Fate and transport of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in loams at a former explosives factory

Soil and Sediment Contamination

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 159-179

  Robertson, Timothy James ^a,b   Martel, Richard ^b   Quan, Doan Minh ^a,c   Ampleman, Guy ^d   Thiboutot, Sonia ^d   Jenkins, Thomas ^e   Provatas, Arthur ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^b CENTRE EAU TERRE ENVIRONNEMENT   (Canada)

^c Civil Aviation Administration of Vietnam   (Viet Nam)

^d DEFENCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CANADA VALCARTIER   (Canada)

^e Engineering Research and Development Center   (United States)

^f DEFENCE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANISATION   (Australia)

Author keywords

Adsorption; ATRANS20; Biodegradation; Explosives; Loam; TNT

Indexed keywords

ADSORPTION; BIODEGRADATION; COMPUTER SIMULATION; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; HYDROGEOLOGY; SOILS; TOLUENE;

DINITROTOLUENE; HYDROGEOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS; LOAMS; SURFACE SOILS; TRINITROTOLUENE (TNT);

EXPLOSIVES;

EID: 33847016164     PISSN: 15320383     EISSN: 15497887     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15320380601166462     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Agriculture Canada. 1977. Manuel de Méthodes d'Échantillonnage et d'Analyse des Sols, Comité Canadien de Pédologie, Soil Research Institute, Ottawa.
2. American Society for Testing and Materials. 2002. ASTM D422-63-standard test method for particle-size analysis of soils. Annual Book of ASTM standards, ASTM, Philadelphia.
3. Bhadra, R., Wayment, D.G., Hughes, J.B., and Shanks, J.V. 1999. Confirmation of conjugation processes during TNT metabolism by axenic plant roots. Environmental Science and Technology 33, 446-452.
4. Boopathy, R., Manning, J., Montemagno, C., and Kulpa, C. F. 1994. Evaluation of a soil slurry reactor system for treating soil contaminated with munition compounds. Abstracts of the 94th Annual Meeting of American Society for Microbiology 456. American Society for Microbiology: Washington, DC.
5. Bradley, P.M. and Chapelle, F. H. 1995. Factors affecting microbial 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene mineralization in contaminated soil. Environmental Science and Technology 29, 802-806.
6. Brady, N.C. 1984. The Nature and Properties of Soils, 9th ed. Macmillan, New York.
7. Brannon, J.M. and Myers, T.E. 1997. Review of Fate and Transport Processes for Explosives, Technical Report IRRP-97-2, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg.
8. 14C-Labelled 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene in an activated-sludge system. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 35, 949-954.
9. Chapelle, F.H. 1992. Ground-water Microbiology and Geochemistry. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
10. Comfort, S.D., Shea, P.J., Hundal, L.S., Li, Z.,Woodbury, B.L., Martin, J.L., and Powers, W.L. 1995. TNT transport and fate in contaminated soil. Journal of Environmental Quality 24, 1174-1182.
11. Crockett, A.B., Jenkins, T.F., Craig, H.J., and Sisk W.E. 1998. Overview of On-site Analytical Methods for Explosives in Soil, Special Report 98-4, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover.
12. Duan, G., Lenke, H., Reuss, M., and Knackmuss, H. 1998. Biological treatment of TNT-contaminated soil. 1. Anaerobic cometabolic reduction and interaction of TNT and metabolites with soil components. Environmental Science and Technology 32, 1956-1963.
13. Elovitz, M.S. and Weber, E.J. 1999. Sediment-mediated reduction of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene and fate of the resulting aromatic (poly)amines. Environmental Science and Technology 33, 2617-2625.
14. Eschenbach, A., Mescher, H., Wienberg, R., and Mahro, B. 2001. Humification of PAH and TNT during bioremediation-evaluation of long term risk and sustainability, in R Stegmann, G. Brunner, W. Calmano, and G. Matz (eds.), Treatment of Contaminated Soils, Springer, New York.
15. Funk, S.B., Roberts, D.J., Crawford, D.L. and Crawford, R.L. 1993. Initial-phase optimization for bioremediation of munition compound-contaminated soils. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59, 2171-2177.
16. Goel, R., Cooper, A., and Flora, J.R.V. 2003. Sodium azide interference in chemical and biological testing. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science 2, 1-5.
17. Haderlein, S.B. and Schwarzenbach, R.P. 1995. Environmental processes influencing the rate of abiotic reduction of nitroaromatic compounds in the subsurface. In J. C. Spain (ed.), Biodegradation of Nitroaromatic Compounds, Plenum Press, New York.
18. Haderlein, S.B., Weissmahr, K.W., and Schwarzenbach, R.P. 1996. Specific adsorption of nitroaromatic explosives and pesticides to clay minerals. Environmental Science and Technology 30, 612-622.
19. Hains, S., Martel, R., Lefebvre, R., Gelinas, P., Delisle, S., Thiboutot, S. and Ampleman, A. 2001. Natural attenuation of nitroarmoatic compounds in soils and groundwater at a production plant. In An Earth Odyssey-Odyssee de la Terre, Proceedings, 2nd Joint IAH-CNC and CGS Groundwater Specialty Conference, 54th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, Calgary, Canada, 652-660.
20. Hofstetter, T.B., Heijman, C.G., Haderlein, S.B., Holliger, C., and Schwarzenbach, R.P. 1999. Complete reduction of TNT and other (poly)nitroaromatic compounds under iron-reducing subsurface conditions. Environmental Science and Technology 33, 1479-1487.
21. Hofstetter, T.B., Schwarzenbach, R.P., and Haderlein, S.P. 2003. Reactivity of Fe(II) species associated with clay minerals. Environmental Science and Technology 37, 519-528.
22. Jenkins, T.F., Grant, C.L., Brar, G.S., Thorne, P.G., Schumacher, P.W., and Ranney, T.A. 1997. Sampling error associated with collection and analysis of soil samples at TNT contaminated sites. Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology 1, 151-163.
23. Kaplan, D.L. and Kaplan, A.M. 1982. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene-surfactant complexes: decomposition, mutagenicity, and soil leaching studies. Environmental Science and Technology 16, 566-571.
24. Karickhoff, S.W., Brown, D.S., and Scott, T.A. 1979. Sorption of hydrophobic pollutants on natural sediments. Water Resources Research 13, 241-248.
25. Klausmeier, R.E., Osmon, J.L., and Walls, D.R. 1973 The effect of trinitrotoluene on microorganisms. Developments in Industrial Microbiology 15, 309-317.
26. Li, A.Z., Marx, K.A., Walker, J., and Kaplan, D.L. 1997. Trinitrotoluene and metabolites binding to humic acid. Environmental Science and Technology 31, 584-589.
27. Lineweaver, H. and Burk, D. 1934. The determination of enzyme dissociation constants. Journal of the American Chemistry Society 56, 658-666.
28. Lynch, C.J., Brannon, J.M., and Delfino, J.J. 2002. Dissolution rates of three high explosive compounds: TNT, RDX, and HMX. Chemosphere 47, 725-734.
29. Mark, H.F., Othmer, D.F., Overberger, C.G., and Seaborg, G.T. 1980. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd ed., vol. 9. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
30. Martel, R., Robertson, T.J., Quan, D.M., Thiboutot, S., Ampleman, G., Provatas, A., and Jenkins, T. 2004. Energetic materials contaminated site characterization at the former explosives factory Maribyrnong (EFM), Victoria, Australia, Proceedings 5nth Joint IAH-CNC and CGS Groundwater Specialty Conference, 57th Canadian Geotechnical Conference, October 24-27, Québec, Canada, session 4B pp. 1-8.
31. McCormick, N.G., Feeherry, F.E., and Levinson, H.S. 1976. Microbial transformation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene and other nitroaromatic compounds. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 31, 949-958.
32. Munz, C. and Roberts, P.V. 1986. Effects of solute concentration and cosolvents on the aqueous activity coefficient of halogenated hydrocarbons. Environmental Science and Technology 20, 830-836.
33. Myers, T.E., Brannon, J.M., Pennington, J.C., Davis, W.M., and Myers, K.F. 1998. Laboratory Studies of Soil Sorption/Transformation of TNT, RDX and HMX, Technical Report IRRP-98-8, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg.
34. Myers, T.E. and Townsend, D.M. 1996. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) Transformation/Sorption in Thindisk Soil Columns under Anaerobic Conditions, Technical Report IRRP-96-6, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg.
35. Neville, C.J. 2002. ATPack-ATRANS20 Software (v.2.0). In C. Zheng, G. D. Benett, (eds.), Applied Contaminant Transport Modelling, 2nd ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York.
36. Oh, S.Y., Cha, D.K., Byung, J.K., and Chiu, P.C. 2002. Effect of adsorption to elemental iron on the transformation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene and Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine in solution. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21(7), 1384-1389.
37. Pennington, J.C. and Patrick, W.H. 1990. Adsorption and desorption of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene by soils. Journal of Environmental Quality 19, 559-567.
38. Preuss, A. and Rieger, P.G. 1995. Anaerobic transformation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene and other nitroaromatic compounds. In J C Spain (ed.), Biodegradation of Nitroaromatic Compounds, Plenum Press, New York.
39. Reifenrath, W.G., Kammen, H.O., Palmer, W.G., Major, M.M., and Leach, G.J. 2002. Percutaneous absorption of explosives and related compounds: An empirical model of bioavailability of organic nitro compounds from soil. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 182(2), 160-8.
40. Rieger, P.G. and Knackmuss, H.J. 1995. Basic knowledge and perspectives on biodegradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene and related nitroaromatic compounds in contaminated soil. In J.C. Spain (ed.), Biodegradation of Nitroaromatic Compounds, Plenum Press, New York.
41. Roy, W.R., Krapac, I.G., Chou, S.F.J., and Griffin, R.A 1992. Batch-type Procedures for Estimating Soil Adsorption of Chemicals, US EPA technical resource document, EPA/530/SW-87/006-F.
42. Sax, N.I. 1963. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 2nd ed., Reinhold, New York.
43. Schrader, P.S. and Hess, T.F. 2003. Coupled abiotic-biotic mineralization of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) in soil slurry. Journal of Environmental Quality 33, 1202-1209.
44. Sheremata, T.W., Thiboutot, S., Ampleman, G., Paquet, L., Halasz, A., and Hawari, J. 1999. Fate of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene and its metabolites in natural and model soil systems. Environmental Science and Technology 33, 4002-4008.
45. Siciliano, S.D. and Greer, C.W. 2000. Plant-bacterial combinations to phytoremediate soil contaminated with high concentrations of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. Journal of Environmental Quality 29, 311-316.
46. Spain, J.C. 1995. Biodegradation of nitroaromatic compounds. Annual Review of Microbiology 49, 523-555.
47. Stahl, J.D. and Aust, S.D. 1995. Biodegradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene by the white rot fungus, Phanerochaete Chrysosporium. In J.C. Spain (ed.), Biodegradation of Nitroaromatic Compounds, Plenum Press, New York.
48. Steevens, J.A., Duke, M., Lotufo, G.R., and Bridges, T.S. 2002. Toxicity of the explosives 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene, Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5- Triazine, and Octahydro-1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-Tetrazocine in sediments to Chironomus Tentans and Hyalella Azteca low-dose hormesis and high dose mortality. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21, 1475-1482.
49. Thiboutot, S., Ampleman, G., and Hewitt, A.D. 2002. Guide for Characterization of Sites Contaminated with Energetic Materials, Technical Report ERDC/CRREL TR-02-1, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover.
50. Thomas, G.W. 1982. Exchange Cations Method 9-3.1. In A. L. Page (ed.), Methods of Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties, 2nd ed., ASA, SSA, Madison.
51. Thompson, P.L., Ramer, L.A., and Schnoor, J. L. 1998. Uptake and transformation of TNT by hybrid Poplar trees. Environmental Science and Technology 32, 975-980.
52. Thornthwaite, C.W. 1948. An approach toward a rational classification of climate. Geographical Review 38(1), 55-94.
53. Townsend, D.M. and Myers, T.E. 1996. Recent Developments in Formulating Model Descriptors for Subsurface Transformation and Sorption of TNT, RDX, and HMX, Technical Report IRRP-96-1 U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg.
54. U.S. EPA. 1991. Methods for the Determination of Metals in Environmental Samples. US EPA technical resource document, EPA-600/4-91-010, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati.
55. U.S. EPA. 2001. Method 8515 Colorimetric Screening Method for Trinitrotoluene(TNT) in Soil; Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, SW-846 update III, Office of Solid Waste, Washington.
56. U.S. EPA. 1997. Method 8330: Nitroaromatics and Nitramines by High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC); Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, SW-846 update III, Part 4: 1 (B), Office of Solid Waste, Washington.
57. Vorbeck, C., Lenke, H., Fischer, P., Spain, J.C., and Knackmuss, H. 1998. Initial reductive reactions in aerobic microbial metabolism of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, 246-252.
58. Williams, R.T., Ziegenfuss, P.S., and Sisk, W.E. 1992. Composting of explosives and propellant contaminated soils under thermophilic and mesophilic conditions. Journal of Industrial Microbiology 9, 137-144.
59. Won, W.D., DiSalvo, L.H., and Ng, J. 1976. Toxicity and mutagenicity of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene and its microbial metabolites. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 31, 576-580.