyrin, B.A., A.A. Pozhunkov, B.M. Dubenskii, S.P. Parinov, and A.G. Fedorov, Mass reflectron for studying the upper atmosphere with the aid of a satellite, Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 63, 200-205, 1993, Technical Physics, 38, 1033-1035, 1993.
36. Managadze, G.G., Time-of-flight ion mass analyzer, U.S. Patent Number 4, 611, 118, 1986.
37. Managadze, G.G., and I. Yu. Shutyaev, Exotic Instruments and Applications of laser ionization mass spectrometry in space research, in: Laser Ionization Mass Analysis, A. Vertes, R. Gijbels and F. Adams, Eds., Chemical Analysis Series, Vol. 124, pp. 505-549, Wiley, New York, 1993.
38. Mason, G.M., J.E. Mazur, P.H. Walpole, T.J. James and T.R. Sharp, The University of Maryland Large Area Telescope Experiment (LAT) Flight on the Space Shuttle Columbia, STS-28, Aug. 1989, as part of the HIEN-LO Experiment on Get-Away Special G-0335, Univ. of Maryland, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Preprint PP-91-126, Nov. 1990.
39. Mason, G.M., DC. Hamilton, P.H. Walpole, K.F. Heuerman, T.L. James, M.H. Lennard, and J.E. Mazur, LEICA: A Low Energy Ion Composition Analyzer for the Study of Solar and Mag-netospheric Heavy Ions, IEEE Trans, on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 31, 549-556, 1993.
40. McComas and J.E. Nordholt, New approach to 3-D, high sensitivity, high mass resolution space plasma composition measurements, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 61, 3095-3097, 1990.
41. McErrtire, R.W., E.R Keath, D.E. Fort, A.T.Y. Lui and S.M. Krim-igis, The Medium-Energy Particle Analyzer (MEPA) on the AMPTE CCE Spacecraft, IEEE Trans, on GeoscL and Remote Sens., GE-23, 230-233, 1985.
42. Mitchell, D.G., A.F. Cheng, S.M. Krimigis, E.P. Keath, S.E. Jas-kulek, B.H. Mauk, R.W. McEntire, E.C. Roelof, D.J. Williams, K.C. Hsieh, V.A. Drake, INCA: the ion neutral camera for energetic neutral atom imaging of the Saturnian magnetosphere, Optical Eng, 32 3096-3101, 1993.
43. Möbius, E., G. Gloecklcr, D. Hovestadt, P.M. Ipavich, R. Klccker, M. Scholer, H. Arbinger, H. Höfner, E. Künneth, P. Laeverenz, A. Luhn, E.O. Turns, and H. Waldleben, The Time-of-flight Spectrometer SULEICA for Ions of the Energy Range 5-270 keV/charge on AMPTE IRM, IEEE Trans, on Geosci. and Remote Sens., GE-23, 274-279, 1985.
44. Möbius, E., P. Bochsler, A.G. Ghielmetti, and D.C. Hamilton, High mass resolution isochronous time-of-flight spectrograph for three-dimensional space plasma measurement. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 61, 3609-3612, 1990.
45. Möbius, E„ et al., The 3-D Plasma Distribution Function Analyzers with Time-of-Flight Mass Discrimination for CLUSTER and FAST, AGU Geophys. Monogr. Ser., J.E. Borovsky, R.F. Pfaff and D.T. Young, Eds., American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, this issue, 1997.
46. Montgomery, M.D., J.R. Asbridge, and S.J. Bame, Vela 4 Plasma observations near the Earth's bow shock, J. Geophys. Res., 75, 1217-1231,1970.
47. Moore, T.E., C.R. Chappell, M.O. Chandler, S.A. Fields, C.J. Pollock, D.L. Reasoner, D.T. Young, J.L. Burch, N. Eaker, J.H. Waite Jr., D.J. McComas, J.E. Nordholt, M.F. Thomsen, J.J. Bcrthelier and R. Robson, The Thermal Ion Dynamics Experiment and Plasma Source Instrument, Space Sci. Rev., 409-458,1995.
48. Pollard, J.E., D.A. Lichtin, S.W. Janson and R.B. Cohen, Time resolved mass and energy analysis by position sensitive time-of-flight detection. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 61, 3134-3136, 1990.
49. Pollard, J.E., D.A. Lichtin, S.W. Janson, and R.B. Cohen, Time-resolved mass and energy analysis, Aerospace Report No. TR-0089 (4930-02)-!, Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, CA, 1991.
50. Reiter, R.F., Rocket-borne time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The Pennsylvania State University Ionospheric Research Laboratory, Scientific Report 444, (PSU-IRL-SCI-444), University Park, PA 16802,1976.
51. Rème, J., J.M. Bosqued, J.A. Sauvaud, A. Cros, J. Dandouras, C. Aoustin, Ch. Martz, J.C. Médale, J. Roiwaud, E. Möbius, K. Crocker, M. Granoff, L.M. Kistler, D. Hovestadt, B. Klecker, G. Paschmann, M. Ertl, E. Künneth, C.W. Carlson, D.W. Curtis, R.P. Lin, J.P. McFadden, J. Croyle, V. Formisano, M. DiLellis, R. Bruno, M.B. Bavassano-Cattaneo, B. Baldetti, G. Chionchio, E.G. Shelley, AG. Ghielmetii, W. Lennartsson, A. Korth, H. Rosenbauer, I. Szemeicy, R. Lundin, S. Olsen, G.K. Parks, M. McCarthy, and H. Balsigcr, The Cluster Ion Spectrometry Experiment, Europ. Space Agency Spec. Publ., ESA-SP-1159, 133-161,1993.
52. Sayers, J., Self-contained measuring equipment for electron density and ionic mass spectrum, Proc. R. Soc. London, A253, 522-525, 1959.
53. Shuiskaya, F.K., A.K. Kuzmin, Yu.l. Galperin, R.A. Kovrazhkin, V.A. Stepanov, L.S. Gom, B.A. Ilyin, M.V. Iovlev, A.A. Klin-ashov, I.I. Cherkashin, B.I. Khazanov, and A. Yu. Safronov, Measurement of charged particles by means of the experiment SKA-3, Interball, Mission and Payload, in: Interball, Mission andPaytoad, Yu. Galperin, T. Muliarchik, and J.P. Thouvenin, Eds., Space Research Institute IKJ, Moscow, 262-267, 1995.
54. Srivastava, S.K., I. Iga, and M.V.V.S. Rao, A segmented time-of-flight mass spectrometer, Meas. Sci. Technol., 6, 1379-1382, 1995.
55. Stephens, W.E., A pulsed mass spectrometer with time dispersion, Phys.Rev., 69,691,1946.
56. Stone, E.C., L.F. Burlaga, W.C. Feldman, J. Geiss, G. Gloeckler, RE. Gold, D. Hovestadt, S.M. Krimigis, G.M. Mason, R.A. Newablt, J.A. Simpson, T.T. von Rosenvinge, M.E. Wied-enbeck, A.C. Cummings, W.E. Frain, E. Marcanti, and T. Karras, Phase A study of an Advanced Composition Explorer, NASA Contract NAS 5-30340,2 July 1989.
57. Stüdemann, W., B. Wilken, G. Kremser, A. Korth, J.F. Fennel I, B. Blake, R. Koga, D. Hall, D. Bryant, F. Søraas, K. Brønstad, T.A. Fritz, R. Lundin, G. Gloeckler, The May 2-3, 1986 Magnetic Storm: First energetic ion composition observations with the MICS instrument on VIKING, Geophys. Res. Letter, 14, 455-458, 1987.
58. Vaisberg, O.L., A.W. Leybov, L.A. Avanov, V.N. Smirnov, E.D. Ivanova, A.A. Klimashov, B.I. Khazanov, I.I. Cherkashin, M.V. Iovlev, A. Yu. Safronov, and V.H. Lichtenstein, Complex plasma analyzer SKA-1, in: Interball, Mission and Payload. Yu. Galperin, T. Muliarchik, and J.P. Thouvenin, Eds., Space Research Institute IKI, Moscow, 170-177, 1995.
59. von Rosenvinge, T.T., L.M. Barbier, J. Karsch, R. Liberman, M.P. Madden, T. Nolan, D.V. Reames, L. Ryan, S. Singh, H. Trexel, G. Winkert, G.M. Mason, DC. Hamilton, and P. Walpole, The energetic particles: acceleration, composition and transport (EPACT) investigation on the WIND spacecraft. Space Set. Rev., 71,155-206, 1995.
60. von Zahn, U., Monopole Spectrometer, A New Electric Field Mass Spectrometer, Rev. Sci. Jnstrum., 34,1-4,1963.
61. Wenzd, K.-P. and D. Eaton, Ulysses - A brief history, ESA Bulletin. 63, 10-12, 1990.
62. Whalen, B.A., Some recent advances in energetic ion mass spectrometry. Adv. Space Res., 2, 13-20, 1983.
63. Wiley, W.C. and I.H. McLaren, Time-of-flight mass spectrometer with improved resolution, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 26, 1150-1157, 1955.
64. Wilken, B., Identification techniques for nuclear particles in space plasma research and selected experimental results. Rep. Prog. Phys., 47,767-853, 1984.
65. Wilken, B., T.A. Fritz, and W. Stüdemann, Experimental techniques for ion composition measurements in space, Nuci Instrum and Metk. 196, 161-167, 1982.
66. Wilken B. and W. Stüdemann, A compact time-of-flight mass-spectrometer with electrostatic mirrors, Nuci Instrum. Meth., 222,587-600,1984.
67. Wilken, B., W. Weiss, W. Stüdemann, and N. Hasebe, The GIOTTO Implanted Ion Spectrometer (IIS): Physics and technique of detection, J. Phys. E. Sci. Instrum., 20, 778-785, 1987.
68. Wilken, B., W. Weiss, D. Hall, M. Grande, F. Søraas, J.F. Fennel, Magnetospheric ion composition spectrometer onboard the CRRES spacecraft, J. Spacecraft and Rockets. 29, 585-591, 1992.
69. Wilken, B., W. Güttler, A. Korth, S. Livi, W. Weiss, F. Gliem, A. MUllers, R. Rathje, T.A. Fritz, J.F. Fennell, H. Borg, M. Grande, D. Hall, S. McKenna-Lawlor, E.T. Sarris, P. Tanskanen, S. Ullaland, F. Swraas, and L. Ersland, RAPID: The imaging energetic particle spectrometer on Cluster, Europ. Space Agency Spec. Publ., ESA SP-U59,184-217,1993.
70. Williams, C.W., W.E. Kiker, and H. W. Schmitt, Correlated Energy and Time-of-Flight Measurements of Fission Fragments with Semiconductor Detector-System Design and Performance, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 35, 1116-1123, 1964.
71. Williams, D.J., E. Keppler, T.A. Fritz, B. Wilken, and G. Wib-berenz. The ISEE 1 and 2 Medium Energy Particles Experiment, IEEE Trans on Geosci. Electron., GE 16, 270-280, 1978.
72. Williams, D.J., R.W. McEntire, S. Jaskulek, and B. Wilken, The Galileo Energetic Particle Detector, Space Sci. Rev., 60, 385-412,1992.
73. Williams, D.J., R.W. McEntire, C. Schlemm, II, A.T.Y. Lui, G. Glo-eckler, S.P. Christen and F. Gliem, GEOTAIL Energetic Particles and Ion Composition Instrument, J. Geomag. Geo-electr., 46, 39-57, 1994.
74. Wurz, P., L. Gubler, P. Bochsler and E. Mobius, Isochronous Mass Spectrometer for Space Plasma Applications, AGU Geophys. Monogr. Ser., J.E. Borovsky, R.F. Pfaff, and D.T. Young, Eds., American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, this issue, 1997.
75. Yoshida, Y., Time of flight mass spectrometer, U.S. Patent 4,625,112 1986.
76. Young, D.T., Miniaturized Optimized Smart Sensor (MOSS) for Space Plasma Applications, AIAA 33rd Aerospace Meeting, A1AA 95-0616, Reno. NV, January 9-12,1995.
77. Young, D.T., B.L. Barraclough, D.J. McComas, M.F. Thomsen, R. McCabe, R. Vigil, CRRES low-energy magnetospheric ion composition sensor, J. Spacecraft and Rockets, 29, 596-598, 1992.
78. Young, D.T., B.L. Barraclough, J.J. Berthelier, M. Blanc, J.L. Burch, A.J. Coates, R. Goldstein, M. Grande, T.W. Hill, J.M. Illiano, M.A. Johnson, R.E. Johnson, R.A. Baragiola, V. Kelha, D.J. McComas, B.T. Narheim, J.E. Nordholt, E.C. Sinler. K.R. Svenes, S. Szalai, K. Szegö, P. Tanskanen, Cassini Plasma Spectrometer Investigation, AGU Geophys Monogr. Ser., J.E. Borovsky, R.F. Pfaff, and D.T. Young, Eds., American Geophysical Union, Washington, this issue, 1997.
79. Zabielski, M.F., Time-of-flight mass spectrometry for ionospheric measurements: Theory and experiments, PSU-1RL-SCI-353, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, 1970.
80. Ziegler, J.F., J.P. Biersack, and U. Littmark, The Stopping and Range of Ions in Solids, Vol. 1 of The Stopping and Ranges of Ions in Matter, Pergamon Press, New York, 1985.
81. Zscheeg, H., J. Kissel, G.H. Natour, and E. Vollmer, COMA - An Advanced Space Experiment for in situ Analysis of Cometary Matter, Aslrophys. and Space Set, 195, 447-461, 1992.