The European Union as a normative power: A response to Thomas Diez

Millennium: Journal of International Studies

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 167-180

  Manners, Ian ^a  

^a DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33847053637     PISSN: 03058298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/03058298060350010201     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Julia Kristeva, 'Europe Divided: Politics, Ethics, Religion', in Crisis of the European Subject (New York: Other Press, 2000), 114-15.
2. Ian Manners, Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms? (Copenhagen: Copenhagen Peace Research Institute, Working Paper 38-2000). [http://www.diis.dk/graphics/COPRI_publications/ COPRI_publications/publications/38-2000.doc].
3. Ian Manners, 'Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?', Journal of Common Market Studies 40, no. 2 (2002): 235-58.
4. Manners (2000) Normative Power Europe;
5. and Ian Manners, Substance and Symbolism: An Anatomy of Cooperation in the New Europe (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000).
6. Thomas Diez, 'Constructing the Self and Changing Others: Reconsidering 'Normative Power Europe", Millennium: Journal of International Studies 33, no. 3 (2005): 613-36, 615.
7. Richard Whitman, From Civilian Power to Superpower? The International Identity of the European Union (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998);
8. Ian Manners and Richard Whitman, 'Towards Identifying the International Identity of the European Union: A Framework for Analysis of the EU's Network of Relations', Journal of European Integration 21, no. 2 (1998): 231-49;
9. Ian Manners and Richard Whitman, 'The "Difference Engine" Constructing and Representing the International Identity of the European Union', Journal of European Public Policy 10, no. 3 (2003): 380-404.
10. Manners (2002) 'Normative Power Europe', 236-8;
11. Manners and Whitman, 'The "Difference Engine"', 387-91.
12. Knud Erik Jørgensen, ed., Reflective Approaches to European Governance (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997);
13. Charlotte Bretherton and John Vogler, The European Union as Global Actor (London: Routledge, 1999);
14. Ian Manners and Richard Whitman, eds., The Foreign Policies of European Union Member States (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000);
15. Karen Smith, European Union Foreign Policy in a Changing World (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2003);
16. Michael E. Smith, Europe's Foreign and Security Policy: The Institutionalization of Cooperation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004);
17. Walter Carlsnaes, Helene Sjursen, and Brian White, eds., Contemporary European Foreign Policy (London: Sage, 2004);
18. Ole Elgström and Michael Smith (eds.) The European Union's Roles in International Politics (London: Routledge, 2006).
19. Zaki Laïdi, La norme sans la force: L'énigme de la puissance européenne (Paris: Presses de Sciences Po, 2005);
20. Helene Sjursen, ed., Special Issue: 'What Kind of Power? European Foreign Policy in Perspective', Journal of European Public Policy 13, no. 2 (2006).
21. Charlotte Bretherton and John Vogler, The European Union as a Global Actor, 2nd edn (London: Routledge, 2006).
22. Emanuel Adler, Beverly Crawford, Federica Bicci, and Raffaella Del Sarto, eds., The Convergence of Civilizations? Constructing a Mediterranean Region (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006).
23. Sonia Lucarelli and Ian Manners, eds., Values and Principles in European Union Foreign Policy (London: Routledge, 2006).
24. Andrew Linklater, 'A European Civilising Process?', in International Relations and the European Union, eds. Christopher Hill and Michael Smith (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 367-87.
25. Pascal Lamy and Zaki Laïdi (2002) 'A European Approach to Global Governance', Progressive Politics 1, no. 1 (2002): 56-63;
26. Sibylle Scheipers and Daniela Sicurelli, 'Normative Power Europe: A Credible Utopia', Journal of Common Market Studies (2006) forthcoming.
27. Simon Lightfoot and Jon Burchell, 'The European Union and the World Summit on Sustainable Development: Normative Power Europe in Action?', Journal of Common Market Studies 43, no. 1 (2005): 75-95.
28. Kalypso Nicolaïdis, 'The Power of the Superpowerless', in Beyond Paradise and Power: Europeans, Americans and the Future of a Troubled Partnership, ed. Tod Lindberg (London: Routledge, 2004), 93-120.
29. Tarik Oguzlu, 'An Analysis of Turkey's Prospective Membership in the European Union from a "Security" Perspective', Security Dialogue 34, no. 3 (2003): 285-99.
30. Diez, 'Constructing the Self', 635.
31. Ibid.
32. Diez, 'Constructing the Self', 620-3.
33. Manners (2002) 'Normative Power Europe', 240.
34. Ibid., 241.
35. Diez, 'Constructing the Self', 620.
36. Clearly, the idea of 'universal' is problematic, but is understood here as particular/culture transcending norms such as human rights, justice, and human dignity that are found in generally agreed statements of principle such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. See Gillian Triggs, 'Remembering the Life of Edward Said: A Tribute', Ejournalist 3 (2003), [www.ejournalism.au.com/ejournalist/triggs.pdf];
37. and Sharin Ebadi, 'Human Development Report 2004 (New York: UNDP, 2004), 23.
38. Manners (2002) 'Normative Power Europe', 241.
39. See Article 11, Treaty on European Union (TEU); Articles I-3, I-41, and III-292, Constitution for Europe (CfE).
40. See Article 6, TEU; Article I-9, CfE; EU Council of Ministers, The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (Brussels: Council of Ministers, 2000);
41. European Parliament, 'Human Rights - Fundamental Rights', Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (Brussels: European Parliament, 2000) [www.europarl.eu.int/comparl/human_rights/ default_en.htm].
42. See Article 6, TEU; and Article I-9, CfE.
43. Council of Ministers, Charter of Fundamental Rights;
44. and European Parliament, 'Human Rights - Fundamental Rights'.
45. See Article III-292, CfE.
46. Ratification of cosmopolitan international law treaties includes eight ILO treaties; nine human rights treaties; seven humanitarian laws; and six environmental laws. The maximum number of treaties is 30. Based on UN Human Development Report 2005 (New York: UNDP, 2005), 289-92; 320-7;
47. and Mary Kaldor, et al., eds., Global Civil Society 2005/6 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 358-65.
48. Jeremy Rabkin, 'Is EU Policy Eroding the Sovereignty of Non-Member States?', Chicago Journal of International Law 1, no. 2 (2000): 273-90;
49. and Ian Ward, 'The End of Sovereignty and the New Humanism', Stanford Law Review 55 (2003): 2091-112.
50. See also Ian Manners, 'The Value of Peace', in Values in the Constitution of Europe, ed. Miriam Aziz and Susan Millns (London: Dartmouth, 2006);
51. and Manners, 'Normative Power Europe Reconsidered'.
52. Diez, 'Constructing the Self', 621.
53. John Erik Fossum, 'Conceptualizing the European Union Through Four Strategies of Comparison', Comparative European Politics 4, no 1 (2006): 94-123.
54. Diez, 'Constructing the Self', 621.
55. See also Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword (New York: W.W.Norton & Company, 1996).
56. Etienne Balibar, 'Europe: Vanishing Mediator', Constellations 10, no. 3 (2003): 312-38.
57. Nicolaïdis, 'The Power of the Superpowerless', 117.
58. Diez, 'Constructing the Self', 621.
59. Ibid., 617.
60. Manners (2000) Normative Power Europe, 26;
61. Manners (2002) 'Normative Power Europe', 236-7.
62. See Manners (2002) 'Normative Power Europe', 238;
63. Manners and Whitman, 'The "Difference Engine"', 390.
64. Diez, 'Constructing the Self', 617 and 629.
65. François Duchêne, 'The European Community and the Uncertainties of Interdependence', in A Nation Writ Large? Foreign-Policy Problems before the Community, eds Max Kohnstamm and Wolfgang Hager (London: Macmillan, 1973), 19;
66. and Hanns Maull, 'Germany and Japan: The New Civilian Powers', Foreign Affairs 69, no. 5 (1990), 92.
67. Manners (2002) 'Normative Power Europe', 241.
68. François Duchêne, 'A New European Defense Community', Foreign Affairs 50, no. 1 (1971), 82;
69. François Duchêne, 'Europe's Role in World Peace', in Europe Tomorrow: Sixteen Europeans Look Ahead, ed. Richard Mayne (London: Fontana/Collins, 1972), 47;
70. and Duchêne, 'The European Community, 20.
71. Diez, 'Constructing the Self', 616.
72. Ibid., 626.
73. Julia Kristeva, Powers of Horror: An Essay in Abjection (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982), 4.
74. Julia Kristeva, Strangers to Ourselves (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), 191-2.
75. Diez, 'Constructing the Self', 628-9.
76. Catarina Kinnvall, 'Globalization and Religious Nationalism: Self, Identity, and the Search for Ontological Self', Political Psychology 25, No. 5 (2004), 741-67.
77. Manners and Whitman, 'The '"Difference Engine"', 397.
78. Diez, 'Constructing the Self', 631-2.
79. Kurt Biedenkopf, Bronislaw Geremek, and Krzysztof Michalski, The Spiritual and Cultural Dimension of Europe: Concluding Remarks, Reflection Group initiated by the President of the European Commission and Coordinated by the Institute for Human Services, Vienna/Brussels, 2004, 12.
80. Robert Cox, 'Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory', Millennium: Journal of International Studies 10, no. 2 (1981): 126-55.
81. Anthony Giddens, The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), 3.
82. Mats Alvesson and Kaj Sköldberg, Reflexive Methodology: New Vistas for Qualitative Research (London: Sage, 2000), 5.
83. Manners (2002) 'Normative Power Europe', 252.