Transforming Unionism by Organising? an Examination of the 'Gender Revolution' in New Zealand Trade Unionism Since 1975

Labour History

Volumn , Issue 84, 2003, Pages 89-111

  Nolan, Melanie ^a   Ryan, Shaun ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33847204813     PISSN: 00236942     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3828/27515902     Document Type: Article

References (178)

1. New Zealand Council of Trade Unions, Organizing Women Workers: Mobilizing Women Workers Using the Organizing Model, CTU, Wellington, 1995, p. 3.
2. Lois Hampstead, interviewed by Shaun Ryan, November 1999, Oral History Centre, Alexander Turnbull Library (ATL).
3. Anne Forrest, 'A View from Outside the Whale: the Treatment of Women and Unions in Industrial Relations', in Linda Briskin and Patricia McDermott (eds), Women Challenging Unions: Feminism, Democracy, and Militancy, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1993, pp. 325-326.
4. Anne Trebilcock, 'Strategies for Strengthening Women's Participation in Trade Union Leadership', International Labor Review, vol. 130, no. 4, 1991, pp. 407-426.
5. Linda Dickens, 'Gender, Race and Employment Equality in Britain: Inadequate Strategies and the role of Industrial Relations Acts', Industrial Relations Journal, vol. 28, no. 4, 1997.
6. Melanie Nolan, 'Employment Organisations' in Anne Else (ed.), Women Together: a History of Women's Organisations in New Zealand: Nga Ropu Wahine o te Motu, Daphne Brassell/Department of Internal affairs, Wellington, 1993, pp. 195-207.
7. Alice H. Cook, Val R. Lorwin, Arlene Kaplan Daniels, The Most Difficult Revolution: Women and Trade Unions, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1992, p. 1.
8. See for instance Sheila Cunnison and Jane Stageman (eds), Feminizing the Unions: Challenging the Culture of Masculinity, Avebury, Aldershot, 1993 and Melanie Oppenheimer & Maree Murray (eds), Proceedings of the 5th Women and Labour Conference, 29 September -1 October 1995 Macquarie University, Macquarie University, Sydney, 1997.
9. Jennifer Curtin, Women in Trade Unions: Strategies for the Representation of Women's Interests in Four Countries, PhD thesis, ANU, 1997, p. 2, see also pp. 1-13 and 81-87.
10. Barry York, 'Trade Union Leaders in the Oral History Collection', NLA (National Library of Australia) News, vol. xii, no. 12, September 2002, p.3.
11. Curtin's work, 'Women in Trade Unions', involved 17 interviews of Australian women unionists between August 1994 and April 1995 but these are not available in a public repository.
12. 'TUHP Achievements', Trade Union History Project Newsletter, no. 30, July 2002, pp. 2-4.
13. A. Bollard and R. Buckle (eds), Economic Liberalisation in New Zealand, Allen and Unwin, Wellington 1987. Jane Kelsey, The New Zealand Experiment: a World Model for Structural Adjustment, GP Print, Wellington, 1996.
14. Shaun Ryan, 'No Straight Answers: Personality, Politics, Religion and the Oral History of New Zealand Trade Union Activists', unpublished paper to the National Oral History Association of New Zealand Conference, Massey University, Palmerston North, 1999 and 'Bullshit & Grand Conspiracies: the Confessions of an Oral Historian' unpublished paper to the TUHP AGM, Wellington, 1999.
15. The TUHP applied for $12, 000 and was awarded $7, 000.
16. Shaun Ryan interviews with: Hazel Armstrong (b.1952), November 1999;
17. Judy Attenberger (b.1938), November 1999;
18. Hilary Brown (b.1929), March 1999;
19. Angela Foulkes (b. 1948), September/October 1999;
20. Maxine Gay (b.1951), October/December 1999;
21. Lois Hampstead (b.1947), November 1999;
22. Joyce Hawe (b.1930), September 1999;
23. Reatha Mclnnes (b.1918), December 1998;
24. Sue Piper (b.1951), November 1999;
25. Maryan Street (b.1955), November 1999;
26. Sue Wetere (b.1949), October 1999;
27. Sonja Davies, Bread and Roses: Sonja Davies, her story, Penguin, Auckland 1984, and a feature film made out of it. Th?r?se O'Connell is one of the few trade unionists for whom we have archival sources, 1970-92, MS Group 0223. The ATL has a range of interviews: Maxine Harris and Rona Bailey interviewed by Kerry Taylor;
28. Freda (Fuzz) Barnes interviewed by Judith Fyfe;
29. Melanie Nolan, comp. and Margot Roth (ed.), Fifty Years of Struggle: the Story of Equal Pay. TUHP Annual Seminar 25 October 1997, TUHP, Wellington, 1998.
30. M. Miles and A. Huberman, Qualitative Data Analysis. An Expanded Sourcebook, (2nd ed.) Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, 1994.
31. For a discussion of the organising model of unionism in New Zealand, Australia and Britain see, respectively: Sarah Oxenbridge, Running to Stand Still: New Zealand Service Sector Trades Union Responses to the Employment Contracts Act 1991, PhD thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, 1998, pp. 70-80;
32. E. Heery, D. Simms, R. Simpson, R. Delbridge and J. Salmon, 'Organising Unionism Comes to the UK', Employee Relations, vol. 22, no. 1, 2000, pp. 38-57.
33. Bill Fletcher Jr. and Richard W. Hurd, 'Beyond the Organizing Model: the Transformation Process in Local Unions' in K. Bronfenbrenner, S. Friedman, R. Hurd, R. Oswold, and R. Seeber (eds), Organising to Win: New Research on Union Strategies, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1998, pp. 37 53.
34. See for example, Jane Lewis, 'The Debate on Sex and Class', New Left Review, no. 149, 1985, pp. 108 120.
35. R. Yin, Case Study Research: Design and Methods (2nd ed.), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, 1994.
36. Mrs E. Bell, President of the Clerical Workers Union, address to the Federation of Labour (FOL) annual conference in 1969 on women's inactivity: 'Women in Trade Unions: New Zealand', Labour and Employment Gazette, vol. xix, no. 3, August 1969, p.12.
37. H. Roth, Trade Unions in New Zealand. Past and Present, Reed Education, Wellington, 1973, p.130.
38. K. E. Threadwell, 'Women in Trade Unions', unpublished research paper, F.O.L, Wellington 1977, pp. 7-8.
39. 'Women and New Zealand Trade Unions', N.Z. F.O.L. Bulletin, September 1976 and The Role of Women in the Distribution Industry: Report by the Distribution Council August 1976, Distribution Council, Wellington 1976.
40. Patricia Sarr, Out of the Chorus Line: the Progress of Women in New Zealand Unions, CTU, Wellington, 1992 and Shifting Sands: Women in New Zealand Unions 1993, CTU, Wellington, 1993.
41. Anne Boyd, Moving Mountains: the Progress of Women in New Zealand Unions 1997, CTU, Wellington, 1997.
42. Barbara M. Werheimer and Anne H. Nelson, Trade Union Women: a Study of Their Participation in New York City Locals, Praeger Publishers, New York, 1975, p. 7.
43. Edmund Heery and Joan Kelly, 'A Cracking job for a woman': a profile of women trade union officials', Industrial Relations Journal, vol. 20, no.3 1989, pp. 192-202.
44. Martina Nightingale, Facing the Challenge: Women in Victorian Unionism VTHC, VTHC (Victorian Trades Hall Council), Melbourne, 1991, pp. 10-20.
45. Pamela Roby and Lynet Uttall, Tutting it all together: the Dilemmas of Rank-and File Union Leaders' and Lois Gray, "The Route to the Top: Female Union Leaders and Union Policy' in Dorothy Sue Cobble (ed.), Women and Unions: Forging a partnership, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 1993, pp. 363-377
46. Julie White, Sisters and Solidarity: Women and Unions in Canada, Thompson Educational Publications, Toronto, 1993.
47. Elizabeth Lawrence, Gender and Trade Unions, Taylor and Francis, Bristol, 1994.
48. Carmel Shute, 'Unequal Partners: Women, Power and the Trade Union Movement' in Norma Grieve and Ailsa Burns (eds), Australian Women: Contemporary Feminist Thought, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1994, pp. 166-178.
49. Kathie Muir, 'Difference or Deficiency: Gender, Representation and Meaning in Unions' in Barbara Pocock (ed.), Strife: Sex and Politics in Labour Unions, Allen and Unwin, Sydney, 1997, pp. 172-193.
50. Society for Research on Women Wellington Branch, Women and Trade Unions: an Exploratory Study in Three Wellington Unions, Society for Research on Women, Wellington, 1991.
51. Alison Enright, Standing Together: Report on Women's Participation in the Diary Workers' Union, prepared for the New Zealand Dairy Workers Union by the Centre for Labour and Trade Union Studies University of Waikato Hamilton in association with the Working Women's Resource Centre, Auckland, 1995.
52. Tom Skinner with John Berry, Man to Man, Whitcouls, Christchurch, 1980.
53. Megan Cook, Gender and Paid Work in New Zealand, 1950 to 1972, MA thesis, University of Otago, 2000, ch. 2.
54. Nellie Bell, interviewed by Sarah Dalton, ATL.
55. Alan J. Geare, Joyce J. Herd, John M. Howells, Women in Trade Unions: A Case Study of Participation in New Zealand, Industrial Relations Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 1979, p. 5.
56. Judy Attenberger, interviewed by Shaun Ryan, November 1999, ATL.
57. Philip S. Foner, Women and the American Labor Movement: From World War I to the Present, The Free Press, New York, esp. ch. 27.
58. Lisa Davies with Natalie Jackson, Women's Labour Force Participation in New Zealand: the Past 100 years, New Zealand Social Policy Agency, Wellington, 1993.
59. Karen Threadwell, 'Women in Trade Unions', unpublished research paper. See the argument implicit in work such as Bert Roth, Along the Line: 100 years of Post Office Unionism, New Zealand Post Office Union, Wellington, 1990, pp. 84, 145-46.
60. Boston, Women Workers and the Trade Unions, ch. 11, 'You'll have to do it yourselves, 1968-1975', esp. pp. 278-280.
61. Sonja Davies, 'Women in New Zealand', in John L. Robson and Jack Shallcrass (eds), Spirit of an Age: New Zealand in the Seventies: Essays in Honour ofW. B. Sutch, Reed, Wellington, 1975, p. 145. 'Women in Trade Unions', PSA Research Paper, no. 4 (1976), p.
62. National Council of Women of New Zealand, What Price Equality? Women and Work in New Zealand, NCW, Wellington, 1974, p. 49.
63. Mrs Mclnnes, interviewed by Shaun Ryan, December 1999.
64. See Northern Wellington (twenty-five miles radius), Westland and Otago and Southland Clerical Workers' Award, Book of Awards, vol. 38, 1938, p. 1593.
65. Department of Labour, New Zealand Clerical Workers' Award, Book of Awards, vol. 66, Government Print, Wellington, 1966, p. 3067.
66. Barbara Brookes and Margaret Tennant, 'Making Girls Modern: Pakeha Women and Menstruation in New Zealand, 1930-70', Women's History Review, vol. 7, no. 4, 1998, pp. 573-4.
67. Carolyn Moynihan, On Your Side: a History of the Northern Clerical, Administrative and Related Workers Union 1936-86, Northern Clerical Union Auckland, 1986.
68. Mrs Mclnnes, interviewed by Shaun Ryan, December 1999.
69. NZFOL National Executive, No Laughing Matter, FOL, Wellington, 1984.
70. Melanie Nolan, 'Jane Elizabeth Runciman 1873-1950' (Secretary Dunedin Tailoresses Union, 1908 1945), Dictionary of New Zealand Biography (DNZB), vol. 3 1900-1920, Bridget Williams Books/ Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington, 1996, pp. 447-49;
71. Jim McAloon, 'Mabel Bowen Howard 1894-1972', (Secretary Canterbury General Labourers' Union 1933-1943), DNZB, vol. 5, 1940-1960, Auckland University Press/Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington, 2000, pp. 239-40;
72. Inga Renner, secretary and various official holder, Wellington Clerical Union 1938-1960
73. Peter Franks, 'Hurrah, Hurrah, for F.P. Walsh? The Clerical Workers' Union 1938-1960' in Pat Walsh (ed.), Trade Unions, Work and Society, Dunmore Press, Palmerston North, 1994, pp. 127-154;
74. Melanie Nolan, 'Nada Hazel Clark 1922-1964' (Secretary Wellington Trades and Labour Council 1959-1964 & Acting Secretary NZFOL 1962), DNZB, vol. 5, pp. 104-5.
75. Kevin Hince with Kerry Taylor, Jacqui Peace and Michael Biggs, Opening Hours: History of the Wellington Shop Employees Union, Wellington Shop Employees Union, Wellington, 1990, p. 74.
76. See reference to Muriel Thompson (Assistant Secretary Post Office Union, January 1967 & General Secretary 1967-83) in Roth, Along the Line, p.
77. Ellen Edith (Nellie) Bell (President NZ Clerical Association 1965-1980, interviewed by Sarah Dalton, ATL. Thrse O'Connell papers. Sonja Davies, Bread and Roses. Joyce Hawe interviewed by Shaun Ryan, September 1999, ATL.
78. Linda Hill and Rosemary Du Plessis, 'Tracing the Similiarities. Identifying the Differences: Women and the Employment Contracts Act, New Zealand Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 18, no. 1, 1993, pp. 31-43.
79. Linda Hill, Organising the Markets for Women's Work: Feminism and Unionism in New Zealand, PhD thesis, University of Canterbury, 1994.
80. Pat Walsh, 'The Privatization of Social Aspiration: Trade Unions in New Times', Sites, vol. 20, 1990, pp. 99-109.
81. Moynihan, On Your Side, pp. 98-99. Th?r?se O'Connell Papers, ATL, Ace 90-214 Box 1 /1.
82. Christine Dann, Up from Under: Women and Liberation in New Zealand 1970-1985, Allen & Unwin/ Port Nicholson Press, Wellington, 1985, pp. 92-95.
83. PSA Journal, October and December 1980 issues.
84. Helen Watson, 'Learning to Win the Game: Auckland Feminist Teachers', Women's Studies Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, May 1991, pp. 55-65.
85. See material in Th?r?se O'Connell papers such as 'Women in Trade Unions', Report on a Wellington Trades Council Seminar, September 1979';
86. Frances McCallion, Women discuss discrimination, Socialist Action, 10 August 1979 p. 4;
87. Report on a seminar organised by the Women's Subcommittee of the Wellington Trade Council, 4 Aug 1979;
88. Women's Sub committee report, Wellington District Council NZFOL Annual Report for the Year October 1981 September 1982 Ace 90-214 Box 1/1, ATL.
89. See papers associated with the Inaugural NZCTU Policy Conference's endorsing of structures to ensure women and Maori representation at all levels, Th?r?se O'Connell Papers, ATL, Ace 90-214.
90. Roth, Along the Line, p. 271.
91. 'Busy and Successful Decade for Women', New Zealand Tribune, 11 March 1991, p. 3.
92. Felicity Burton, The New Zealand Women Teachers' Association 1901-1964, unpublished MA research essay, University of Auckland, 1986, p. 83.
93. Public Service Journal, 15 May 1914, p. 2.
94. NZCTU, Closing the Gap: Presentations to the Forum on Equal Pay 13 June 1997, CTU, Wellington, 1997.
95. Judy Attenberger, interviewed by Shaun Ryan, November 1999.
96. Lois Hampstead, interviewed by Shaun Ryan, November 1999.
97. Working Woman, June 1990, ATL.
98. There are various reports of this all-woman executive, see for instance, PSA Journal, September 1991, pp. 1-3 & June 1992, p. 3.
99. Peter Franks, Print and Politics: a History of Trade Unions in the New Zealand Printing Industry, 1865 1995, Victoria University Press, Wellington, 2001, ch. 3.
100. Sue Piper, interviewed by Shaun Ryan, November 1999.
101. Particularly the PSA sponsored women's conferences in 1976, 1983 and 1990.
102. D. Ledwith, F. Colgan, P. Joyce and M. Hayes, 'The Making of Women Trade Union Leaders', Industrial Relations Journal, vol. 21, no. 2, 1990, pp. 112-25.
103. Anne Boyd, Bargaining Under Attack: the Review of Bargaining Provisions under the ECA, CTU, Wellington, 1995.
104. The 2002 CTU conference was the first held for a decade against a background of rising membership.
105. A. Crawford, R. Harbridge and K. Hince, 'Unions and Union Membership in New Zealand: Annual Review of 1996', New Zealand Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 22, no. 2, 1997, pp. 209-216.
106. Labor Council of NSW, Workers Online, no. 52, 5 May 2000, p.l.
107. Joyce Hawe, interviewed by Shaun Ryan, September 1999.
108. S. Hammond and R. Harbridge, 'Women and Enterprise Bargaining: The New Zealand Experience of Labour Market deregulation', The Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 37, 1995, pp. 359-376.
109. CTU Work: Newsletter of the NZ Council of Trade Unions, July 1994.
110. Hazel Armstrong, interviewed by Shaun Ryan, November 1999, ATL.
111. E. Heery and Joan Kelly, 'Professional, Participative and Managerial Unionism: an Interpretation of Change in Trade Unions', Work, Employment and Society, vol. 8, no. 1, 1994, pp. 1-22.
112. CTU Work: Newsletter of the NZ Council of Trade Unions, July 1994. See also Teresa Conrow, 'Contract Servicing From an Organizing Model: Don't Bureaucratize, Organize!', Labour Research Review, no. 17, Spring 1991, p.51.
113. CTU, Organizing Women Workers: Mobilizing Women Workers Using the Organizing Model, CTU, Wellington, 1995.
114. Judy Attenberger, interviewed by Shaun Ryan, November 1999.
115. R. Undy, V. Ellis, W.EJ. McCarthy, and A.M. Halmos, Change in Trade Unions: the Development of UK Unions since the 1960s, Hutchinson, London, 1981.
116. P. Lange, G. Ross and M. Vannicelli, Unions, Change and Crisis: French and Italian Union Strategy and the Political Economy, 1945-1980, George Allen and Unwin, London, 1982.
117. P. Brosnan, D. Smith and P. Walsh, The Dynamics of New Zealand Industrial Relations, John Wiley, Auckland, 1990.
118. Oxenbridge, 'Running to Stand Still', pp. 456, 482.
119. Hince et al., Opening Hours, p. 70.
120. Report to Management Committee, 22 June 1967, Wellington Taranaki and Marlborough Clerical Workers' IUOW Minutes, 22 June 1967-16 December 1971 MS Group 367 Ace 92-16, ATL.
121. Ibid., Annual General Meeting, 7 September 1967.
122. Purdue had a background in the tailoresses' and drug workers' unions, 'Autobiography, November 1991', Women's Heritage Trust collection, Auckland Public Library. CM. Purdue to D. Jacob, Secretary Auckland Clerical and Office Staff, 11 July 1967, Auckland Women's Archives, Auckland Museum Collection, MS 1500.
123. An album of these activities of press photos and of the Clerical Luncheon Club is held at the Auckland Women's Archives, Auckland, Museum Collection.
124. Newsletter, Equal Pay for Equal Work, Council for Equal Pay and Opportunity's newsletter, no. 2, October 1969, p.
125. See also Jacqueline Steincamp, 'Christchurch Equal Pay Committee Comes Apart at the Seams', New Zealand Monthly Review, June 1970, pp. 9-10.
126. Sylvia Baynes, 'Waiting for the Suffragettes' in Maud Cahill and Christine Dann (eds), Changing Our Lives: Women Working in the Women's Liberation Movement, 1970-1990, Bridget Williams Books, Wellington, 1991, p. 37.
127. Hazel Armstrong, interview by Shaun Ryan, November 1999, ATL. See also Christine, Dann, 'Clerical Workers, the Quiet Union', Broadsheet, no. 45, December 1976, pp. 12-15.
128. Lawrence, Gender and Trade Unions, pp. 4-5. 92. cited by Norbert C. Solden (ed.), The World of Women's Trade Unionism: Comparative Historical Essays, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, 1985, p. 4.
129. The Dominion, 17 July 1999 p. 18;
130. Sunday Star-Times, 18 July 1999, C7.
131. See Human Rights Commission, Women in Banking: a Report on Complaints of Sex Discrimination in the Employment of Women in the New Zealand Banking System, Human Rights Commission, Wellington, 1984.
132. Human Rights Commission, Progress Report on the Implementation of Equal Opportunities Programme in New Zealand Trade Banks, Wellington June 1986.
133. Jenny Neale, Women and Men in Banking: a Survey of Career Patterns, New Zealand Bank Officers' Union, Wellington 1983.
134. Patricia Sarr, Unbalanced Banking. The Campaign for Equality for Women Bankers, New Zealand Bank Officers' Union, Wellington, 1988.
135. Julie O'Brien et. al, Shortchanged: a Survey of Part-Time Workers in the Banking Industry, FinSec, The Finance Sector Union, Wellington, 1991.
136. Angela Foulkes, interview by Shaun Ryan, September/October 1999.
137. See Viv Walker, 'A Working-Class Woman Meets Feminism', in Cahill and Dann (eds), Changing Our Lives, pp. 106-7.
138. Judy Attenberger, Lois Hampstead, Maryan Street, interviews by Shaun Ryan, November 1999.
139. Maxine Gay interviewed by Shaun Ryan, October/December 1999;
140. Lois Hampstead and Maryan Street interviewed by Shaun Ryan, November 1999.
141. See for example, Cook, et al, The Most Difficult Revolution: Women and Trade Unions, p. 8.
142. Hilary Brown, interviewed by Shaun Ryan, March 1999.
143. Judy Attenberger, interviewed by Shaun Ryan, November 1999.
144. Hazel Armstrong, interviewed by Shaun Ryan, November 1999;
145. Reatha Mclnnes, interviewed by Shaun Ryan, December 1998;
146. Angela Foulkes interviewed by Shaun Ryan, September /October 1999;
147. Judy Attenberger interviewed by Shaun Ryan, November 1999;
148. Joyce Hawe, September 1999;
149. Sue Piper, November 1999;
150. Maryan Street interviewed by Shaun Ryan, November 1999;
151. Maxine Gay interviewed by Shaun Ryan, October/December 1999. Maxine Harris interviewed by Kerry Taylor September 1995. Margaret Long interviewed by Melanie Nolan, February 1992.
152. See also the male unionists' accounts, Don Aimer, (New Zealand Bank Officers' Union) interviewed by Shaun Ryan September 1998 and Graeme Oglivie, (Insurance Workers' Union) interviewed by Shaun Ryan October 1998, ATL.
153. Mary Boyd, Grace du Faur, Maureen Evans (Dench), Margaret Long (Brand), Joyce McBeath, Margot Jenkins (Rodden), Beverley Hurrelle, and Cath Kelly (Eichelbaum), Ro?a Bailey, Maire Dwyer, interviewed by Margaret Corner 1987, Dan Long Library, PSA.
154. Pleasance Hansen, Women's Employment Issues, New Zealand 1967-1987: An Account of the Activities and Issues Addressed by the National Advisory Council on the Employment of Women, Labour Department, Wellington, 1987.
155. P.J. Hyman and A. Clark, 'Equal Pay Study Phase One Report', Department of Labour, Wellington, 1987, pp 7-8.
156. Lisa Sabbage, 'The Employment Equity Act: the Best Thing Since Sliced Bread', Broadsheet, October 1988, pp. 6-7.
157. Hansen, Women's Employment Issues, New Zealand 1967-1987, p.
158. It was led by Dana Glendinning, Martha Coleman, Alison Lash, Joanna Beresford, Ros Noonan, Susan Iverson, Rachel Brown.
159. Sue Iverson, 'Why Women get Paid Less', Broadsheet, January/February, 1987, p. 39.
160. Margaret Long, interviewed by Melanie Nolan, February 1992.
161. Angela Foulkes interviewed by Shaun Ryan, September/October 1999;
162. Hilary Brown, March 1999;
163. Lois Hampstead, November 1999.
164. Compare New Zealand Labour Party, Women's Policy, 1984 Policy Documents, NZLP, Wellington, 1984 with CTU, The Women's Agenda, CTU, Wellington, 1997.
165. See Helen Dee, 'Why Unions Must adopt Working Women's Charter', Socialist Action, 19 October 1979, p. 11
166. Angela Foulkes, interviewed by Shaun Ryan September/October 1999.
167. Maxine Gay, interviewed by Shaun Ryan interviewed by Shaun Ryan, October/December 1999
168. Franks, 'Hurrah, Hurrah, for F.P. Walsh? The Clerical Workers' Union 1938-1960'.
169. Maryan Street, interviewed by Shaun Ryan, November 1999;
170. Hilary Brown, March 1999;
171. Judy Attenberger, November 1999;
172. Angela Foulkes, September/October 1999.
173. Jo Stanley, 'Including the Feelings: Personal Political Testimony and Self-disclosure', Oral History, vol. 24, no. 1, Spring, 1996, p. 86.
174. Dominion, 21 February 1998.
175. Hazel Armstrong, interview by Shaun Ryan, November 1999. See also Viv Walker, 'A Working Class Woman Meets Feminism', in Cahill and Dann (eds), Changing Our Lives, p. 103.
176. Maxine Gay, interviewed by Shaun Ryan, October/December 1999
177. Nightingale, Facing the Challenge, pp. 10-20.
178. Curtin, 'Women in Trade Unions', pp. 91-92