Preventing desert locust plagues: Optimizing management interventions: Mini review

Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata

Volumn 122, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 191-214

  Van Huis, Arnold ^a   Cressman, Keith ^b   Magor, Joyce I ^c  

^a WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GREENWICH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Acrididae; Control strategy; Orthoptera; Outbreak; Plague dynamics; Plague prevention; Recession; Schistocerca gregaria; Upsurge

Indexed keywords

AGGREGATION BEHAVIOR; BIOLOGICAL INVASION; CROP DAMAGE; LOCUST; MIGRATORY BEHAVIOR; PEST CONTROL; PEST OUTBREAK; RAINFALL; STRATEGIC APPROACH;

AFRICA; ASIA; EURASIA; MIDDLE EAST;

ACRIDIDAE; ORTHOPTERA; SCHISTOCERCA GREGARIA;

EID: 33847048610     PISSN: 00138703     EISSN: 15707458     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1570-7458.2006.00517.x     Document Type: Short Survey

References (138)

1. Allan W (1931) Locust in northern Rhodesia. Annual Bulletin Department Agriculture Northern Rhodesia 1: 6-11.
2. Ashall (1985) The resources needed for Desert Locust plague prevention in the Central Region of its distribution area. Unnumbered AGP Consultant's Report. FAO, Rome, Italy.
3. Bahana JW & Byaruhanga EK (1999) Advances and review strategies for Red Locust plague prevention: the control of Red Locust Nomadacris septemfasciata (Serville) into the 21st Century. Insect Science and its Application 19: 265-272.
4. Batten A (1966) The course of the last major plague of the African Migratory Locust 1928 to 1941. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 14 (1): 1-16.
5. Bennett LV (1974) Factors Affecting the Upsurge and Decline of Populations of the Desert Locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forskål) in 1966-1969. PhD Thesis, University of London, London, UK.
6. Bennett LV (1975) Development of a desert locust plague. Nature 256: 486-487.
7. Bennett LV (1976) The development and termination of the 1968 plague of the Desert Locust. Bulletin of Entomological Research 66: 511-552.
8. Besnault C (1962) Rapport sur les activité de Groupe aérien de Lutte antiacridienne No. 2 au Sénégal et en Mauritanie en septembre et octobre 1960. International Agricultural Aviation Congress, Grignon (1962) 2: 219-227.
9. Betts E (1961) Outbreaks of the African Migratory Locust (Locusta migratoria migratorioides R & F) since 1871. Anti-Locust Memoir No. 6. Anti-Locust Research Centre, London, UK.
10. Bhatia GN (1961) Observations on concentrated solitary breeding of Desert Locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forsk.) in Rajasthan (India) during 1956. Indian Journal of Entomology 21: 77-81.
11. Brussels (1938) Comptes rendus de la 5me conférence internationale pour les recherches antiacridiennes, Bruxelles, 1938. Ministère des Colonies, Brussels, Belgium.
12. Cairo (1937) Recommendations adopted by the conference no. 3. Plan for the permanent supervision of the outbreak areas of the Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål). Proceedings of the 4th International Locust Conference, Cairo, 1936, pp. 83-84. Government Press, Bulâq, Cairo, Egypt.
13. Cochemé J (1966) Wind opportunities for locust transport and concentration in India and West Pakistan, June 20-30, 1961. A Case Study of an Invasion of the Summer Breeding Area of the Desert Locust. Progress Report No. UNSF/DL/RFS/6. FAO, Rome, Italy.
14. Courshee RJ (1965) Chemical Control - technical studies. Final report of the operational research team of the United Nations Special Fund Desert Locust Project. Vol. 1, pp. 206-285. FAO Progress Report No. UNSF/DL/OP/5. FAO, Rome, Italy.
15. Courshee RJ (1990) Desert Locust and their control. International Pest Control 32: 16-18.
16. Desert Locust Survey (1956) Report of the Desert Locust Survey, 1 June 1953-30 June 1955. East Africa High Commission, Nairobi, Kenya.
17. Despland E & Simpson SJ (2000) The role of food distribution and nutritional quality in behavioural phase change in the desert locust. Animal Behaviour 59: 643-652.
18. Duranton J-F, Razafindratsima A, Franc A & Lecoq M (2000) Spread of a migratory locust plague in Madagascar. Proceedings of the XXI International Congress of Entomology, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil, August 20-26, 2000. Abstract Book 1 (ed. by DL Gazzoni). Embrapa, Londrina, Brazil.
19. Elliott CCH (2000) FAO's perspective on migratory pests. Workshop on Research Priorities for Migrant Pests of Agriculture in Southern Africa, Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa, 24-26 March 1999 (ed. by RA Cheke, LJ Rosenberg & ME Kieser), pp. 17-24. Natural Resources Institute, Chatham, UK.
20. FAO (1956) FAO Panel of Experts on the long-term policy of Desert Locust control, London, April 1956. Report No. 1956/11. FAO, Rome, Italy.
21. FAO (1959) FAO Panel of Experts on the strategy of Desert Locust plague control, Rome, April-May 1959. Report No. 1959/5. FAO, Rome, Italy.
22. FAO (1967) The Current Desert Locust Recession and FAO's Policy of Control and Prevention, by Gurdas Singh. Report No. PL/DL/1-Rev.1. FAO, Rome, Italy.
23. FAO (1968) Desert Locust Project Final Report. Report No. FAO/SF:34/DLC. FAO, Rome, Italy.
24. FAO (1969) Thirteenth Session of the Desert Locust Control Committee, Rome, 1969. Report No. PL/1969/M/5. FAO, Rome, Italy.
25. FAO (1970) FAO's role in international coordination of locust research and control by Gurdas Singh. Report No. AGP/DL/1. FAO, Rome, Italy.
26. FAO (1980) Trilingual glossary of terms used in acridology. No. AGP/DL/TS/21. Plant Production and Protection Division, Locust Control - Desert Locust Programme. FAO, Rome, Italy.
27. FAO (1985) Consultation on Desert Locust plague prevention in the Central Region, Rome, May, 1985. Report unnumbered. FAO, Rome, Italy.
28. FAO (1987) The Desert Locust [in 1986]. Migrant Pest Newsletter 51-52: 1-7.
29. FAO (1989) The Desert Locust [in 1987]. Migrant Pest Newsletter 53-54: 1-4.
30. FAO (1996) Evaluation of field trials data on the efficacy and selectivity of insecticides on locusts and grasshoppers. Report to FAO by the Pesticide Referee Group. Fifth meeting, 20-22 September 1995. FAO, Rome, Italy.
31. FAO (1997) Evaluation of field trials data on the efficacy and selectivity of insecticides on locusts and grasshoppers. Report to FAO by the Pesticide Referee Group. Sixth meeting, 10-12 December 1996. FAO, Rome, Italy.
32. FAO (1998) Economic and policy issues in Desert Locust management: a preliminary Analysis by S Joffe. FAO Report No. AGP/DL/TS/27, pp. 15-131. FAO, Rome, Italy.
33. FAO (2001a) Biology and behaviour by PM Symmons & K Cressman. Desert Locust Guidelines, Vol. 1. FAO, Rome, Italy. Also at URL://www.fao.org/ag/ locusts/en/info/info/index.html then use publications link.
34. FAO (2001b) Control by HM Dobson. Desert Locust Guidelines, Vol. 4. FAO, Rome, Italy. Also at URL://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/en/info/info/index.html then use publications link.
35. FAO (2001c) Campaign organization and execution by PM Symmons & K Cressman. Desert Locust Guidelines, Vol. 5. FAO, Rome, Italy. Also at URL://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/en/info/info//index.html then use publications link.
36. FAO (2001d) Appendices by K Cressman & HM Dobson. Desert Locust Guidelines, Vol. 7. FAO, Rome, Italy. Also at URL://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/en/ info/info/index.html then use publications link.
37. FAO (2003) Desert Locust population dynamics parameters. Report No. AGP/DL/TS/30. FAO, Rome, Italy. Also at URL://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/en/info/ info/index.html then use publications link.
38. FAO (2004a) Evaluation of field trials data on the efficacy and selectivity of insecticides on locusts and grasshoppers. Report to FAO by the Pesticide Referee Group. Ninth meeting, 18-21 October 2004. FAO, Rome, Italy. Also at URL://www.fao.org/ ag/locusts/en/info/info/index.html then use publications link.
39. FAO (2004b) Extraordinary Session of the FAO Desert Locust Control Committee, Rome, 2004. FAO, Rome, Italy.
40. Farrow RA (1987) Effects of changing land use on outbreaks of Tropical Migratory Locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides (R & F). Insect Science and its Application 4: 6: 969-975.
41. Faure JC (1923) The life-history of the Brown Locust, Locusta pardalina (Walker). Journal of the Department of Agriculture Union of South Africa 7: 205-224.
42. Gilot J (1965) Utilisation des aéronefs dans la lutte antiacridienne au Maroc. Comptes Rendus des Travaux du Congrès sur la Protection des Cultures Tropicales, pp. 273-276.
43. Guichard KM (1955) Habitats of the Desert Locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forskål) in western Libya and Tibesti. Anti-Locust Bulletin 21, 32 pp.
44. Gunn DL (1979) Setting the scene: the development of aircraft attack on locust swarms in Africa since 1945 and the start of operational research on control systems. Strategy and Tactics of Control of Migrant Pests: A Royal Society Discussion held on 29 and 30 June 1977, London (ed. by DL Gunn & RC Rainey), pp. 3-15. Royal Society, London, UK.
45. Harris WV (1933) The Red Locust. Pamphlet Department of Agriculture Tanzania 10.
46. Hemming CF, Popov GB, Roffey J & Waloff Z (1979) Characteristics of Desert Locust plague upsurges and discussion on alternative hypotheses. Strategy and Tactics of Control of Migrant Pests: A Royal Society Discussion held on 29 and 30 June 1977, London (ed. by DL Gunn & RC Rainey) pp. 127-138, 167-179. Royal Society, London, UK.
47. van Huis A (1994) (ed.) Desert locust control with existing techniques: an evaluation of strategies. Proceedings of the Seminar held in Wageningen, The Netherlands, 6-11 December 1993. Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
48. Hussein M (1938) An expedition to Arabia for locust investigations. Comptes rendus de la 5eme conférence internationale pour les recherches antiacridiennes, pp. 345-566. Ministère des Colonies, Brussels, Belgium.
49. Jackson GT, Popov GB, Ibrahim AO, Alghamedi SA & Khan AM (1978) Effect of natural food plants on the development, maturation, fecundity and phase of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål). Miscellaneous Report, No. 42. Centre for Overseas Pest Research, London, UK.
50. Janssen JAM (1993) African Armyworm Outbreaks: Why Do They Occur after Droughts? PhD thesis, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
51. Joffe SR (1995) Desert Locust management, a time for change. World Bank Discussion Paper No. 284. World Bank, Washington DC, USA.
52. Johnston HB (1926a) New facts regarding the phases of migratory locusts. Nature 118: 10-11.
53. Johnston HB (1926b) A further contribution to our knowledge of the bionomics and control of the Migratory locust Schistocerca gregaria Forsk. (peregrina Oliv.) in the Sudan. Bulletin Welcome Tropical Research Laboratories (Entomology) No. 22.
54. Joyce RJV (1962a) Control operations. Report of the Desert Locust Survey 1 June 1955-31 May 1961, pp. 11-45. East Africa Common Services Organization, Nairobi, Kenya.
55. Joyce RJV (1962b) The sizes of locust populations. Chapter 5. Research Report of the Desert Locust Survey, 1 June 1955-31 May 1961, pp. 48-61. East African Common Services Organization, Nairobi, Kenya.
56. Joyce RJV (1979) The evolution of an aerial application system for the control of Desert Locusts. Strategy and Tactics of Control of Migrant Pests: a Royal Society Discussion held on 29 and 30 June 1977, London (ed. by DL Gunn & RC Rainey) pp. 57-66. Royal Society, London, UK.
57. Karrarr AMHM (1974) Study of the 1972/73 upsurge of the Desert Locust (Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.)) and the effect of the control operations undertaken by national and international Organizations. Eighteenth session of the FAO Desert Locust Control Committee, Rome, 1974. Working Paper No. AGP: LCC/74/3. FAO, Rome, Italy.
58. Kennedy JS (1939) The behaviour of the Desert Locust (Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.)) (Orthopt.) in an outbreak centre. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society, London 89: 385-542.
59. Krall S, Peveling R & Ba Diallo D (1997) (eds.) New Strategies in Locust Control. Birkhauser-Verlag, Basel, Switzerland.
60. Lamb HH (1979) Discussion. Strategy and Tactics of Control of Migrant Pests: A Royal Society Discussion held on 29 and 30 June 1977, London (ed. by L Gunn & RC Rainey), pp. 92-94. Royal Society, London, UK.
61. Lean OB (1931) On the recent swarming of Locusta migratorioides R. & F. Bulletin of Entomological Research 22: 365-378.
62. Lean OB (1936) Locusta migratoria migratorioides R. & F.: an ecological reconnaissance of the suspected Middle Niger outbreak area. Bulletin of Entomological Research 27: 105-184.
63. Lean OB (1965) FAO's contribution to the evolution of international control of the Desert Locust 1951-1963. Desert Locust Newsletter, Special Issue 1965. FAO, Rome, Italy.
64. Lecoq M (2001) Recent progress in Desert in Migratory Locust management in Africa. Are preventive actions possible? Journal of Orthoptera Research 10: 277-291.
65. Lecoq M (2003) Desert Locust threat to agricultural development and food security and FAO's international role in its control. Arab Journal of Plant Protection 21: 188-193.
66. Lecoq M, Duranton J-F & Rachadi T (1997) Towards an integrated strategy for the control of the desert locust. New Strategies in Locust Control (ed. by S Krall, R Peveling & D Ba Diallo), pp. 467-473. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland.
67. London (1934) Proceedings of the 3rd International Locust Conference, London, September 1934. Cmd. 4725. His Majesty's Stationery Office, London, UK.
68. MacCuaig RD (1970) Locust control - the economic impact of new technologies. The technological economics of crop protection and pest control. Monograph No. 36, pp. 119-128. Society of Chemical Industry, London, UK.
69. Mallamaire A & Roy J (1959) La lutte contre le criquet pèlerin (Schistocerca gregaria Forsk.) en Afrique occidentale française. Bulletin de la Protection des Végétaux, Dakar (1958) 5: 1-113.
70. Malual AG, Hassanali A, Torto B, Assad YOH & Njagi PGN (2001) The nature of the gregarizing signal responsible for material transfer of phase to the offspring in the desert locust. Journal of Chemical Ecology 27: 1423-1435.
71. Maxwell-Darling RC (1936) The outbreak centres of Schistocerca gregaria Forsk. on the Red Sea Coast of the Sudan. Bulletin of Entomological Research 27: 37-66.
72. Maxwell-Darling RC (1937) The outbreak areas of the Desert Locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forsk.) in Arabia. Bulletin of Entomological Research 28: 605-618.
73. McCaffery AR, Simpson SJ, Islam M & Roessingh P (1998) A gregarizing factor present in the egg pod foam of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. The Journal of Experimental Biology 201: 347-363.
74. Ould Babah MA (1997) Strategy for controlling the Desert Locust in Mauritania. New Strategies in Locust Control (ed. by S Krall, R Peveling & D Ba Diallo), pp. 487-491. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel, Switzerland.
75. Paris (1932) Procès-verbal des séances de la 2eme conférence internationale pour les recherches anti-acridiennes. Editions de la Société Entomologique de France, Paris, France.
76. Pedgley DE & Symmonds PM (1968) Weather and the locust upsurge. Weather 23: 484-493.
77. Perrot J (1956) Remarques sur quelques nouveaux moyens de lutte contre les sauterelles adultes. Terre Marocaine 30: 248-251.
78. Popov GB (1968) Locust survey in Oman, 11 January to 3 March, 1968. Occasional Report. No. 13/68. Anti-Locust Research Centre, London, UK.
79. Popov GB, Jackson G, Ibrahim A, Alghamedi S & Khan A (1978) Effect of the food plant on gregarization in the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål)). COPR Miscellaneous Report No. 40. Centre of Overseas Pest Research, London, UK.
80. Posamentier H & Magor J (1997) Results and recommendations of the working group Management Strategies. New Strategies in Locust Control (ed. by S Krall, R Peveling & D Ba Diallo), pp. 515-517. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel, Switzerland.
81. Rainey RC (1951) Weather and the movement of locust swarms: a new hypothesis. Nature 168: 1057-1060.
82. Rainey RC (1963) Meteorology and the migration of Desert Locusts. Applications of synoptic meteorology in locust control. Anti-Locust Memoir No. 7. Anti-Locust Research Centre, London, UK, and WMO Technical Note. No. 54. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
83. Rainey RC (1965) Seasonal and longer-period changes in the Desert Locust situation (with a note on a tropical cyclone affecting southern Arabia in 1948). Meteorology and the Desert Locust. WMO Technical Note No. 69: 255-264. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
84. Rainey RC & Betts E (1979) Problems of alternative hypotheses and discussion on alternative hypotheses. Strategy and Tactics of Control of Migrant Pests: a Royal Society Discussion held on 29 and 30 June 1977, London (ed. by DL Gunn & RC Rainey), pp. 111-126, 167-179. Royal Society, London, UK.
85. Rainey RC, Betts E & Lumley A (1979) The decline of the Desert Locust plague in the 1960s: control operations or natural causes? Strategy and Tactics of Control of Migrant Pests: A Royal Society Discussion held on 29 and 30 June 1977, London (ed. by DL Gunn & RC Rainey), pp. 67-91. Royal Society, London.
86. Randriamanantsoa M (1997) Histoire de la lutte antiacridienne à Madagascar (ed. by R Scherer & L Fong Hong), pp. 49-71. Symposium sur la lutte antiacridienne à Madagascar., Antananarivo, Madagascar, Projet DPV-GTZ 'Promotion de la Protection Intégrée des Cultures et des Denrées Stockées'. TSIPIKA Editeur, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
87. Rao YR (1937a) The studies of migration among solitaries of the Desert Locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forsk.). Appendix 10, ILC No. 15. Proceedings 4th International Locust Conference, Cairo, 1936. Government Press, Bulâq, Cairo, Egypt.
88. Rao YR (1937b) Some outbreak centres of Schistocerca in Mekran. Appendix 30, ILC No. 1. Proceedings 4th International Locust Conference, Cairo, 1936. Government Press, Bulâq, Cairo, Egypt.
89. Rao YR (1942) Some results of studies on the Desert Locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forsk.) in India. Bulletin of Entomological Research 33: 241-265.
90. Rao YR (1960) The Desert Locust in India. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India.
91. Rodgers SM, Matheson T, Anstey M & Simpson SJ (2005) Early induction of behavioural phase change in the Desert Locust. Abstracts of the Ninth International Conference of the Orthopterists' Society. Metaleptea (special Meeting Issue): 71. Canmore, Canada.
92. Roffey J (1965) Nature and scale of the desert locust problem and survey costs. Operational Research. Final Report - Vol. 1: pp. 173-205. United Nations Special Desert Locust Project Progress Report. No. UNSF/DL/OP/5. FAO, Rome, Italy.
93. Roffey J (1981) Outbreaks. Desert Locust Forecasting Manual, Vol. 1 (ed. by DE Pedgley), pp. 21-31. Centre for Overseas Pest Research, London, UK.
94. Roffey J (1982) The Desert Locust upsurge and its termination 1977-79. Desert Locust Field Research Stations, Technical Series, No. AGP/DL/TS/23. FAO, Rome, Italy.
95. Roffey J & Popov GB (1968) Environmental and behavioural processes in a desert locust outbreak. Nature 219: 446-450.
96. Roffey J, Popov G & Hemming CF (1970) Outbreak and recession populations of the Desert Locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.). Bulletin of Entomological Research 59: 675-680.
97. Roffey J & Stower WJ (1983) Numerical changes in the Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål), in a seasonal breeding area on the coasts of Eritrea. Ethiopia, with special reference to ecology and behaviour. Report No. AGP/DL/TS/24. FAO, Rome, Italy.
98. Rome (1931) Rapport de la réunion internationale convoquée par le Ministère des Colonies d'Italie pour l'étude du problème des acridiens migrateur, Rome, 1931. Instituto Poligraphico dello Stato, Rome, Italy.
99. Rosenberg LJ (1999) Regional control of the Red Locust, Nomadacris septemfasciata (Serville), in the first half of the 20th century. Insect Science and its Application 19: 283-289.
100. Roy JLH (1985) Elements of the preventive control strategy against the Desert Locust in the Central Region. Unnumbered AGP Consultant's Report. FAO, Rome, Italy.
101. Roy J (2001) Histoire d'un siècle de lutte anti-acridienne en Afrique: contributions de la France. l'Harmattan, Paris, France.
102. Sayer HJ & McCuaig RD (1961) An exchange visit to Morocco, November 1960. United Nations Special Fund Desert Locust Project. Progress Report No. UNSF/DL/V/1. FAO, Rome, Italy.
103. Schulten GGM (1990) Needs and constraints of integrated pest management in developing countries. Mededelingen Faculteit der Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent 55: 207-216.
104. Showler AT (1997) Proaction: strategic framework for today's reality. New Strategies in Locust Control (ed. by S Krall, R Peveling & D Ba Diallo), pp. 461-465. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel, Switzerland.
105. Simpson SJ, Despland E, Hägele BF & Dodgson T (2001) Gregarious behaviour in desert locusts is evoked by touching their back legs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 98: 3895-3897.
106. Simpson SJ, McCaffery AR & Hägele B (1999) A behavioural analysis of phase change in the desert locust. Biological Review 74: 461-480.
107. Skaf R (1978) Etude sur les cas de grégarisation du criquet pèlerin en 1974 dans le sud-ouest Mauritanien et au Tamesna malien. Stations de Recherche acridienne sur le Terrain, Series techniques. No. AGP/DL/TS/17. FAO, Rome, Italy.
108. Stower WJ (1962) The phases of Locusts. Lectures of the second Desert Locust training course, Ethiopia, 1962. Report No. FAO/UNSF/DL/TC/4, pp. 6-12. FAO, Rome, Italy.
109. Stower WJ, Davies DE & Jones IB (1960) Morphometric studies of the Desert Locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.). Journal of Animal Ecology 29: 309-339.
110. Stower WJ & Greathead DJ (1969) Numerical changes in a population of the Desert Locust, with special reference to factors responsible for mortality. Journal of Applied Ecology 6: 203-235.
111. Symmons PM (1992) Strategies to combat the Desert Locust. Crop Protection 11: 206-212.
112. Symmons PM (2003) A. Resources, spreadsheets to determine resources for outbreak, upsurge and plague campaigns. B. Simdeposit, idealised deposits from incremental ultra low volume (ULV) spraying. C. Simpatch, finding and treating hopper patches simulating outbreaks on foot and in vehicles. D. Simbandblock finding and marking hopper band block targets. FAO, Rome, Italy. http://www.fao.org/ag/locusts/en/publicat/gl/contplans/index.html
113. Symmons PM (2004) A computer simulation of Desert Locust band target block detection and demarcation. Crop Protection 23: 183-190.
114. UK delegation (1937a) The origin of the present outbreak of the African Migratory Locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides (Reiche and Fairmaire) in Africa and the prevention of outbreaks. Appendix 21, ILC(UK) No. 2. Proceedings of the 4th International Locust Conference, Cairo, 1936. Government Press, Bulâq, Cairo, Egypt.
115. UK delegation (1937b) Further investigations on the Desert Locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal). Appendix 29, ILC(UK) No. 3. Proceedings of the 4th International Locust Conference, Cairo, 1936. Government Press, Bulâq, Cairo, Egypt.
116. UK delegation (1938) Scheme of the permanent international organisation for the preventive control of the Desert Locust Schistocerca gregaria Forsk. in Eastern Africa and Western Asia. Comptes rendus de la 5eme conférence internationale pour les recherches antiacridiennes, 1938, pp. 342-344. Ministère des Colonies, Bruxelles, Belgique.
117. Uvarov BP (1921) A revision of the genus Locusta, L (=Pachytylus Fieb.) with a new theory as to the periodicity and migrations of locusts. Bulletin of Entomological Research 12: 135-163.
118. Uvarov BP (1923) A revision of the Old World Cyrtacanthacrinae (Orthoptera, Acrididae) I, II & III. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 13: 1-19, 14: 96-113.
119. Uvarov BP (1933a) The locust outbreak in Africa and western Asia, 1925-1931. Publication No. 63-80-1. His Majesty's Stationery Office, London, UK.
120. Uvarov BP (1933b) The locust outbreak in Africa and western Asia in 1932. Publication No. 63-80-2. His Majesty's Stationery Office, London, UK.
121. Uvarov BP (1934) The locust outbreak in Africa and western Asia in 1933. Publication No. 63-80-3. His Majesty's Stationery Office, London, UK.
122. Uvarov BP (1935) The locust outbreak in Africa and western Asia in 1934. Publication No. 63-80-4. His Majesty's Stationery Office, London, UK.
123. Uvarov BP (1937) Biological and ecological basis of locust phases and their practical application. Proceedings 4th International Locust Conference, Cairo, 1936, Appendix 7. Government Press, Bulâq, Cairo, Egypt.
124. Uvarov BP (1951) Locust research and control 1929-1950. Colonial Research Publication No. 10. His Majesty's Stationery Office, London, UK.
125. Uvarov BP & Milnthorpe W (1937a) The locust outbreak in Africa and western Asia in 1935. Publication No. 63-80-5. His Majesty's Stationery Office, London, UK.
126. Uvarov BP & Milnthorpe W (1937b) The locust outbreak in Africa and western Asia in 1936. Publication No. 63-80-6. His Majesty's Stationery office, London, UK.
127. Uvarov BP & Milnthorpe W (1939) The locust outbreak in Africa and western Asia in 1937. Publication No. 63-80-7. His Majesty's Stationery Office, London, UK.
128. Varma BK & Sharma TR (1966) Effect of cyclone on locusts. Indian Journal of Entomology 28: 14-32.
129. Venkatesh MV (1971) A case study of the influence of a cyclone on the incursion of Desert Locusts into Rajasthan during June 1964. Indian Journal of Entomology 33: 1-16.
130. Volkhonsky MA & Volkhonsky MT (1939) Rapport préliminaire sur une mission d'étude des acridiens dans le Mouydir et le Tademaït (mai-juillet 1939). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur d'Algérie 17: 634-649.
131. Waloff Z (1966) The upsurges and recessions of the Desert Locust plague: an historical survey. Anti-Locust Memoir No. 8. Anti-Locust Research Centre, London, UK.
132. Waloff Z (1976) Some temporal characteristics of Desert Locust plagues. Anti-Locust Memoir No. 13. Anti-Locust Research Centre, London, UK.
133. Winstanley D (1973a) Recent rainfall trends in Africa, the Middle East and India. Nature 243: 464-465.
134. Winstanley D (1973b) Rainfall patterns and general atmospheric circulation. Nature 245: 190-194.
135. Woldewahid G (2003) Habitats and spatial patterns of solitarious Desert Locusts (Schistocerca gregaria Forsk.) on the coastal plain of Sudan. PhD Thesis. Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Also published in 2004 as: Tropical Resources Management Papers No. 48.
136. World Bank (1998) Report on the Meeting of the World Bank Panel to evaluate the Migratory Locust situation in Madagascar, 18-22 May, 1998. World Bank, Washington DC, USA.
137. Zolotarevsky BN (1934) Rapport préliminaire sur l'action de la mission d'études de la biologie des acridiens en 1932-34. Proceedings of the third International Locust Conference, London, 1934, Cmd. 4725, pp. 169-179. His Majesty's Stationery Office, London, UK.
138. Zolotarevsky BN (1938) Les subdivisions des aires grégariè nes et leur rôle dans la transformation des phases (essai de classification). Comptes rendus de la 5me conférence internationale pour les recherches antiacridiennes, Bruxelles, 1938, pp. 258-264. Ministère des Colonies, Bruxelles, Belgique.