Gender in Store: Salespeople's Working Hours and Union Organisation in New Zealand and the United States, 1930-60

Labour History

Volumn , Issue 83, 2002, Pages 107-130

  Roberts, Evan ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 33847234809     PISSN: 00236942     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3828/27516885     Document Type: Article

References (200)

1. Handbill (untitled), 19 September 1955 in 'Department and Specialty Stores Retail Employee Relations Commission Contracts and Negotiations, 1955 Strike - handbills', Retail Clerks' Union of Saint Paul (RCUSP), Box 1, P1071, Minnesota Historical Society, Saint Paul, Minnesota.
2. Treat Customers as Capital', Farmers' Union Trading Company Optimist (FUTCO), no. 128, July 1925, p. 12, Auckland War Memorial Museum and Library (AWM), MS1400, Box 9,55/58.
3. Store News, vol. 3, no. 9,15 September 1916, p. 8, The Golden Rule, Saint Paul (MN).
4. Susan Porter Benson, Counter Cultures, University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago, 1986, pp. 31, 34
5. Susan Porter Benson, 'Palace of Consumption and Machine for Selling: the American Department Store, 1890-1940', Radical History Review, vol. 21,1979, pp. 199-221
6. H. Pasdermadjian, The Department Store: its Origins, Evolution and Economics, Newman Books, London, 1954, pp. 116 117
7. J.W. Rowe, 'A Note on Retail Distribution in New Zealand', Economic Journal, vol. 66, no. 262, 1956, pp. 367-370.
8. Benson, Counter Cultures, pp. 75-116
9. William Leach, 'Transformations in a Culture of Consumption: Women and Department Stores 1890-1925', Journal of American History, vol. 71, no. 2, 1984, pp. 319-342
10. Dry Goods Economist, no. 3630,31 January 1914, p. 44
11. Frank Crane, 'The Clerk', Store News, vol. 6, no. 9,15 September 1919, The Golden Rule, Saint Paul (MN), Minnesota Historical Society (MNHS)
12. 'The Wife Decides a Sale', Farmers' Trading Company Optimist (FTCO), no. 159, February 1928, p. 15, AWM, MS1400, Box 9,55/89
13. Benson, Counter Cultures, pp. 296-299
14. Evan Roberts, From Mail Order to Female Order?, BA (Hons), History, Victoria University of Wellington, 1999, p. 83.
15. 'Madame the Customer' in Olive A. Smith, 'Looking Ahead in Selling', Journal of Retailing, vol. 2, no. 3,1926, p. 20
16. Leach, 'Transformations in a Culture of Consumption: Women and Department Stores 1890-1925', pp. 319-342
17. 'Report from the Capital', NZ Draper and Allied Retailer, vol. 27, no. 341, 7 March 1949, p. 20.
18. Gary Cross, Time and Money: The Making of Consumer Culture, Routledge, New York, 1993.
19. Julian James Hook, The evolution of department store retail sales in the metropolitan Twin Cities from 1860 to 1964 and predictions of the future department store by 1980, MS, University of Minnesota, 1964, pp. 19-26
20. Julia Millen, Kirkcaldie & Stains: A Wellington Story, Bridget Williams Books, Wellington, 2000, pp. 17-25
21. Gordon Parry, Retailing Century: the First 100 Years of the DIC Ltd., DIC Ltd., Dunedin, 1984
22. Dry Goods Economist, 31 July 1915, p. 44
23. 'World Wide Number', Dry Goods Economist, no. 3716,25 September 1915, p. 39
24. See 'Elbert Hubbard's Idea of Loyalty to Employer', Store News, vol. 8, no. 9, September 1921, p. 4, The Golden Rule, Saint Paul (MN), MNHS. This was also published in The Farmers' Staff and Store News, vol. 4, no. 15,20 October 1938, p. 1, AWM, MS1400, Box 9,55/144.
25. A.B. Colson, 'Advice From a Leader', Store News, vol. 4, no. 4,15 April 1917, p. 2, The Golden Rule, Saint Paul (MN)
26. 'Sale Story', The Big Store News, vol. 2, no. 6, September 1948, p. 19, AWM, MS1400, Box 9,55/118
27. 'A Customer', The Farmers' Staff and Store News, vol. 4, no. 9,14 July 1938, p. 1
28. Helen Rich Norton, A Textbook on Retail Selling, Ginn and Company, Boston, 1919, pp. 187-200.
29. J.B. Condliffe, New Zealand in the Making, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1930, pp. 165,438 440
30. John D. Hicks, The Populist Revolt: a History of the Farmers' Alliance and the People's Party, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 1959, p. 405
31. Leslie Lipson, The Politics of Equality, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1948, p. 488
32. G. Theodore Mitau, Politics in Minnesota, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1970, p. 7
33. R?ssel Blaine Nye, Midwestern Progressive Politics: a Historical Study of its Origins and Development, 1870-1958, Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, 1959, pp. 3-15,31.
34. Nye, Midwestern Progressive Politics: a Historical Study of its Origins and Development, 1870-1958, pp. 213-214.
35. Peter J. Coleman, Progressivism and the World of Reform: New Zealand and the Origins of the American Welfare State, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 1987
36. William Watts Folwell, A History of Minnesota, 4 vols., vol. 3, Minnesota Historical Society, Saint Paul, 1926, pp. 188,198
37. Saint Paul Pioneer Press, Tuesday 4 September 1900, p. 3
38. Seventh Biennial Report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the State of Minnesota, Saint Paul, 1900, pp. 323-324
39. Saint Paul Pioneer Press, Thursday 10 January 1901, p. 2
40. George M. Stephenson, John Lind of Minnesota, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1935, p. 186
41. Carl Henry Chrislock, The Progressive Era in Minnesota, 1899-1918, Minnesota Historical Society, Saint Paul, 1971, p. 13
42. Folwell, A History of Minnesota, p. 246
43. John A. Ryan, 'Minimum Wage Legislation' in Jeremiah S. Young (ed.), Papers and Proceedings of the Minnesota Academy of Social Sciences, vol. 6,1913, pp. 110-122
44. Raymond V. Phelan, 'Minnesota Minimum Wage Law, 1913', American Economic Review, vol. 3, no. 4, December 1913, pp. 989-990
45. John A. Ryan, Social Doctrine in Action: a Personal History, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1941, pp. 121-123.
46. Mason C. Doan, 'State Labor Relations Acts', Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 56, no. 4,1942, pp. 507-559
47. 'History and Provisions of the Minnesota Labor Relations Act', Minnesota Law Review, vol. 24,1940, pp. 217-240
48. Charles C. Killingsworth, State Labor Relations Acts: a Study of Public Policy, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1948
49. Brennan (Local 2 organizer) Minutes of Meeting, Retail Clerks International Protective Association (RCIPA) Local 2,16 February 1939, RCUSP, Box 4, vol. 2, p. 55
50. Melanie Nolan and Pat Walsh, 'Labour's Leg-iron? Assessing Trade Unions and Arbitration in New Zealand', in Pat Walsh (ed.), Trade Unions, Work and Society, Dunmore Press, Palmerston North, 1994, p. 16
51. Richgels to Suffridge, 10 February 1956, 'Local #2 Weekly Reports to the International officers, 1956', RCUSP, Box 4
52. A.W Croskery to R.N. Cook, 25 May 1943, Wellington Shop Employees' Unions (WSEU) Records, Beaglehole Room, Victoria University of Wellington library, Item 34 (hereafter referenced as WSEU/no.).
53. Edward Stafford, New Zealand Parliamentary Debates, vol. 19,1875, p. 305, quoted in John E. Martin, 'English Models and Antipodean Conditions: the Origins and Development of Protective Factory Legislation in New Zealand', Labour History, no. 73, November 1997, p. 55
54. Report of the Commission, Appendices to the Journal of the House of Representatives, H-5, Wellington, 1890
55. Clipping in 'Notes and Clippings - Shop Assistants' H.O. Roth Papers, 94-106-45/11, Alexander Turnbull Library (ATL), Wellington, New Zealand; Examination of J.L. Hay, NZ Federated Shop Assistants' Industrial Association of Workers (IAoW), Shop Assistants' Dispute Report of Proceedings before the Arbitration Court, 10-13 Mayl938, MSx 2451, ATL, p. D45. Testimony of Wade McCargo, Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, Fair Labor Standards Act Amendments of 1949,81st Congress, 1st Session, 1949, p. 301.
56. Statutes of New Zealand, 1892, no. 45; Statutes of New Zealand, 1894, no. 32; Statutes of New Zealand, 1904, no. 52; Statutes of New Zealand, 1920, no. 67; Statutes of New Zealand, 1921/22, no. 46.
57. Laws of Minnesota, 1909, Ch. 499,36th session; Laws of Minnesota, 1917, Ch. 248,40th session; Laws of Minnesota, 1933, Ch. 354,48th session; Elizabeth Brandeis, 'Labor Legislation', in John R. Commons (ed.), History of Labor in the United States, 1896-1932, Macmillan, New York, 1935, p. 459.
58. International Labor Office, 'Shop Closing Legislation in European Countries', International Labor Review, vol. 18, no. 1,1928, pp. 29-45
59. International Labor Office, 'Shop Closing Legislation in European Countries II', International Labor Review, vol. 18, no. 2,1928, pp. 202-215
60. William Pember Reeves, State Experiments in Australia and New Zealand, U vols., vol. II, E.R Dutton and Co., New York, 1925, p. 192.
61. 'On Leaving the Store', The Farmers' Staff and Store News, 22 September 1938, p. 3, AWM, MS1400, Box 9,55/144
62. K.H., 'Decalogue of Salesmanship. Courtesy' FUTCO, no. 156, November 1927, pp. 12-13, AWM, MS1400, Box 9,55/86
63. Ballantyne's Staff Guide, Ballantyne & Co., Christchurch, 1939, p. 22
64. Shops and Office Act Amendment, Statutes of New Zealand, no. 3,1921
65. 'Articles of Agreement 1937' in 'Department and Specialty Stores Retail Employee Relations Commission Contracts and Negotiations, 1936-1939', RCUSP, Box 1
66. Minutes of Meeting, RCIPA Local 2,8 April 1937, RCUSP, Box 4, vol. 1, p. 88.
67. For a review of some recent literature on this topic, see Matthew Hilton, 'Class, Consumption and the Public Sphere', Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 35, no. 4,2000, pp. 655-666.
68. Carl A. Naether, Advertising to Women, Prentice Hall, New York, 1928
69. Christine Frederick, Selling Mrs. Consumer, The Business Bourse, New York, 1929
70. Frank Crane, 'The Clerk', Store News, vol. 6, no. 9,15 September 1919, p. 7, The Golden Rule, Saint Paul (MN), MNHS
71. 'The Wife Decides a Sale', FTCO, no. 159, February 1928, p. 15, AWM, MS1400, Box 9,55/89
72. 'To SeU More - Appeal to Women', The House, Ballantyne's staff magazine, issue 5, February 1958, p. 18
73. Walter Brookes, 'These Are Among Our Customers', The Retailer off. Z., 10 June 1949, p. 23
74. The quote comes from 'Foresight a Practical Aid in Selling to Men', Dry Goods Economist, no. 3640,11 April 1914, p. 17.
75. Advertisement in Evening Post, 29 July 1933, in Scrapbook, 1932, f-93-215-1, ATL; Louis Parn?s, Planning Stores That Pay, Architectural Record Book, New York, 1948, p. 38
76. Norton, A Textbook on Retail Selling, p. 191.
77. Advertisement in Scrapbook, MS-Group, 93-215-5/3, ATL
78. J. Ballantyne & Co. Ltd, Procedures Manual, Christchurch, 1939, p. 9
79. Milne & Choyce Minutes of Board, 1924-1932, Fletcher Challenge Archives and Records Management (FCL), 0251/2/1
80. For the US, UK and Australia, see Benson, 'Palace of Consumption and Machine for Selling: the American Department Store, 1890-1940', p. 205
81. Leach, Land of Desire, pp. 136-137
82. Norton, A Textbook on Retail Selling, pp. 173-174
83. Paul H. Nystrom, The Economics of Retailing, Ronald Press Company, New York, 1930, pp. 157-159
84. Erika Rappaport, Shopping for Pleasure: Gender and Public Life in London's West End, 1860-1914, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2000. Gail Reekie, Temptations: Sex, Selling, and the Department Store, Allen and Unwin, Sydney, 1993, p. 6.
85. 'What do your Customers say?', The Farmers' Staff and Store News, vol. 3, no. 2,15 April 1937, p. 3, AWM, MS1400, Box 9,55/144
86. Benson, Counter Cultures, p. 156
87. Helen Rich Norton, Department Store Education: an Account of the Training Methods Developed at the Boston School of Salesmanship Under the Direction of Lucinda Wyman Prince, Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 1917, p. 75
88. Norton, A Textbook on Retail Selling, pp. 187-200
89. 'Study Your Customer', The Retailer of N.Z., vol. 2, no. 1,10 February 1949, p. 31
90. O. Preston Robinson, 'Customer Types in the Teaching of Salesmanship', Journal of Retailing, vol. 13, no. 4,1937, pp. 125-127
91. Gail Reekie, 'Impulsive Women, Predictable Men: Psychological Constructions of Sexual Differences in Sales Literature to 1930', Australian Historical Studies, vol. 28, no. 97,1991, pp. 359-377
92. "The Wife Decides a Sale' FTCO, No. 159, February 1928, pp. 15, AWM, MS 1400, Box 9,55/89.
93. Statement of Mr. Anderson (Employer's Assessor), NZ Federated Shop Assistants' IAoW, Grocers' Assistants' Dispute Report of Proceedings before the Arbitration Court, 31 May-14 June 1938, MSx 2451, ATL, p. B4.
94. Examination of J.L. Hay, NZ Federated Shop Assistants' IAoW, Shop Assistants' Dispute Report of Proceedings before the Arbitration Court, 10-13 May 1938, MSx 2451, ATL, p. D45
95. Retail Shop Assistants Award, New Zealand Awards 1938, vol. 38, Department of Labour, Wellington, 1939, p. 2530
96. Cross examination of M.A. Johnston, NZ Federated Shop Assistants' IAoW, Shop Assistants' Dispute Report of Proceedings before the Arbitration Court, 10-13 May 1938, MSx 2451, ATL, p. B20.
97. David R. Roediger and Philip Sheldon Foner, Our Own Time, Greenwood Press, New York, 1989, pp. 250-251
98. Harry Weiss, 'Economic Coverage of the Fair Labor Standards Act', Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 58, no. 3,1944, p. 463.
99. Michael Bassett, The State in New Zealand 1840-1984: Socialism Without Doctrines?, Auckland University Press, Auckland, 1998, p. 256
100. Lipson, The Politics of Equality, pp. 356,393
101. Shops and Offices Act Proposed Amendments, Universal Half Holiday 1930-1943, LI, 2/4/225, National Archives (NA), Wellington
102. Sybil Lipschultz, 'Hours And Wages: The Gendering Of Labor Standards In America', Journal of Women's History, vol. 8, no. 1,1996, pp. 114-136.
103. Clarence O. Sherrill, American Retail Federation to Senate Committee on Education and Labor House Committee on Labor, Fair Labor Standards Act of 1937. Part 2, 75th Congress, 1st Session, 1937, p. 503
104. Charles Nichols, National Retail Dry Goods Association (NRDGA) to House Committee on Education and Labor, Amendments to the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 Volume 1, 81st Congress, 1st Session 1949, p. 192
105. Philip M. Talbott, National Retail Dry Goods Association to Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, Amending the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938,84th Congress, 2nd Session, 1956, p. 177
106. Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, Amendments to the Fair Labor Standards Act, 87th Congress, 1st Session, 1961, p. 320
107. Jesse Isidor Strauss, 'Department Store Merchandising', in Frederic W. Wile (ed.), A Century of Industrial Progress, Doubleday, Doran & Co., New York, 1929, p. 360.
108. Clarence A. Bartlett to Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, Amendments to the Fair Labor Standards Act, 87th Congress, 1st Session, 1961, p. 334
109. Wade McCargo, NRDGA to Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, Fair Labor Standards Act Amendments of 1949,81st Congress, 1st Session, 1949, p. 297
110. Charles Nichols, NRDGA to House Committee on Education and Labor, Amendments to the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 Volume 1,81st Congress, 1st Session 1949, p. 301.
111. Frederic W. Deisroth, NRDGA to Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, Proposals to Extend Coverage of Minimum Wage Protection, 85rd Congress, 1st Session, 1957, p. 548.
112. Otto Christensen to Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, Amending the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938,84th Congress, 2nd Session, 1956, p. 197
113. Benson, Counter Cultures, pp. 124 128
114. Rowland Jones, American Retail Federation to Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, Amending the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938,84th Congress, 2nd Session, 1956, p. 166
115. Rowland Jones, American Retail Federation to House Committee on Education and Labor, Amendments to the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 Volume 1,81st Congress, 1st Session, 1949, p. 477.
116. Clarence A. Bartlett to Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, Amendments to the Fair Labor Standards Act, 87th Congress, 1st Session, 1961, p. 335
117. Rowland Jones, American Retail Federation to Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, Fair Labor Standards Act Amendments of 1949, 81st Congress, 1st Session, 1949, p. 376
118. Otto Christensen to Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, Amending the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938,84th Congress, 2nd Session, 1956, p. 201.
119. Melanie Nolan, Breadwinning: New Zealand Women and the State, Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, 2000, pp. 42-61
120. Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew, Viking Press, New York, 1946, pp. 249,265
121. Landon R. Y. Storrs, Civilizing Capitalism: the National Consumers' League, Women's Activism, and Labor Standards in the New Deal Era, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 2000, p. 178
122. Meg Jacobs, '"Democracy's Third Estate": New Deal Politics and The Construction of a "Consuming Public"', International Labor and Working-Class History, no. 55,1999, p. 27
123. Suzanne Mettler, Dividing Citizens: Gender and Federalism in New Deal Public Policy, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1998, p. 179.
124. A.W. Croskery, Dissenting Opinion New Zealand Retail Shop-Assistants - Award, in Awards for the year 1938, Department of Labour, Wellington, 1939, p. 2684
125. A.W. Croskery, New Zealand Federated Shop Assistants (NZFSA) Secretarial Report, 8 March 1944, Retail Shop Assistants' Union (RSAU) Canterbury Branch, Macmillan Brown library (MB), 42 4a/b
126. Wellington Amalgamated Society of Shop Assistants (WASSA), Minutes, 3 December 1936, WSEU/31
127. Final Submission of Cornwell, Shop Assistants Dispute, p. E.2-3.
128. Eugene B. Sydnor to Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, Proposals to Extend Coverage of Minimum Wage Protection, 84th Congress, 1st Session, 1957, p. 70
129. O. Preston Robinson, Retail Personnel Relations, Prentice Hall, New York, 1940, p. 406.
130. Andrew J. Biemiller, American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL CIO) to Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, Amendments to the Fair Labor Standards Act, 87th Congress, 1st Session, 1961, p. 224.
131. Minneapolis Star Journal, 10 February 1947, p. 5.
132. Agreement between Saint Paul Department and Specialty Stores and RCIPA Local 2, 24 June 1953, in 'Department and Specialty Stores Retail Employee Relations Commission Contracts and Negotiations, 1949-1953', RCUSP, Box 1.
133. Roy Weir, US Representative from Minneapolis during House Committee on Education and Labor, Amendments to the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 Volume 1,81st Congress, 1st Session, 1949, p. 208
134. See eg, Bulletin, 27 June 1956, 'Local #2 Printed Public Statements 1939-1959', RCUSP, Box 2.
135. Kenneth Dameron, 'The Retail Department Store and the NRA', Harvard Business Review, vol. 13, no. 3,1935, pp. 261-270
136. George Kirstein, Stores and Unions, Fairchild Publications, New York, 1950, p. 50
137. 'The Retail Code of Fair Competition', Journal of Retailing, vol. 9, no. 3, October 1933, pp. 65 75
138. Minutes of Meeting, RCIPA Local 2, 5 July 1935, RCUSP, Box 4, vol. 1, p. 25
139. Minutes of Meeting, RCIPA Local 2,20 September 1935, RCUSP, Box 4, vol. 1, p. 32
140. 'Articles of Agreement 1935' in 'Department and Specialty Stores Retail Employee Relations Commission Contracts and Negotiations, 1936-1939', RCUSP, Box 1
141. 'Department and Specialty Stores Retail Employee Relations Commission Contracts and Negotiations, 1940-1945', RCUSP, Box 1
142. Minutes of Meeting, RCIPA Local 2,4 April 1937, RCUSP, Box 4, vol. 1, p. 87
143. Minutes of Meeting, RCIPA Local 2,6 August 1945, RCUSP, Box 4, vol. 3, p. 197
144. Proposed Clauses for Agreement, 1952 in 'Department and Specialty Stores Retail Employee Relations Commission Contracts and Negotiations, 1949 1953', RCUSP, Box 1.
145. Proposed Clauses for Agreement, 1952 in 'Department and Specialty Stores Retail Employee Relations Commission Contracts and Negotiations, 1949-1953', RCUSP, Box 1
146. Handwritten notes on negotiations 15 March 1955, 'Department and Specialty Stores Retail Employee Relations Commission Contracts and Negotiations, 1955', RCUSP, Box 1
147. Memo to members, 'Department and Specialty Stores Retail Employee Relations Commission Contracts and Negotiations, 1955', RCUSP, Box 1
148. Jerome Richgels to James A. Suffridge, 24 July 1954, 'Weekly Reports to the International Office, 1954' RCUSP, Box 3
149. Minutes of Meeting, RCIPA Local 2,17 May 1951, RCUSP, Box 5, vol. 4, p. 60.
150. Agreement between Saint Paul Department and Specialty Stores and RCIPA Local 2,24 June 1953, in 'Department and Specialty Stores Retail Employee Relations Commission Contracts and Negotiations, 1949-1953', RCUSP, Box 1
151. R.K. Humphrey, Retail Employee Relations Commission (RERC) to Local 2,27 May 1953, 'Department and Specialty Stores Retail Employee Relations Commission Contracts and Negotiations, 1949-1953', RCUSP, Box 1
152. Minutes of Meeting, RCIPA Local 2,11 March 1953, RCUSP, Box 5, vol. 4, p. 123
153. Jerome Richgels Local 2 to R.K. Humphrey RERC, 22 March 1954, 'Department and Specialty Stores Retail Employee Relations Commission Contracts and Negotiations, 1954', RCUSP, Box 1.
154. Minutes of Meeting, RCIPA Local 2,14 April 1954, RCUSP, Box 5, vol. 4, p. 156.
155. Articles of Agreement, 14 July 1955, 'Department and Specialty Stores Contracts and Negotiations, 1956', RCUSP, Box 1
156. Jerome Richgels to James Suffridge, 14 May 1955, 'Weekly Reports to the International Office, 1955' RCUSP, Box 3
157. Jerome Richgels to James Suffridge, 30 May 1955, 'Weekly Reports to the International Office, 1955' RCUSP, Box 3
158. Retail Clerks International Association (RCIA) to Local 2,8 June 1955, 'Department and Specialty Stores Retail Employee Relations Commission Contracts and Negotiations, 1955 Strike - Financial Aspects', RCUSP, Box 1; June 1955, 'Why are We on Strike', in 'Local #2 Printed Public Statements 1939-1959', RCUSP, Box 2; Jerome Richgels to James Suffridge, 2 July 1955, 'Weekly Reports to the international office, 1955' RCUSP, Box 3; Saint Paul Dispatch, 1 July 1955, p. 1
159. Saint Paul Dispatch, 5 July 1955, p. 1
160. Jerome Richgels to James Suffridge, 16 July, 30 August 1955, 'Weekly Reports to the International Office, 1955' RCUSP, Box 3; RCIA Membership Summaries, 1953-1959, RCUSP, Box 4.
161. 18,26,28 October, 1 December 1954 'Montgomery Wards and Co. Organizing Handbills, 1954-55', RCUSP, Box 2.
162. Arthur Lazarus, Department Store Organization, 1st ed., Dry goods economist, New York, 1926
163. Paul Myer Mazur, Principles of Organization Applied to Modern Retailing, Harper & Brothers, New York and London, 1927
164. Paul H. Nystrom, Retail Store Operation, 4th edn, Ronald Press Company, New York, 1937. The above were influential books on department store organisation in this era. Minutes of the Joint Adjustment Board Meeting, 15 February 1938, 'Local #2 Grievances, 1938', RCUSP, Box 2
165. Minutes of the Joint Adjustment Board Meeting, 13 June 1941, 'Local #2 Grievances, 1941', RCUSP, Box 2. Cobble shows that waitresses had a strong craft union orientation, and often wanted to be separate from unions with men in them. Dorothy Sue Cobble, Dishing It Out: Waitresses and Their Unions in the Twentieth Century, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1991.
166. Benson, Counter Cultures, passim; Evan Roberts, From Mail Order to Female Order? The Work Culture of Department Store Employees in New Zealand, 1890-1960, BA(Hons) thesis, Department of History, Victoria University of Wellington, 1999
167. Evan Roberts, 'One big club of which we are all members': Work and Work Culture in New Zealand Department Stores, 1910-1960, paper presented to the International Approaches to the History of Retailing and Distribution Conference, Wolverhampton (UK), 13-14 September 2001.
168. Annual Report, 1960 and 1962, both in WSEU/35; AGM, Wellington Retail Soft-Goods Employees Union, 13 February 1912, WSEU/29; Canterbury Retail Shop Assistants' Union (CRSAU) Combined Management and Group Committee Minutes, 3 July 1944, CRSAU Executive Minutes 1913-1957, MB42 le, p. 84
169. Kevin Hince, Opening Hours, Industrial Relations Centre, Wellington, 1990.
170. On amalgamations, see Annual Report, WASSA, 1937, WSEU/31; Membership figures in Membership of Industrial Unions of Workers, Appendices to the Journal of the House of Representatives, H.11.A (1934-1937). The other cities were Palmerston North and Napier. Department of Labour to Croskery in NZ Federated Shop Assistants Industrial Association of Workers (IAoW), Registration Papers 1921-1971, AANK, W3580, Box 31, NA
171. Secretarys Report, 11 June 1940, WSEU/31
172. Minutes of National Conference, 30 November 1938 (held in Wellington), NZFSA National Executive and Conference Reports 1938-1950, MB42 4a/b
173. NZFSA to H.T. Armstrong, 2 December 1938, NZFSA National Executive and Conference Reports 1938-1950, MB42 4a/b
174. Retail Shop Assistants' Award 1938, Awards for the Year 1938, Department of Labour, Wellington, 1939, p. 2672
175. A.W. Croskery to P. Fraser, 14 March 1944, NZFSA National Executive and Conference Reports 1938-1950 MB42 4a/b
176. Quarterly Summoned Meeting, WASSA, 11 December 1940, WSEU/31
177. WASSA to Wellington Labour Representation Committee, 20 September 1941, WSEU/32
178. Peter Fraser to Mick Moohan, 5 December 1940, WSEU/38
179. Quarterly Meeting, WASSA, 15 February 1938
180. Annual Report, WASSA, 25 July 1945, WSEU/31
181. Nancy M. Taylor, The Home Front, Historical Publications Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington, 1986, p. 1227-1228
182. Secretary's Report, 15 January 1941, WSEU/31
183. Quarterly Meeting, WASSA, 18 February 1942, WSEU/32
184. Napier-Hastings Executive, WASSA, 12 February 1945, WSEU/48
185. Shops and Offices Act Amendment, Statutes of New Zealand, No. 38,1945.
186. A.W. Croskery to F.D. Cornwall, 28 March 1941, WSEU/38
187. Debate on Shops and Offices Act Amendment Bill, New Zealand Parliamentary Debates, vol. 272,1945, pp. 249-250,258,281-282
188. Lipson, The Politics of Equality, p. 364.
189. Richgels to Samuel Meyers (International VP), 18 April 1957, 'Local #2 Weekly Reports to the International officers, 1957', RCUSP, Box 4
190. Richgels to Plopper, 14 March 1959, 'Local #2 Weekly Reports to the International officers, 1959', RCUSP, Box 4
191. Grace Lunney to James Suffridge, 14 and 24 September 1959. James Suffridge to Grace Lunney and Tony Sandys, 28 September 1959. All in, 'Local #2 Correspondence with the International Officers, 1959', RCUSP, Box 4
192. Minutes, WASSA, 12 May 1955, WSEU/36
193. Annual General Meeting, WASSA, 29 July 1957, WSEU/35.
194. Benson, Counter Cultures, pp. 269-270
195. Dorothy Sue Cobble, 'Rethinking Troubled Relations Between Women and Unions: Craft Unionism and Female Activism', Feminist Studies, vol. 16, no. 3, 1990, p. 522
196. Frances Donovan, The Saleslady, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1929, pp. 202 203
197. Marten Estey, 'The Grocery Clerks: Center of Retail Unionism', Industrial Relations, vol. 7, no. 3,1968, pp. 252-253. He says grocery clerks organised better than department store salespeople because more of them were male
198. Ronald Michman, Unionization of Salespeople in Department Stores in the U.S., 1888-1964, PhD, New York University, 1966, pp. 93-97
199. C. Wright Mills, White Collar, Oxford University Press, New York, 1951, pp. 174-178
200. Estey, 'The Grocery Clerks: Center of Retail Unionism', pp. 249-261.