Twenty years of experience with centralised softening in the Netherlands: Water quality, environmental benefits, and costs

Water 21

Volumn , Issue FEB., 2007, Pages 21-24

  Hofman, Jan ^a,b   Van Der Hoek, Jan Peter ^b   Nederlof, Maarten ^c   Groenendijk, Martijn ^d  

^a KWR WATERCYCLE RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Netherlands)

^b Waternet   (Netherlands)

^c Vitens Water Supply Campany   (Netherlands)

^d Brabant Water ^*  (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33846982893     PISSN: 15619508     EISSN: None     Source Type: Trade Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (9)

1. Graveland A, van Dijk JC, de Moel PJ, Oomen JHCM (1983). Developments in water softening by means of pellet reactors. AWWA Journal 75, no 12, pp619-625.
2. Jensen AA, Hoffmann L, Moller BT, Smidt A, Christiansen K, Elkington J and van Dijk F. Life cycle assessment: a guide to approaches, experiences and information sources. Environmental Issues Series no 6, European Environment Agency, Copenhagen.
3. Lindfors LG, Christiansen K, Hoffmann L, Virtanen Y, Juntilla V, Hanssen OJ, Ronning A, Ekvall T. and Finnveden G (1995). Nordic guidelines on life-cycle assessment, Nord 1995:20 Copenhagen. Nordic Council of Ministers.
4. Merkel W. Zentrale Enthärtung von Trinkwasser. Wirtschaftliche Gesichtspunkte aus Sicht der Verbraucher. In: Zentrale Enthärtung und Entkarbonisierung von Trinkwasser- Stand des Wissens und neuere Entwicklungen. Dokumentation zum 8. Mülheimer Wassertechnischen Seminar vom 11.01.1994. H. Overath & Borchers (Eds.). IWW Duisburg, Band 12, 1998
5. Nederlof MM, Regerschot F, van Schaik FF, Rietman BM. Implementation of nanofiltration on ground water at the Overijssel water supply company. Proceedings of the AWWA Membrane Technology conference, San Antonio,Texas, 2001 (CD-ROM).
6. Nederlof MM, Rietman B, Knappe P, Kriek JPN. Operational experience with nanofiltration on anaerobic ground water for drinking water production. In Membrantechnik in der Wasseraufbereitung und Abwasserbehandlung, T. Melin and M. Dohrmann Eds., 5. Aachener Tagung Siedlungswasserwirtschaft und Verfahrenstechnik, 2003.
7. van Nieuwenhuijze R, Ruijgrok E, Hiemstra P. Is an investment in central softening attractive?; H2O, Vol 38, No 25/26 (2005), pp 37-39 (in Dutch).
8. Regueira JM. Determining the optimal hardness level for the least environmental impact in the production and consumption of drinking water. MSc thesis, IHE Delft, June 2000.
9. Ruijgrok ECM, de Bruijn F, Hiemstra P. Hard of zacht? MKBA drinkwaterontharding. Report, Witteveen en Bos raadgevende ingenieurs, no HT249-2-P/ders2/003, November 2005 (in Dutch).