Contraindications of sentinel lymph node biopsy: Are there any really?

World Journal of Surgical Oncology

Volumn 5, Issue , 2007, Pages

  Filippakis, George M ^a   Zografos, George ^b  

^a ST MARY S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b HIPPOKRATION HOSPITAL   (Greece)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALBUMIN TC 99M; CONTRAST MEDIUM; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DISULFINE BLUE; DOCETAXEL; DOXORUBICIN; DYE; ISOSULFAN BLUE; METHYLENE BLUE; TECHNETIUM SULFUR COLLOID TC 99M;

ADJUVANT THERAPY; AGE; ASPIRATION BIOPSY; AXILLARY LYMPH NODE; BODY MASS; BREAST BIOPSY; BREAST CANCER; BREAST CARCINOMA; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER STAGING; CARCINOMA IN SITU; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DISEASE ACTIVITY; DISEASE COURSE; DOSAGE SCHEDULE COMPARISON; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; ECHOGRAPHY; FALSE NEGATIVE RESULT; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; LYMPH NODE DISSECTION; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; LYMPHOSCINTIGRAPHY; MASTECTOMY; MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD; PREGNANCY; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; PREOPERATIVE PERIOD; PROGNOSIS; RADIATION PROTECTION; RADIATION SAFETY; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; SURGEON; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; TERATOGENICITY; TISSUE NECROSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TUMOR VOLUME; ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY; ADULT; AGED; AXILLA; BREAST TUMOR; CANCER INVASION; DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FEMALE; LYMPH NODE; MIDDLE AGED; MORTALITY; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; NEEDLE BIOPSY; PATHOLOGY; REOPERATION; SURVIVAL; TUMOR RECURRENCE; UNITED KINGDOM;

ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGED; AXILLA; BIOPSY, FINE-NEEDLE; BREAST NEOPLASMS; CHEMOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; DISEASE-FREE SURVIVAL; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; GREAT BRITAIN; HUMANS; LYMPH NODES; MIDDLE AGED; NEOADJUVANT THERAPY; NEOPLASM INVASIVENESS; NEOPLASM RECURRENCE, LOCAL; NEOPLASM STAGING; PREGNANCY; RADIOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; REOPERATION; RISK FACTORS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS; TUMOR BURDEN;

EID: 33847212068     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14777819     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-5-10     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Schwartz GF Giuliano AE Veronesi U and the Consensus Conference Group Proceedings of the Consensus Conference on the Role of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Carcinoma of the Breast. April 19-22, Philadelphia, PA, USA Breast J 2002 8 126-138 10.1046/j.1524-4741.2002.08315.x
2. Lyman GH Giuliano AE Somerfield MR Renson AB Bodurka DC Burstein HJ Cochran AJ Cody HS Edge SB Galper S Hayman JA Kim TY Perkins CL Podoloff DA Sivasubramaniam VH Turner RR Wahl R Weaver DL Wolff AC Winer EP American Society of Clinical Oncology Guideline Recommendations for Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Early-Stage Breast Cancer JClinOncol 2005 23 7703-7720
3. Cody HS 3rd Clinical aspects of sentinel node biopsy Breast Cancer Res 2001 3 1084-1088 10.1186/bcr280
4. Deurloo EE Tanis PJ Gilhuijs KG Muller SH Kroger R Peterse JL Rutgers EJ Valdes Olmos R Schultze Kool LJ Reduction in the number of sentinel lymph node procedures by preoperative ultrasonography of the axilla in breast cancer Eur J Cancer 2003 39 1068-1073 10.1016/ S0959-8049(02)00748-7 12736105
5. Scherer K Studer W Figueiredo V Bircher AJ Anaphylaxis to isosulfan blue and cross-reactivity to patent blue V: Case report and review of the nomenclature of vital blue dyes Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006 96 497-500 16597088
6. Tsopelas C Sutton R Why certain dyes are useful for localizing the sentinel lymph node J Nucl Med 2002 43 1377-1382 12368377
7. Raut CP Hunt KK Akins JS Daley MD Ross MI Singletary SE Marshall GD Jr Meric-Bernstam F Babiera G Feig BW Ames FC Kuerer HM Incidence of anaphylactoid reactions to isosulfan blue dye during breast carcinoma lymphatic mapping in patients treated with preoperative prophylaxis: results of a surgical prospective clinical practice protocol Cancer 2005 104 692-699 10.1002/cncr.21226 15981283
8. Amr D Broderick-Villa G Haigh PI Guenther JM DiFronzo LA Adverse drug reactions during lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy for solid neoplasms Am Surg 2005 71 720-724 16468505
9. Takei H Suemasu K Kurosumi M Horii Y Ninomiya J Kamimura M Naganuma R Uchida K Igarashi K Inoue K Tabei T Added value of the presence of blue nodes or hot nodes in sentinel lymph node biopsy of breast cancer 2006 13 179-185 16755114
10. Tsugawa K Noguchi M Miwa K Bando E Yokoyama K Nakajima K Michigishi T Tonami N Minato H Nonomura A Dye- and gamma probe-guided sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer patients: Using patent blue dye and technetium-99m-labeled human serum albumin Breast Cancer 2000 7 87-94 11029778
11. Hung WK Chan CM Ying M Chong SF Mak KL Yip AW Randomized clinical trial comparing blue dye with combined dye and isotope for sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer Br J Surg 2005 92 1494-1497 10.1002/bjs.5211 16308853
12. Derossis AM Fey J Yeung H Yeh SD Heerdt AS Petrek J VanZee KJ Montgomery LL Borgen PI Cody HS 3rd A trend analysis of the relative value of blue dye and isotope localization in 2,000 consecutive cases of sentinel node biopsy for breast cancer J Am Coll Surg 2001 193 473-478 10.1016/ S1072-7515(01)01038-9 11708502
13. Winchester DJ Sener SF Winchester DP Perlman RM Goldschmidt RA Motykie G Martz CH Rabbitt SL Brenin D Stull MA Moulthrop JM Sentinel lymphadenectomy for breast cancer: Experience with 180 consecutive patients: Efficacy of filtered technetium 99 m sulphur colloid with overnight migration time J Am Coll Surg 1999 188 597-603 10.1016/ S1072-7515(99)00060-5 10359352
14. Feldman SM Krag DN McNally RK Moor BB Weaver DL Klein P Limitations in gamma probe localization of the sentinel node in breast cancer patients with large excisional biopsy J Am Coll Surg 1999 188 248-254 10.1016/ S1072-7515(98)00306-8 10065813
15. Veronesi U Paganelli G Viale G Luini A Zurrida S Galimberti V Intra M Veronesi P Robertson C Maisonneuve P Renne G De Cicco C De Lucia F Gennari R A randomized comparison of sentinel-node biopsy with routine axillary dissection in breast cancer N Engl J Med 2003 349 546-553 10.1056/NEJMoa012782 12904519
16. Giuliano AE Haigh PI Brennan MB Hansen NM Kelley MC Ye W Glass EC Turner RR Prospective observational study of sentinel lymphadenectomy without further axillary dissection in patients with sentinel node-negative breast cancer J Clin Oncol 2000 18 2553-2559 erratum appears in J Clin Oncol, 2000, 18:3877 10893286
17. Albertini JJ Lyman GH Cox C Yeatman T Balducci L Ku N Shivers S Berman C Wells K Rapaport D Shons A Horton J Greenberg H Nicosia S Clark R Cantor A Reintgen DS Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in the patient with breast cancer JAMA 1996 276 1818-1822 10.1001/jama.276.22.1818 8946902
18. Krag D Weaver D Ashikaga T Moffat F Klimberg VS Shriver C Feldman S Kusminsky R Gadd M Kuhn J Harlow S Beitsch P The sentinel lymph node in breast cancer: A multicenter validation study N Eng J Med 1998 339 941-946 10.1056/NEJM199810013391401
19. Borgstein PJ Pijpers R Comans EF van Diest PJ Boom RP Meijer S Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer: Guidelines and pitfalls of lymphoscintigraphy and gamma probe detection J Am Coll Surg 1998 186 275-83 10.1016/S1072-7515(98)00011-8 9510258
20. Haigh Pi Hansen NM Qi K Giuliano AE Biopsy method and excision volume do not affect success rate of subsequent sentinel lymph node dissection in breast cancer Ann Surg Oncol 2000 7 21-27 10.1007/s10434-000-0021-1 10674444
21. Ohtake E Asaga T Inaba M Sentinel lymphoscintigraphy in patients with breast cancer undergoing excisional biopsy Ann Nucl Med 2005 19 671-5 16444992
22. McMasters KM Tuttle TM Carlson DJ Brown CM Noyes RD Glaser RL Vennekotter DJ Turk PS Tate PS Sardi A Cerrito PB Edwards MJ Sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer: A suitable alternative to routine axillary dissection in multi-intitutional practicewhen optimal technique is used J Clin Oncol 2000 18 2560-2566 10893287
23. Tafra L Lannin DR Swanson MS Van Eyk JJ Verbanac KM Chua An Ng PC Edwards MS Halliday BE Henry CA Sommers LM Carman CM Molin MR Yurko JE Perry RR Williams R Multicenter trial of sentinel node biopsy for breast cancer using both technetium sulphur colloid and isosulfan blue dye Ann Surg 2001 233 51-59 1421166 11141225 10.1097/00000658-200101000-00009
24. Luini A Galimberti V Gatti G Arnone P Vento AR Trifiro G Viale G Rotmensz N Fernandez JR Gilardi D Paganelli G The sentinel node biopsy after previous breast surgery: Preliminary results on 543 patients treated at the European Institute of Oncology Breast Cancer Res Treat 2005 89 159-63 10.1007/s10549-004-1719-8 15692758
25. Miner TJ Shriver CD Jaques DP Maniscalco-Theberge ME Krag DN Sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer: The role of previous biopsy on patient eligibility Am Surg 1999 65 493-499 10366201
26. Wong SL Edwards MJ Chao C Tuttle TM Noyes DR Carlson DJ Laidley AL McGlothin TQ Ley PB Brown MC Glaser RL Pennington RE Turk PS Simpson D McMasters KM for the University of Louisville Breast Cancer Study Group The effect of prior breast biopsy method and concurrent definitive breast procedure on success and accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy Ann Surg Oncol 2002 9 272-277 10.1245/aso.2002.9.3.272 11923134
27. Leidenius MK Sentinel Node Biopsy in Breast Cancer Acta Radiol 2005 8 791-800 10.1080/02841850500335119
28. Swhartz G Clinical Practice guidelines for the use of axillary sentinel lymph node biopsy in carcinoma of the breast: Current update The Breast Journal 2004 10 85-88 10.1111/j.1075-122X.2004.21439.x 15009032
29. Heuts EM van der Ent FW Kengen RA van der Pol HA Hulsewe KW Hoofwijk AG Results of sentinel node biopsy not affected by previous excisional biopsy Eur J Surg Oncol 2006 32 278-281 10.1016/j.ejso.2005.09.001 16246516
30. Pendas S Giuliano R Swor G Gardner M Jakub J Reintgen DS Worldwide experience with lymphatic mapping for invasive breast cancer Semin Oncol 2004 31 318-323 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2004.03.013 15190488
31. Krausz Y Ikeda DM Jadvar H Langleben D Birdwell R Strauss HW Non-visualization of sentinel lymph node in patients with breast cancer Nucl Med Commun 2001 22 25-32 10.1097/00006231-200101000-00004 11233548
32. Tanis PJ van Sandick JW Nieweg OE Valdes Olmos RA Rutgers EJ Hoefnagel A Kroon BB The hidden sentinel node in breast cancer Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2002 29 305-311 10.1007/s00259-001-0732-y 12002703
33. Shoher A Diwan A Teh BS Lu H Fisher R Lucci A Jr Lymphoscintigraphy does not enhance sentinel node identification or alter management of patients with early breast cancer Curr Surg 2006 63 207-212 10.1016/ j.cursur.2006.02.008 16757375
34. Fisher B Redmond C Poisson R Margolese R Wolmark N Wickerham L Fisher E Deutsch M Caplan R Pilch Y Eight-year results of a randomized clinical trial comparing total mastectomy and lumpectomy with or without irradiation in the treatment of breast cancer N Engl J Med 1989 320 822-828 Erratum in: N Engl J Med 1994 May 19;330(20):1467 2927449
35. Van Dongen JA Bartelink H Fentiman IS Lerut T Mignolet F Olthuis G van der Schueren E Sylvester R Winter J van Zijl K Randomized clinical trial to assess the value of breast-conserving therapy in stage I and II breast cancer, EORTC 10801 trial J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1992 11 15-18 1627421
36. Julien JP Bijker N Fentiman IS Peterse JL Delledonne V Rouanet P Avril A Sylvester R Mignolet F Bartelink H Van Dongen JA Radiotheraphy in breast conserving treatment for ductal carcinoma in situ: First results of the EORTC randomized phase III trial 10853 Lancet 2000 355 528-533 10.1016/ S0140-6736(99)06341-2 10683002
37. Fisher B Dignam J Wolmark N Mamounas E Costantino J Poller W Fisher ER Wickerham DL Deutsch M Margolese R Dimitrov N Kavanah M Lumpectomy and radiation therapy for the treatment of intraductal breast cancer: findings from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-17 J Clin Oncol 1998 16 441-452 9469327
38. Krontiras H Bland KI When is sentinel node biopsy for breast cancer contraindicated? Surg Oncol 2003 12 207-210 10.1016/ S0960-7404(02)00051-8 12957625
39. Jakub JW Ebert MD Cantor A Gardner M Reintgen DS Dupont EL Cox CE Shons AR Breast cancer in patients with prior augmentation: Presentation, stage, and lymphatic mapping Plast Reconstr Surg 2004 114 1737-1742 10.1097/01.PRS.0000142482.08917.24 15577343
40. Port ER Fey J Gemignani ML Heerdt AS Montgomery LL Petrek JA Sacchini V Van Zee KJ Borgen PI Cody HS 3rd Reoperative sentinel node biopsy: A new option for patients with primary or locally recurrent breast carcinoma J AM Coll Surg 2002 195 167-172 10.1016/S1072-7515(02)01268-1 12168962
41. Intra M Trifiro G Viale G Rotmensz N Gentilini OD Soteldo J Galimberti V Veronesi P Luini A Paganelli G Veronesi U Second biopsy of axillary sentinel lymph node for reappearing breast cancer after previous sentinel lymph node biopsy Ann Surg Oncol 2005 12 895-899 10.1245/ ASO.2005.10.018 16195833
42. Fisher B Brown A Mamounas E Wieand S Robidoux A Margolese RG Cruz AB Jr Fisher ER Wickerham DL Wolmark N DeCillis A Hoehn JL Lees AW Dimitrov NV Effect of preoperative chemotherapy on local-regional disease in women with operable breast cancer: Findings from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel project B-18 J Clin Oncol 1997 15 2483-2893 9215816
43. Lichter A Lippman M Danforth D d'Angelo T Steinberg SM deMoss E MacDonald HD Reichert CM Merino M Swain SM Mastectomy versus breast-conserving therapy in the treatment of stage I and II carcinoma of the breast: A randomized trial at the National Cancer Institute J Clin Oncol 1992 10 976-983 1588378
44. Schwartz GF Lange AK Topham AK Breast conservation following induction chemotheraphy for locally advanced carcinoma of the breast (stages IIB and III) Surg Oncol Clin 1995 4 657-669
45. Charfare H Limongelli S Purushotham AD Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer Br J Surg 2005 92 14-23 10.1002/bjs.4840 15635596
46. Tafra L Verbanac KM Lannin DR Preoperative chemotheraphy and sentinel lymphadenectomy for breast cancer Am J Surg 2001 182 312-315 10.1016/ S0002-9610(01)00718-8 11720661
47. Bonadonna G Valagussa P Brambilla C Ferrari L Preoperative chemotherapy in operable breast cancer Lancet 1993 341 1485 10.1016/ 0140-6736(93)90933-8 8099186
48. Mamounas EP Brown A Anderson S Smith R Julian T Miller B Bear HD Caldwell CB Walker AP Mikkelson WM Stauffer JS Robidoux A Theoret H Soran A Fisher B Wickerham DL Wolmark N Sentinel node biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer results from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Protocol B-27 J Clin Oncol 2005 23 2694-2702 Erratum in: J Clin Oncol. 2005 Jul 20;23:4808. Sovan, Atilla [corrected to Soran, Atilla]. 10.1200/JCO.2005.05.188 15837984
49. Stearns V Ewing CA Slack R Penannen MF Hayes DF Tsangaris TN Sentinel lymphadenectomy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer may reliably represent the axilla except for inflammatory breast cancer Ann Surg Oncol 2002 9 235-242 10.1245/aso.2002.9.3.235 11923129
50. Breslin TM Cohen L Sahin A Fleming JB Kuerer HM Newman LA Delpassand ES House R Ames FC Feig BW Ross MI Singletary SE Buzdar AU Hortobagyi GN Hunt KK Sentinel lymph node biopsy is accurate after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer J Clin Oncol 2000 18 3480-3486 11032588
51. Miller AR Thomason VE Yeh IT Alrahwan A Sharkey FE Stauffer J Otto PM McKay C Kahlenberg MS Phillips WT Cruz AB Jr Analysis of sentinel lymph node mapping with immediate pathologic review in patients receiving preoperative chemotherapy for breast carcinoma Ann Surg Oncol 2002 9 243-247 10.1245/aso.2002.9.3.243 11923130
52. Nason KS Anderson BO Byrd DR Dunnwald LK Eary JF Mankoff DA Livingston R Schmidt RA Jewell KD Yeung RS Moe RE Increased false negative sentinel node biopsy rates after preoperative chemotherapy for invasive breast carcinoma Cancer 2000 89 2187-2194 10.1002/ 1097-0142(20001201)89:11<2187::AID-CNCR6>3.0.CO;2-# 11147588
53. Balch GC Mithani SK Richards KR Beauchamp RD Kelley MC Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy after preoperative theraphy for stage II and III breast cancer Ann Surg Oncol 2003 10 616-621 10.1245/ ASO.2003.05.012 12839845
54. Haid A Tausch C Lang A Lutz J Fritzsche H Peschina W Breitfellner G Sega W Aufschnaiter M Sturn H Zimmermann G Is sentinel lymph node biopsy reliable and indicated after preoperative chemotherapy in patients with breast carcinoma? Cancer 2001 92 1080-1084 10.1002/ 1097-0142(20010901)92:5<1080::AID-CNCR1423>3.0.CO;2-1 11571718
55. Julian TB Patel N Dusi D Olson P Nathan G Jasnosz K Isaacs G Wolmark N Sentinel lymph node biospsy after neoadjuvant chemotheraphy for breast cancer Am J Surg 2001 182 407-410 10.1016/S0002-9610(01)00736-X 11720681
56. Fernandez A Cortes M Benito E Azpeitia D Prieto L Moreno A Ricart Y Mora J Escobedo A Martin Comin J Gamma probe sentinel node localization and biopsy in breast cancer patients treated with a neoadjuvant chemotheraphy scheme Nucl Med Commun 2001 22 361-366 10.1097/ 00006231-200104000-00003 11338045
57. Carter C Allen C Henson D Relation of tumor size, lymph node status and survival in 24,740 breast cancer cases Cancer 1989 63 181-187 10.1002/ 1097-0142(19890101)63:1<181::AID-CNCR2820630129>3.0.CO;2-H 2910416
58. Jakob JW Pendas S Reintgen DS Current status of sentinel lymph node mapping and biopsy: Facts and controversies Oncologist 2003 8 59-68 10.1634/theoncologist.8-1-59 12604732
59. Chung MH Ye W Giuiliano AE Role for sentinel lymph node dissection in the management of large (> or = 5 cm) invasive breast cancer Ann Surg Oncol 2001 8 688-692 11597008
60. Wong SL Chao C Edwards MJ Carlson DJ Laidley A Noyes RD McGlothin T Ley PB Tuttle T Schadt M Pennington R Legenza M Morgan J McMasters KM University of Louisville Breast Cancer Study Group Accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy for patients with T2 and T3 breast cancer Ann Surg 2001 67 522-526
61. Bedrosian I Reynolds C Mick R Callans LS Grant CS Donohue JH Farley DR Heller R Conant E Orel SG Lawton T Fraker DL Czerniecki BJ Accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with large primary breast tumors Cancer 2000 88 2540-2545 10.1002/ 1097-0142(20000601)88:11<2540::AID-CNCR16>3.0.CO;2-A 10861431
62. O'Hea BJ Hill AD El-Shirbiny AM Yeh SD Rosen PP Coit DG Borgen PI Cody HS 3rd Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer: Initial experience at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center J Am Coll Surg 1998 186 423-427 10.1016/S1072-7515(98)00060-X 9544956
63. Vlastos G Rubio IT Mirza NQ Newman LA Aurora R Alderfer J Buzdar AU Singletary SE Impact of multicentricity on clinical outcome in patients with T1-2, N0-1, M0 breast cancer Ann Surg Oncol 2000 7 581-587 11005556
64. Gump FE Multicentricity in early breast cancer Semin Surg Oncol 1992 8 117-121 1496220
65. Tuttle TM Colbert M Christensen R Ose KJ Jones T Wetherille R Friedman J Swenson K McMasters KM Subareolar injection of 99 m TC facilitates sentinel lymph node identification Ann Surg Oncol 2002 9 77-81 10.1245/ aso.2002.9.1.77 11829434
66. Chao C Wong SL Woo C Edwards MJ Tuttle T Noyes RD Carlson DJ Turk P Simpson D McMasters KM Reliable lymphatic drainage to axillary sentinel lymph nodes regardless of tumor location within the breast Am J Surg 2001 182 307-311 10.1016/S0002-9610(01)00717-6 11720660
67. Borgstein PJ Meijer S Pijpers RJ van Diest PJ Functional lymphatic anatomy for sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer: Echoes from the past and the periareolar blue method Ann Surg 2000 232 81-89 1421111 10862199 10.1097/00000658-200007000-00012
68. Klimberg VS Rubio IT Henry R Cowan C Colvert M Korourian S Subareolar versus peritumoral injection for location of the sentinel lymph node Ann Surg 1999 229 860-864 1420833 10363900 10.1097/00000658-199906000-00013
69. Grant RN Tabah EJ Adair EE The surgical significance of the subareolar lymph plexus in cancer of the breast Surgery 1953 33 71-78 13015315
70. Fernandez K Swanson M Verbanac K Tafra L Is sentinel lymphadenectomy accurate in multifocal and multicentric breast cancer? SSO 55th Annual Cancer Symposium, 2002. [Abstract] Ann Surg Oncol 2002 9 S16 S17
71. Tousimis E Kimberly JVZ Fet JV Hoque LW Tan LK Cody HS Borgen PI Montgomery LL The accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy in multicentric and multifocal invasive breast cancers J Am Coll Surg 2003 197 529-535 10.1016/S1072-7515(03)00677-X 14522317
72. Gentilini O Trifiro G Soteldo J Luini A Intra M Galimberti V Veronesi P Silva Gandini S Paganelli G Veronesi U Sentinel lymph node biopsy in multicentric breast cancer. The experience of the European Institute of Oncology Eur J Surg Oncol 2006 32 507-510 10.1016/j.ejso.2006.02.018 16595168
73. Kumar R Jana S Heiba SI Dakhel M Axelrod D Siegel B Bernik S Mills C Wallack M Abdel-Dayem HM Retrospective analysis of sentinel node localization in multifocal, multicentric, palpable, or non palpable breast cancer J Nucl Med 2003 44 7-10 12515869
74. Schrenk P Wayand W Sentinel-node biopsy in axillary lymph-node staging for patients with multicentric breast cancer Lancet 2001 357 122 10.1016/ S0140-6736(00)03550-9 11197404
75. Layeeque R Henry-Tillman R Korourian S Kass R Klimberg VS Subareolar sentinel node biopsy for multiple breast cancers Am J Surg 2003 186 730-735 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2003.08.014 14672787
76. Knauer M Konstantiniuk P Haid a Wenzl E Riegel-keil M Postberger S Reitsamer R Schrenk P Multicentric Breast Cancer: A new indication for Sentinel Node Biopsy-A Multi-Institutional Validation Study J Clin Oncol 2006 24 3374-3380 10.1200/JCO.2006.05.7372 16849751
77. Silverstein MJ Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast Annu Rev Med 2000 51 17-32 10.1146/annurev.med.51.1.17 10774450
78. Klauber-DeMore N Tan LK Liberman L Kaptain S Fey J Borgen P Heerdt A Montgomery L Paglia M Petrek JA Cody HS Van Zee KJ Sentinel lymph node biopsy: Is it indicated in patients with high-risk ductal carcinoma-in-situ with microinvasion? Ann Surg Oncol 2000 7 636-642 10.1007/s10434-000-0636-2 11034239
79. Zujewski J Eng-Wong J Sentinel lymph node biopsy in the management of ductal carcinoma in situ Clin Breast Cancer 2005 6 216-222 16137431
80. Weaver DL Krag DN Manna EA Ashikaga T Waters BL Harlow SP Bauer KD Julian TB Detection of occult sentinel lymph node micrometastases by immunohistochemistry in breast cancer: An NSABP Protocol B-32 Quality Assurance Study Cancer 2006 107 661-667 10.1002/cncr.22074 17024757
81. Treseler P Pathologic examination of the sentinel lymph node: What is the best method? Breast J 2006 12 Suppl 2 S143-S151 10.1111/ j.1075-122X.2006.00328.x
82. Langer I Marti WR Guller U Moch H Harder F Oertli D Zuber M Axillary recurrence rate in breast cancer patients with negative sentinel lymph node (SLN) or SLN micrometastases: Prospective analysis of 150 patients after SLN biopsy Ann Surg 2005 241 152-158 1356858 15622003
83. van Rijk MC Peterse JL Nieweg OE Oldenburg HS Rutgers EJ Kroon BB Additional axillary metastases and stage migration in breast cancer patients with micrometastases or submicrometastases in sentinel lymph nodes Cancer 2006 107 467-471 10.1002/cncr.22069 16804924
84. Viale G Maiorano E Mazzarol G Zurrida S Galimberti V Luini A Renne G Pruneri G Maisonneuve P Veronesi U Histologic detection and clinical implications of micrometastases in axillary sentinel lymph nodes for patients with breast carcinoma Cancer 2001 92 1378-1384 10.1002/ 1097-0142(20010915)92:6<1378::AID-CNCR1460>3.0.CO;2-Y 11745213
85. Smeets A Christiaens MR Implications of the sentinel lymph node procedure for local and systemic adjuvant treatment Curr Opin Oncol 2005 17 539-544 10.1097/01.cco.0000183542.63675.66 16224230
86. Weaver DI Krag DN Takamura A Seth PH O'Connell M Pathologic analysis of sentinel and no sentinel lymph nodes in breast carcinoma Cancer 2000 88 1099-1107 10.1002/ (SICI)1097-0142(20000301)88:5<1099::AID-CNCR22>3.0.CO;2-7 10699901
87. Schrenk P Konstantiniuk P Wolf S Prediction of non sentinel lymph node status in breast cancer with a micrometastatic sentinel node Br J Surg 2005 92 707-713 10.1002/bjs.4937 15810047
88. Amersi F Hansen NM The benefits and limitations of sentinel lymph node biopsy Curr Treat Options Oncol 2006 7 141-151 16455025
89. Brenot-Rossi I Houvenaeghel G Jacquemier J Bardou JV Martino MM Hassan-Sebbag N Pasquier J Nonvisualization of axillary sentinel node during lymphoscintigraphy: Is there a pathologic significance in Breast Cancer? J Nucl Med 2003 44 1232-1237 12902412
90. Veronesi P Intra M Vento AR Naninato P Caldarella P Paganelli G Viale G Sentinel lymph node biopsy for localised ductal carcinoma in situ? Breast 2005 14 520-522 10.1016/j.breast.2005.08.007 16185871
91. Ng PC Chua AC Lannin DP Vaneyk JJ Swanson MS Tafra L Age and surgeon experience: The only significant factors contributing to sentinel lymph node mapping failure in breast cancer. [Abstract 12] Breast Cancer Res Treat 1999 57 27
92. Morrow M Rademaker AW Bethke KP Talamonti MS Dawes LG Clauson J Hansen N Learning sentinel node biopsy: Results of a prospective randomized trial of two techniques Surgery 1999 126 714-720 10520920
93. Derossis AM Fey JV Cody HS Borgen PI Obesity influences outcome of sentinel lymph node biopsy in early-stage breast cancer J Am Coll Surg 2003 197 896-901 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2003.08.005 14644276
94. Puckridge PJ Saunders CM Ives AD Semmens JB Breast cancer and pregnancy: a diagnosis and management dilemma ANZ J Surg 2003 73 500-503 10.1046/ j.1445-1433.2002.02566.x 12864824
95. Berry DL Theriault RL Holmes FA Parisi VM Booser DJ Singletary SE Buzdar AU Hortobagyi GN Management of breast cancer during pregnancy using a standarized protocol J Clin Oncol 1999 17 855-861 10071276
96. Gentilini O Cremonesi M Trifiro G Ferrari M Baio SM Caracciolo M Rossi A Smeets A Galimberti V Luini A Tosi G Paganelli G Safety of sentinel node biopsy in pregnant patients with breast cancer Ann Oncol 2004 15 1348-1351 10.1093/annonc/mdh355 15319240
97. Morita ET Chang J Leong SPL Principles and controversies in lymphscintigraphy with emphasis on breast cancer Surg Clin N Am 2000 80 1721-1742 10.1016/S0039-6109(05)70257-7 11140869
98. Pandit-Taskar N Lawrence TD Montgomery L St Germain J Zanzonico PB Divgi CR Organ and fetal absorbed dose estimates from 99TC sulphur colloid lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel node localization in breast cancer patients J Nucl Med 2006 47 1202-1208 16818956
99. Eshima D Fauconnier T Eshima L Thornback JR Radiopharmaceuticals for lymphoscintigraphy: Including disimetry and radiation considerations Semin Nucl Med 2000 30 25-32 10.1016/S0001-2998(00)80059-8 10656241
100. Cremonesi M Ferrari M Sacco E Rossi A De Cicco C Leonardi L Chinol M Luini A Galimberti V Tosi G Veronesi U Paganelli G Radiation protection in radioguided surgery of breast cancer Nucl Med Commun 1999 20 919-924 10528297
101. Mariani G Moresco L Viale G Villa G Bagnasco M Canavese G Buscombe J Strauss WH Paganelli G Radioguided sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer 2001 42 1198-1215 11483681
102. Cody HS 3rd Hill AD Tran KN Brennan MF Borgen PI Credentialing for breast lymphatic mapping: How many cases are enough? Ann Surg 1999 229 723-726 1420817 10235531 10.1097/00000658-199905000-00015
103. Kaleya RN Heckman JT Most M Zager JS Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy: A surgical perspective Semin Nucl Med 2005 35 129-134 10.1053/ j.semnuclmed.2004.11.004 15765375
104. Chung MA Steinhoff MM Cady B Clinical axillary recurrence in breast cancer patients after a negative sentinel node biopsy Am J Surg 2002 184 310-314 10.1016/S0002-9610(02)00956-X 12383890
105. Naik AM Fey J Gemignani M Heerdt A Montgomery L Petrek J Port E Sacchini V Sclafani L VanZee K Wagman R Borgen PI Cody HS 3rd The risk of axillary relapse after sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer is comparable with that of axillary lymph node dissection: A follow-up study of 4008 procedures Ann Surg 2004 240 462-471 1356436 15319717 10.1097/01.sla.0000137130.23530.19
106. Smidt ML Janssen CM Kuster DM Bruggink ED Strobbe LJ Axillary recurrence after a negative sentinel node biopsy for breast cancer: Incidence and clinical significance Ann Surg Oncol 2005 12 29-33 10.1007/ s10434-004-1166-0 15827775